PD-0798-15
PD-0798-15 COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS AUSTIN, TEXAS
Transmitted 6/29/2015 12:18:17 PM Accepted 6/29/2015 5:12:56 PM ABEL ACOSTA
IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TEXAS CLERK AUSTIN, TEXAS
DEBORAH BOWEN, APPELLANT
NO. __ (COURT OF APPEALS NO. 11-13-00114-
CR; TRIAL COURT NO. 3313)
STATE OF TEXAS, APPELLEE
************************************** PETITION FOR DISCRETIONARY REVIEW FROM THE COURT OF APPEALS ELEVENTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT EASTLAND, TEXAS
************************************** CHIEF JUSTICE JIM R. WRIGHT, PRESIDING ********************************************************* APPELLANT'S PETITION FOR DISCRETIONARY REVIEW ********************************************************* STAN BROWN
P.O. BOX 3122
ABILENE, TEXAS 79604
325-677-1851
FAX 325-677-3107
STATE BAR NO. 03145000
EMAIL: mstrb@aol.com
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT
June 29, 2015
IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TEXAS AUSTIN, TEXAS
DEBORAH BOWEN.
APPELLANT
NO. __ (COURT OF APPEALS NO. 11-13-00114-
CR; TRIAL COURT NO. 3313)
STATE OF TEXAS, APPELLEE
IDENTITY OF JUDGE, PARTIES, AND COUNSEL
Hon. Glen Harrison Stan Brown 32nd District Court Appellant's Attorney/ Appeal Nolan County Courthouse P.O. Box 3122 Sweetwater, TX 79566 Abilene, Texas 79604
Ann Reed John R. Saringer 32nd District Attorney Appellant' s Attorney/Trial Nolan County Courthouse P.O. Box 360 Sweetwater, TX 79602 Abilene, TX 79604
Lisa McMinn Deborah Bowen, Appellant State Prosecuting Attorney 6343 I.H. 20E P.O. Box 13046 Abilene, TX 79601 Austin, TX 78711
II
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SUBJECT PAGE IDENTITY OF JUDGE, PARTIES, AND COUNSEL .ii STATEMENT REGARDING ORAL ARGUMENT vii STATEMENT OF THE CASE 1 STATEMENT OF PROCEDURAL HISTORY 2 UESTION PRESENTED FOR REVIEW NO. ONE
Was the retroactive overruling of Collier and Haynes by Bowen v.
State, 374 S.W.3d 427 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012) a denial of Due Process of Law that was not considered by this Court; and on which the Court of Appeals failed to consider Appellant's most important case? (Suppl. C.R. at 149-162)(VI Suppl. R.R. at 14-15) .3
EX PARTE SCALES MANDATES RETROACTIVE OVERRULING OF COLLIER AND HAYNES DENIED APPELLANT DUE PROCESS 3
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EX POST FACTO LAWS AND OVERRULING ESTABLISHED PRECEDENT .5
THE RETROACTIVE OVERRULING OF THE CARVING DOCTRINE, AS WELL AS COLLIER & HAYNES, VIOLATED DUE PROCESS OF LAW 7 CONCLUSION 8 QUESTION PRESENTED FOR REVIEW NO. TWO
Did Jeopardy attach when the Court of Appeals reversed and reformed Appellant's conviction of first degree felony Misapplication of Fiduciary Property and entered a judgment of acquittal in Bowen v. State, 322 S.W.3d 435 (Tex. App.-Eastland 2010, pet. granted)? (Suppl. C.R. at 78) (IV Suppl. R.R. at 19) 9
BURKS, EVANS, STEPHENS, AND MORENO MANDATE JEOPARDY BARS ALL FURTHER PROSECUTION 9
III
JEOPARDY ATTACHES TO AN INTERMEDIATE APPELLATE COURT ACQUITTAL .10
EVERY STAGE OF PROCEEDING AGAINST ACCUSED IS A CRIMINAL PROSECUTION 13
CONCLUSION 15 PRA YER FOR RELIEF 16 CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE 16 CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE 17
INDEX OF AUTHORITIES
CASES PAGE
Bowen v. State, 374 S.W.3d 427 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012) passim
Bowen v. State, 322 S.W.3d 435 (Tex. App-Eastland 2010, pet. granted) passim
Burks v. United States, 437 U.S. 1, 10, 98 S.Ct. 2141, 57 L.Ed.2d 1 (1978) 9, 10-11, 14
Calder v. Bull, 3 U.S. 386, 391 (1798) .4, 5 Carranza-De Salinas v. Holder, 700 F.3d 768 (5th Cir. 2012) 6
Carmel v. Texas, 529 U.S.513, 120 S.Ct. 1620, 146 L.Ed2d 577 (2000) 5-6, 8
Chalin v. State, 645 S.W.2d 265 (Tex. Crim. App. 1982) 6 Collier v. State, 999 S.W.2d 779 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999) .3, 6, 7,8 Douglas v. Buder, 412 U.S. 430,93 S.Ct. 2199, 37 L.Ed.2d 52 (1973) 6
Evans v. Michigan, U.S. _, 133 S.Ct. 1069, 185 L.Ed.2d 124 (2013) 9-11, 14
Ex Parte Castillo, S.W.3d , 2015 WL 3486960, NO. PD- 0545-14 (Tex. Crim. App. June 3, 2015) .14
IV
Ex Parte Chaddock, 369 S.W.3d 880 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012) 12 Ex Parte Clay, 675 S.W.2d 765 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984) 7 Ex Parte Heilman, 456 S.W.3d 159 (Tex. Crim. App. 2015) 4 Ex Parte McWilliams, 634 S.W.2d 815 (Tex. Crim. App. 1982) 7 Ex Parte Scales, 853 S.W.2d 586 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993) 3, 7,8
Fong Foo v. United States, 369 U.S. 141, 143,82 S.Ct. 671,7 L.Ed.2d 629 (1962) 12
Gaddy v. State, 433 S.W.3d 128 (Tex. App.-Fort Worth 2014, pet ref'd) 8,10,13-14
Haynes v. State, 273 S.W.3d 183 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008) .3, 6,7,8 Howland v. State, 990 S.W.2d 274 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999) .13-14
Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979) 12-13, 15
Martinez v. Illinois, __ U.S. , 134 S.Ct. 2070, 188 L.Ed.2d 1112 (2014) 11
Monge v. California, 524 U.S. 721 (1998) 9 Sells v. State, 121 S.W.3d 748 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003) 14-15 State v. Blackshere, 344 S.W.3d 400 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011) .13 State v. Moreno, 294 S.W.3d 594 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009) 9,10,11-12,14 State v. Savage, 933 S.W.2d 497 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996) 9 Stephens v. State, 806 S.W.2d 812 (Tex. Crim. App. 1990) 9,10,12,14 Tigner v. State, 928 S.W.2d 540 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996) .14 U.S. v. Wilson, 420 U.S.332, 95 S.Ct. 1013,43 L.Ed.2d 232 (1975) 9-10
v
CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS, RULES, & TREATISES PAGE u.s. CONST. Art. I, §§9, 10 4,5,6,7 U.S. CONST. amends. V & XIV passim Tex. R. App. P. 9.4 17 Tex. R. App. P. 66.3(c) 4,9 Black's Law Dictionary 1204 (6th ed. 1990) .14
VI
STATEMENT REGARDING ORAL ARGUMENT Appellant believes the QUESTIONS PRESENTED; the denial of Due Process of Law by the retroactive overruling of established precedent, as well as whether Jeopardy attaches to an intermediate court of appeals' determination the evidence was insufficient; are issues that merit further clarification and discussion for the bench and bar. Therefore, the usual give and take of oral argument would be beneficial for the Court in determining which judicial changes in the law should be applied prospectively only in order to comport with Due Process, and also the extent to which all acquittals should bar further prosecution. Oral argument is essential in order to aid this Court's decisional processes by providing a more in-depth exploration of those extremely important issues.
VII
IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TEXAS AUSTIN, TEXAS
DEBORAH BOWEN, APPELLANT
NO. __ (COURT OF APPEALS NO. 11-13-00114-
CR; TRIAL COURT NO. 3313)
STATE OF TEXAS, APPELLEE
************************************** PETITION FOR DISCRETIONARY REVIEW FROM THE COURT OF APPEALS ELEVENTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT EASTLAND, TEXAS
************************************** STATEMENT OF THE CASE
The jury convicted Appellant of First Degree felony misapplication of fiduciary property valued at $200,000.00 or more owned by and being held for the benefit of Dana White. (C.R. at 2, 54, 56).' On October 8, 2008, the trial court sentenced her to eight years TDCJ-ID, a fine of $10,000.00, and restitution of $350,000.00. (C.R. at 60). On September 2, 2010, the 111h Court of Appeals found the evidence insufficient, reversed the judgment of the trial court, and rendered a judgment of acquittal. Bowen v. State, 322 S.W.3d 435 (Tex. App.-Eastland 2010, pet. granted). This Court granted review, reversed the judgment of the 111hCourt of Appeals, and remanded to the trial court to reform the conviction to Second Degree felony
I Citations to the previous record in II-08-00262-CR will be designated (C.R. at) and (R.R. at), while citations to the record following the remand by the Court of Criminal Appeals will be designated (SuppJ. C.R. at) and (SuppJ. R.R. at).
misapplication of fiduciary property and conduct a new punishment hearing. Bowen v. State, 374 S.W.3d 427 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012). Prior to that second punishment proceeding, Appellant filed her Plea in Bar (Suppl. C.R. at 78), and on March 6, 2013, the trial court denied the Plea in Bar (IV Suppl. R.R. at 19) and sentenced Appellant to seven years TDCJ-ID, a fine of $7,500.00, and restitution of $103,344.00 "with giving credit for any monies that you paid toward restitution." (V Suppl R.R. at 145)(Suppl. C.R. at 84). Immediately following the denial of our First Amended Motion for New Trial on April 8,2013, (Suppl. C.R. at 89)(VI Suppl. R.R. at14-15), Appellant's Notice of Appeal was filed. (Suppl. C.R. at 214). The Trial Court's Certification of Defendant's Right of Appeal was filed March 6, 2013. (Suppl. C.R. at 88). Appellant seeks review of the decision of the Court of Appeals that affirmed her conviction.
STATEMENT OF PROCEDURAL HISTORY Appellant presented four issues in her brief, and the Eastland Court of Appeals affirmed. Bowen v. State, S.W.3d 2015 WL 1956866 (Tex. App.-Eastland April 30, 2015)(Appendix). Appellant filed a motion for rehearing May 15, 2015, which was denied without written opinion May 29,2015. This petition is due to be filed by June 29,2015; it is therefore timely filed.
3
QUESTION PRESENTED FOR REVIEW NO. ONE
Was the retroactive overruling of Collier and Haynes by Bowen v.
State, 374 S.W.3d 427 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012) a denial of Due Process of Law that was not considered by this Court; and on which the Court of Appeals failed to consider Appellant's most important case? (SuppJ. C.R. at 149-162) (VI Suppl. R.R. at 14-15).
ARGUMENT
EX PARTE SCALES MANDATES RETROACTIVE OVERRULING OF COLLIER AND HAYNES DENIED APPELLANT DUE PROCESS
The Court of Appeals, relying on established precedent, as did trial counsel, entered a judgment of acquittal because there was no evidence at trial Appellant had misapplied fiduciary property valued at $200.000.00 or more owned by or being held for the benefit of Dana White, a first degree felony, and no lesser offense was charged. Bowen v. State, 322 S.W.3d 435 (Tex. App.-Eastland 2010, pet. granted). This Court then ruled, retroactively, the authority relied upon by the Court of Appeals and trial counsel no longer applied, and remanded to the trial court "to reform the conviction to reflect the felony of misapplication of fiduciary property in the second degree and to conduct a new punishment hearing." Bowen v. State, supra, 374 S.W.3d at 432.
Ex Parte Scales, 853 S.W.2d 586,588 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993), the case upon which Appellant primarily relies, ignored by the court below, held the retroactive application of the abandonment of the "carving doctrine" denied Mr. Scales Due Process of Law. Collier v. State, 999 S.W.2d 779 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999) and Haynes v. State, 273 S.W.3d 183 (Tex. Crim.
4
App. 2008); which this Court overruled in Bowen v. State, 374 S.W.3d 427 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012); had stood for the proposition "an appellate court may reform a judgment to reflect a conviction for the lesser-included offense when that lesser-included offense was submitted in the jury charge." Id. at 429. The retroactive overruling of established precedent is closely akin to the legislative enactment of an ex post/acto law prohibited by U.S. CONST. Art. I, §§9, 10.2 See generally, Calder v. Bull, 3 U.S. 386, 391 (1798), wherein Mr. Justice Chase proclaimed:
But I do not consider any law ex post facto, within the prohibition, that mollifies the rigor of the criminal law; but only those that create, or aggravate, the crime; or encrease the punishment, or change the rules of evidence, for the purpose of conviction .... There is a great and apparent difference between making an UNLAWFUL act LAWFUL; and the making an innocent action criminal, and punishing it as a CRIME.
The ruling below certainly involves an overridingly important question of law that should be addressed by this Court. Should the overruling of precedent detrimental to Appellant's fundamental right to either be convicted of the offense charged or acquitted be prospective only in order to preserve Appellant's right to Due Process of Law? The 11th Court of Appeals therefore decided an important question of state and federal law that conflicts with the foregoing and following applicable decisions of this Court and the Supreme Court of the United States; Tex. R. App. P. 66.3(c); and which merits further discussion by this Court.
2 Ex Parte Heilman, 456 S.W.3d 159, 166 (Tex. Crim. App. 2015): "Courts can still violate the Due Process Clause ... through an 'unforeseeable judicial enlargement of a criminal statute, applied retroactively.''' (Footnotes omitted)(Emphasis supplied).
5
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EX POST FACTO LAWS AND OVERRULING ESTABLISHED PRECEDENT
Carmel v. Texas, 529 U.S.513, 120 S.Ct. 1620, 146 L.Ed2d 577 (2000) held the amendment to a Texas statute authorizing conviction of certain sexual offenses on only the victim's testimony, which was not previously permitted, was a law that altered the rules of evidence by requiring less evidence to convict; such laws are ex post facto laws; and convictions that rested solely on testimony of the victim who was 14 or 15 years of age at time of the offense were barred by that clause.
Carmel goes on to explain the analysis of Calder also applies to Due Process violations that change established precedent to the detriment of the accused.
"As for what Calder says, the fourth category applies to '(e)very law that alters the legal rules of evidence, and receives less, or different, testimony, than the law required at the time of the commission of the offence, in order to convict the offender.' ... The last six words are crucial. The relevant question is whether the law affects the quantum of evidence required to convict; a witness competency rule that (in certain instances at least) has the practical effect of telling us what evidence would result in acquittal does not really speak to Calder's fourth category ... For these reasons, we hold that petitioner's convictions on counts 7 through 10, insofar as they are not corroborated by other evidence, cannot be sustained under the Ex Post Facto Clause, because Texas' amendment to Article 38.07 falls within Calder's fourth category. It seems worth remembering, at this point, Joseph Story's observation about the Clause:
If the laws in being do not punish an offender, let him go unpunished; let the legislature, admonished of the defect of the laws, provide against the commission of future crimes of the same sort. The escape of one delinquent can never produce so much harm to the community, as may arise from
6
the infraction of a rule, upon which the purity of public justice, and the existence of civil liberty, essentially depend. 3 Commentaries on the Constitution § 1338, at 211, n. 2." Id. at 529 U.S. at 551,552-553. (Citation omitted).
As aptly summarized in Carranza-De Salinas v. Holder, 700 F.3d 768, 772 (5th Cir. 2012), Appellant's position the retroactive overruling of Collier and Haynes violated her Due Process rights is particularly compelling: "'[T]he presumption against retroactive legislation is deeply rooted in our jurisprudence, and embodies a legal doctrine centuries older than our Republic.' Landgrafv. USI Film Products, 511 U.S. 244, 265,114 S.Ct. 1483, 128 L.Ed.2d 229 (1994). The presumption 'finds expression in several provisions of our Constitution,' including the Ex Post Facto Clause, the Contract Clause, and the Fifth Amendment's Due Process Clause.":'
While it is true the effect of what this Court ordered in Bowen, supra, was the retroactive overruling of Collier and Haynes, it is equally true the Court did not consider whether the retroactive overruling violated Appellant's Due Process of Law rights. It is that consideration, we respectfully urge, which is crucial to the criminal jurisprudence of the State
3 See also, Chafin v. State, 645 S.W.2d 265,271-272 (Tex. Crim. App. 1982), "Although the ex post Jacto clause of the United States Constitution 'is addressed at legislative action only,' and does not reach erroneous or inconsistent decisions by the courts, Frank v. Mangum, 237 U.S. 309,344,35 S.Ct. 582,59 L.Ed. 969 (1915), the principles embodied in the clause are applicable to judicial actions through the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment to the Constitution. Marks v. United States, 430 U.S. 188,97 S.Ct. 990,51 L.Ed .2d 260 (1977); Bouie v. City oj Columbia, supra; also see Douglas v. Buder, 412 U.S. 430, 93 S.Ct. 2199, 37 L.Ed.2d 52 (1973)."
Douglas v. Buder, supra, 93 S.Ct. at 2200 declared: "Moreover, even if it were clear that respondent had declared Missouri law to be that a traffic citation is the equivalent of an arrest, we would have to conclude that under the rationale of Bouie v. City of Columbia, 378 U.S. 347, 84 S.Ct. 1697, 12 L.Ed.2d 894 (1964), the unforeseeable application of that interpretation in the case before us deprived petitioner of due process."
7
of Texas, in addition to the future of Appellant, Deborah Bowen. The entire area of the law regarding when the overruling of established precedent to the detriment of an accused becomes the judicial equivalent of a legislative ex post/acto law merits an open, vigorous, and additional discussion.
THE RETROACTIVE OVERRULING OF THE CARVING DOCTRINE, AS WELL AS COLLIER & HAYNES, VIOLATED DUE PROCESS OF LAW
Ex Parte Scales, supra, 853 S.W.2d at 588 controls on the issue of denial of Due Process by the retroactive overruling of Collier and Haynes:
Essentially in our review today we must determine the scope of the "carving doctrine.'?" In this very case, applicant is now liable to conviction for two offenses, or more. Under the carving doctrine, if he engaged in only one criminal transaction, he would be liable to only one criminal conviction because, under the carving doctrine, the transaction was the offense.
Likewise, where he might once have been exposed only to the punishment prescribed for unlawfully carrying a weapon, he must now expect to face the punishment prescribed for aggravated assault as well, even though he may have committed but a single criminal transaction. And finally, where the law once entitled him to prevent prosecution for aggravated assault after a conviction for the same criminal transaction, he is now denied the benefit of this substantive defensive theory.
Therefore, our decision to make the abandonment of the "carving doctrine" retroactive in Ex Parte Clay' violated the Due Process Clause of the Federal Constitution. As such Ex Parte Clay and other cases in conflict with this decision are overruled.
4 The carving doctrine was abandoned in Ex Parte Mcwilliams, 634 S.W.2d 815 (Tex. Crim. App. 1982), which defined it as follows: "Initially, carving was applied when the two offenses charged contained common material elements or when the two offenses required the same evidence to convict. .. This Court added the 'continuous act or transaction' test. .. Since that time the 'same evidence' and the 'continuous assaultive transaction' tests have been randomly applied." Id. at 823 (Citations omitted).
5 Ex Parte Clay, 675 S.W.2d 765 (Tex. Crim. App. 1984).
8
CONCLUSION
As Justice Dauphinot succinctly wrote in Gaddy v. State, 433 S.W.3d 128, 135 (Tex. App.-Fort Worth 2014, pet refd)(Dauphinot, J., dissenting): "The State and the defense each chose its strategy, based on the law as it existed at the time of trial, and both were fully aware of the consequences of their choices of strategy. The National Football League (NFL) is considering doing away with the extra point, or points, after a touchdown. Just as it would be fundamentally unfair for the NFL's Rules Committee to change the scoring system retroactively to affect the outcome of the Super Bowl played two years ago, applying the Bowen rule to this case unfairly rescues one side from the consequences of its failed strategy." (Footnote omitted).
The retroactive overruling of Collier and Haynes in this case IS
analogous to the retroactive overruling of the carving doctrine. That doctrine, too, was unpopular with prosecutors. Nonetheless, Ex Parte Scales definitively illustrates, just as the retroactive abandonment of the carving doctrine violated Mr. Scales' Due Process rights, so does the retroactive overruling of Collier and Haynes violate Deborah Bowen's fundamental right to Due Process of Law; her right to rely on the doctrine she could only be convicted of what was charged in the indictment and instructed in the charge. As Carmel reminds us: "And, of course, nothing in the Ex Post Facto Clause prohibits Texas' prospective application of its amendment." Carmel v. Texas, supra, 529 U.S. at 553. This ongoing fundamental Due Process of Law issue merits review by the Court of Criminal Appeals.
9
QUESTION PRESENTED FOR REVIEW NO. TWO Did Jeopardy attach when the Court of Appeals reversed and reformed Appellant's conviction of first degree felony Misapplication of Fiduciary Property and entered a judgment of acquittal in Bowen v. State, 322 S.W .3d 435 (Tex. App.-Eastland 2010, pet. granted)? (Suppl. C.R. at 78) (IV Suppl. R.R. at 19).
ARGUMENT
BURKS, EVANS, STEPHENS, AND MORENO MANDATE JEOPARDY BARS ALL FURTHER PROSECUTION
The court below utterly failed to consider our argument Jeopardy bars all further prosecution. Instead, it merely concluded at page four of the Slip Opinion, "Appellant has not been subjected to a 'second trial' to determine her guilt or innocence; she has been subjected only to a second punishment hearing," citing Monge v. California, 524 u.S. 721, 724 (1998) for the holding Jeopardy is not applicable to non capital sentencing proceedings. Then on that same page the Court of Appeals erroneously relied on State v. Savage, 933 S.W.2d 497, 500 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996) for its reliance on U.S. v. Wilson, 420 U.S.332, 95 S.Ct. 1013,43 L.Ed.2d 232 (1975).6 The 11th Court of Appeals, therefore, decided an important question of state and federal law that conflicts with the applicable decisions of this Court and the Supreme Court of the United States. Tex. R. App. P. 66.3(c). Those fundamental controlling decisions are: Burks v. United States, 437 U.S. 1, 10,98 S.Ct. 2141,57 L.Ed.2d 1 (1978); Evans v. Michigan, _ U.S. _, 133 S.Ct. 1069, 185 L.Ed.2d 124 (2013); Stephens v. State, 806 S.W.2d 812, 819
6 Reliance on U.S. v. Wilson is misplaced. Wilson held Jeopardy did not prevent review of the trial court's dismissal of an indictment on the ground the delay between the offense
10
(Tex. Crim. App. 1990); and State v. Moreno, 294 S.W.3d 594 (Tex. Crim. App.2009). We shall further demonstrate the importance of this issue to the criminal jurisprudence of the State of Texas by showing, contrary to the court below, the term "criminal prosecution" is all encompassing, and Gaddy v. State, 433 S.W.3d 128, 131 FN2 (Tex. App.-Fort Worth 2014, pet ref'd) holding that court's previous judgment acquitting Gaddy of felony DWI did not bar further prosecution, should not be the final word on this extremely important issue.
JEOPARDY ATTACHES TO AN INTERMEDIATE APPELLATE COURT ACQUITTAL
Burks v. United States, 437 U.S. 1 (1978) held the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals, an intermediate appellate court just as the 11th Court of Appeals, erred when it found the evidence insufficient and reversed and remanded to the trial court for a new trial. When the evidence is found insufficient on appeal, the appellate court must reverse and reform to show a judgment of acquittal. "[W]e are squarely presented with the question of whether a defendant may be tried a second time when a reviewing court has determined that in a prior trial the evidence was insufficient to sustain the verdict of the jury." [d. at 5.
Relying heavily on Burks', Evans v. Michigan, __ U.S. , 133 S.Ct. 1069, 185 L.Ed.2d 124 (2013) reversed the Michigan Supreme Court,
and the indictment had prejudiced the defendant. Wilson did not involve insufficient evidence. Id. at 95 S.Ct. 1017. 7 "Most relevant here, our cases have defined an acquittal to encompass any ruling that the prosecution's proof is insufficient to establish criminal liability for an offense ... Burks v. United States, 437 U.S. 1,10,98 S.Ct. 2141,57 L.Ed.2d I (l978) ... Thus an 'acquittal'
"In the end, this case follows those that have come before it. The trial court's judgment of acquittal resolved the question of Evans' guilt or innocence as a matter of the sufficiency of the evidence, not on unrelated procedural grounds. That judgment, 'however erroneous' it was, precludes reprosecution on this charge, and so should have barred the State's appeal as well." Id. at 133 S.Ct. 1078. (Emphasis supplied). And Martinez v. Illinois, _U.S. , 134 S.Ct. 2070,188 L.Ed.2d 1112 (2014), relying on Evans, reinforces our position an acquittal is an acquittal."
State v. Moreno, supra, 294 S.W.3d at 600, makes plain Jeopardy bars further prosecution whether it is a new trial, resentencing, or any other manner of prosecution:
The problem with the State's argument, as a matter of federal law, is that it has been presented and rejected numerous times in the federal courts, and the answer is now controlled by wellestablished precedent. The facts of this case are strikingly
includes 'a ruling by the court that the evidence is insufficient to convict,' a 'factual finding [that] necessarily establishles] the criminal defendant's lack of criminal culpability,' and any other 'rulin[g] which relatels] to the ultimate question of guilt or innocence.' ... " Evans at 133 S.Ct. 1074-1075. (Some citations omitted).
"Perhaps most inconsistent with the State's and United States' argument is Burks. There we held that when a defendant raises insanity as a defense, and a court decides the 'Government ha]s] failed to come forward with sufficient proof of [the defendant's I capacity to be responsible for criminal acts,' the defendant has been acquitted because the court decided that 'criminal culpability hals] not been established.' 437 U.S., at 10,98 S.Ct. 2141. Lack of insanity was not an 'element' of Burks' offense, bank robbery by use of a dangerous weapon ... Rather, insanity was an affirmative defense to criminal liability. Our conclusion thus depended upon equating a judicial acquittal with an order finding insufficient evidence of culpability, not insufficient evidence of any particular element of the offense." Evans at 133 S.Ct. 1078. (Footnote and citation omitted). 8" '[Olur cases have defined an acquittal to encompass any ruling that the prosecution's proof is insufficient to establish criminal liability for an offense.' Evans v. Michigan, 568 U.S. --, --, 133 S.Ct. 1069, 1074-1075, 185 L.Ed.2d 124 (2013). And the trial court clearly made such a ruling here. After the State declined to present evidence against Martinez, his counsel moved for 'directed findings of not guilty to both counts,' and the court 'grantled] the motion for a directed finding.' Tr. 21. That is a textbook acquittal: a finding that the State's evidence cannot support a conviction." Id. at 134 S.Ct. at 2076.
II
12
similar to the seminal case of Fang Foo v. United States? In that case, the district judge directed a verdict of acquittal before the Government finished presenting its evidence because of a supposed lack of witness credibility and prosecutorial misconduct. The First Circuit Court of Appeals held that the judge did not have authority to enter a verdict before the Government rested its case. The Supreme Court recognized that the judge's actions were 'egregiously erroneous,' but nevertheless held that the Double Jeopardy Clause prohibited the court of appeals from setting aside the verdict of acquittal and subjecting the defendant to another trial.
Ex Parte Chaddock, 369 S.W.3d 880 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012) held:
Lesser-included offenses typically do not pass muster under the Blockburger test because the elements of the lesser offense are wholly subsumed by the elements of the greater offense; a defendant ordinarily may not be punished or tried twice for a greater-inclusive and a lesser-included offense without violating double jeopardy. Id. at 883.
That reinforces the crucial language from Stephens v. State, supra, 806 S.W.2d at 819: "[W]e hold that when a defendant has obtained a reversal of a conviction for a greater offense solely on the ground that there was insufficient evidence to prove the aggravating element of that offense, the Double Jeopardy Clause bars a subsequent prosecution for a lesser included offense." (Emphasis supplied). And obviously, second-degree Misapplication of Fiduciary Property is a lesser-included offense of first- degree Misapplication of Fiduciary Property. 10
9 Fang Foo v. United States, 369 U.S. 141, 143,82 S.Ct. 671,7 L.Ed.2d 629 (1962). 10 See generally, Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307,99 S.Ct. 2781,61 L.Ed.2d 560 (I979):"The question whether a defendant has been convicted upon inadequate evidence is central to the basic question of guilt or innocence. The constitutional necessity of proof beyond a reasonable doubt is not confined to those defendants who are morally blameless. E. g., Mullaney v. Wilbur, 421 U.S., at 697-698 (requirement of proof beyond a reasonable doubt is not 'limited] to those facts which, if not proved, would wholly exonerate' the accused). Under our system of criminal justice even a thief is entitled to
13
EVERY STAGE OF PROCEEDING AGAINST ACCUSED IS A CRIMINAL PROSECUTION
"Whether the acquittal is 'based on a jury verdict of not guilty or on a ruling by the court that the evidence is insufficient to convict,' any further prosecution, including an appeal by the prosecution that would lead to a second trial, is prohibited. Even where an acquittal is based on an 'egregiously erroneous foundation,' such as erroneous exclusion of evidence or erroneous weighing of evidence, the acquittal bars appellate review of the ultimate disposition as well as the underlying foundation." State v. Blackshere, 344 S.W.3d 400, 406 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011). (Footnotes omitted)(Emphasis supplied). It is not only a second trial that is prohibited; it is also any further prosecution. Howland v. State, 990 S.W.2d 274 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999) affirms the obvious; each and every stage of a criminal action by the State against a person, including but not limited to a trial, is a criminal prosecution."
At page four of the Slip Opinion, the Court of Appeals, relying on Gaddy v. State, supra, states "our judgment of acquittal was never final and was rendered a nullity when it was vacated by the Court of Criminal Appeals." Prior to that, on the same page, the court below concluded, "Appellant has not been subjected to a 'second trial' to determine her guilt or innocence; she has been subjected only to a second punishment hearing."
complain that he has been unconstitutionally convicted and imprisoned as a burglar." Id. at 99 S.Ct. at 2791. (Emphasis supplied). " "A plain reading of the statute demonstrates that the literal language includes all the steps between official accusation and final judgment. Extratextual sources narrow the
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Though headnote four of the Westlaw version of Gaddy is entitled "Double leopardy," the Fort Worth Court of Appeals gives scant attention to the subject. Burks, supra, was not even cited. Nor were Evans v. Michigan, Stephens v. State, or State v. Moreno. The court below failed to perceive Jeopardy prevents all further prosecution of Appellant.
Ex Parte Castillo, __ S.W.3d , 2015 WL 3486960, NO.
PD-0545-14 (Tex. Crim. App.lune 3,2015) is the most recent reaffirmation of that: "We affirm ... that Appellant's prosecution for burglary is jeopardy barred because he has shown that the burglary allegation is legally and factually the same as the capital-murder charge for which he was previously acquitted." Id. at Slip Op 9. (Emphasis supplied).
Additionally, this Court has adopted the Black's Law Dictionary definition of criminal proceeding: "In a general sense, the form and manner of conducting juridical business before a court or judicial officer; regular and orderly progress in form of law; including all possible steps in an action from its commencement to the execution of judgment ...All the steps or measures adopted in the prosecution or defense of an action." Black's Law Dictionary 1204 (6th ed. 1990)(Emphasis supplied). See, Sells v. State, 121 S.W.3d 748, 761-762 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003):
In Tigner [Tigner v. State, 928 S.W.2d 540, 543-544 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1996)], we construed the word "criminal proceeding" to encompass voir dire as part of the trial in a criminal prosecution. In so doing, we relied upon the language of the statute, the legislative history, and commentary from
interpretive breadth of "proceeding" and illustrate that voir dire is within its ambit." Id. at 277.