Hoke, J.
The Constitution of this State, Art. IX, sec. 2, in providing for a “uniform system of public schools wherein tuition shall be free of charge to all tbe children of tbe State between tbe ages of 6 and 21 years,” contains tbe requirement, “That the children of the white race and tbe children of tbe colored race shall be taught in separate schools,” and further, “but there shall be no discrimination in favor of or to the prejudice of either race.” In numerous and well-considered de
cisions this Court has held that these provisions of onr Constitution, in regard to the two races, are mandatory, and may be disregarded neither by legislatures nor by officials charged‘with the duty of administering a given law:
Smith v. School Trus
tees, 141 N. C., pp. 143-159;
Lowery v. School Trustees,
140 N. C., 33;
Puitt v. Comrs.,
94 N. C., 709;
Riggshee v. Durham,
94 N. C., 800. If, therefore, the act in question here, in designating a certain boundary as a “school district for the white race,” can only be construed as requiring that the funds to be raised under its provisions should be applied exclusively to the white schools within such boundary and the additional facilities afforded only enjoyed by the white children attending such schools, it would be clearly unconstitutional; but, in our opinion, such is not the necessary nor proper construction of the act. It is a well-recognized principle of statutory construction that “A court will not adjudge an act of the Legislature invalid unless its violation of the Constitution is, in their judgment, clear, complete, and unmistakable.” Black Court Law, p. 61. And that as between two permissible interpretations, that should always be adopted which will uphold the law. “That construction of a statute should be adopted which, without doing violence to the fair meaning of the words used, brings it into harmony with the Constitution.”
Grenada County Supervisors v. Brogden,
112 U. S., 261. In Black on Interpretation of Laws, p. 93, it is said: “Every act of the Legislature is presumed to be valid and constitutional until the contrary is shown. All doubts are resolved in favor of the validity of the act. If it is fairly and reasonably open to more than one construction, that construction will be adopted which will reconcile the statute with the Constitution and avoid the consequence of unconstitutionality.” And again, in same work, pp. 93 and 94: “Hence it follows that the courts will not so construe the law as to make it conflict with the Constitution, but will rather put such an interpretation upon it as will avoid conflict with the Constitution and give it' full force and effect, if this can be done without extravagance. If there is doubt or uncertainty as to the meaning of the Legislature, if the words or provisions of the statute are obscure or if the enactment is fairly susceptible
of two or more constructions, that interpretation will be adopted which will avoid the effect of unconstitutionality, even though it may be necessary, for this purpose, to disregard the more usual or apparent import of the language employed.” These principles were fully approved and applied in
Lowery’s case, supra,
in which an act to establish a graded school for the town of Kernersville was upheld and the officials required to afford equal facilities thereunder for both races, though in several features' of the act indication was given that only white children were to be provided for; these last being rejected because in conflict with the constitutional provision, and the officials were directed to organize and administer the school in accordance with the valid portions of the law. In that case and on the question we are now discussing, it was held as follows :
“9. In executing the law, the defendants shall not discriminate against either race, but shall afford to each equal facilities. It is not intended by this that the taxes are to be apportioned between the races per capita, but that the school term shall be of the same length during the school year, and that a sufficient, number of competent teachers shall be employed at such prices as the board may deem proper.
Dictum
in
Hooker v. Greenville,
130 N. C., 413, disapproved.
“10. If the defendant board or its successor shall refuse to establish and maintain the school upon a constitutional basis and in accordance with the constitutional provisions, the courts have power, by the writ of mandamus, to compel them to do so.
“11. The two essential principles underlying the establishment and maintenance of the public school system of this State are: First, the two races must be taught in separate schools, and, second, there must be no discrimination for or against either race. Keeping them in view, the matter of administration is left to the Legislature and the various officers, boards, etc., appointed for that purpose.”
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Hoke, J.
The Constitution of this State, Art. IX, sec. 2, in providing for a “uniform system of public schools wherein tuition shall be free of charge to all tbe children of tbe State between tbe ages of 6 and 21 years,” contains tbe requirement, “That the children of the white race and tbe children of tbe colored race shall be taught in separate schools,” and further, “but there shall be no discrimination in favor of or to the prejudice of either race.” In numerous and well-considered de
cisions this Court has held that these provisions of onr Constitution, in regard to the two races, are mandatory, and may be disregarded neither by legislatures nor by officials charged‘with the duty of administering a given law:
Smith v. School Trus
tees, 141 N. C., pp. 143-159;
Lowery v. School Trustees,
140 N. C., 33;
Puitt v. Comrs.,
94 N. C., 709;
Riggshee v. Durham,
94 N. C., 800. If, therefore, the act in question here, in designating a certain boundary as a “school district for the white race,” can only be construed as requiring that the funds to be raised under its provisions should be applied exclusively to the white schools within such boundary and the additional facilities afforded only enjoyed by the white children attending such schools, it would be clearly unconstitutional; but, in our opinion, such is not the necessary nor proper construction of the act. It is a well-recognized principle of statutory construction that “A court will not adjudge an act of the Legislature invalid unless its violation of the Constitution is, in their judgment, clear, complete, and unmistakable.” Black Court Law, p. 61. And that as between two permissible interpretations, that should always be adopted which will uphold the law. “That construction of a statute should be adopted which, without doing violence to the fair meaning of the words used, brings it into harmony with the Constitution.”
Grenada County Supervisors v. Brogden,
112 U. S., 261. In Black on Interpretation of Laws, p. 93, it is said: “Every act of the Legislature is presumed to be valid and constitutional until the contrary is shown. All doubts are resolved in favor of the validity of the act. If it is fairly and reasonably open to more than one construction, that construction will be adopted which will reconcile the statute with the Constitution and avoid the consequence of unconstitutionality.” And again, in same work, pp. 93 and 94: “Hence it follows that the courts will not so construe the law as to make it conflict with the Constitution, but will rather put such an interpretation upon it as will avoid conflict with the Constitution and give it' full force and effect, if this can be done without extravagance. If there is doubt or uncertainty as to the meaning of the Legislature, if the words or provisions of the statute are obscure or if the enactment is fairly susceptible
of two or more constructions, that interpretation will be adopted which will avoid the effect of unconstitutionality, even though it may be necessary, for this purpose, to disregard the more usual or apparent import of the language employed.” These principles were fully approved and applied in
Lowery’s case, supra,
in which an act to establish a graded school for the town of Kernersville was upheld and the officials required to afford equal facilities thereunder for both races, though in several features' of the act indication was given that only white children were to be provided for; these last being rejected because in conflict with the constitutional provision, and the officials were directed to organize and administer the school in accordance with the valid portions of the law. In that case and on the question we are now discussing, it was held as follows :
“9. In executing the law, the defendants shall not discriminate against either race, but shall afford to each equal facilities. It is not intended by this that the taxes are to be apportioned between the races per capita, but that the school term shall be of the same length during the school year, and that a sufficient, number of competent teachers shall be employed at such prices as the board may deem proper.
Dictum
in
Hooker v. Greenville,
130 N. C., 413, disapproved.
“10. If the defendant board or its successor shall refuse to establish and maintain the school upon a constitutional basis and in accordance with the constitutional provisions, the courts have power, by the writ of mandamus, to compel them to do so.
“11. The two essential principles underlying the establishment and maintenance of the public school system of this State are: First, the two races must be taught in separate schools, and, second, there must be no discrimination for or against either race. Keeping them in view, the matter of administration is left to the Legislature and the various officers, boards, etc., appointed for that purpose.”
The act before us (chapter 210, Laws 1909) is entitled “An act to incorporate the Ahoskie School District and allow it to vote on a special tax for schools and to issue bonds,” and in the body of the act it is designated as “Ahoskie School District,
No. 11.” Then follows a description of the district by clearly defined boundaries, designating it as “a school district for the white race.” Elaborate and specific provisions are then made for taking a vote of the district on the question of a special tax, and a separate and distinct provision for taking the sense of the voters as to the issue of bonds. Both of these provisions have been acted on, the tax voted and the bond issue approved. Section 9 provides, “That the money arising from the sale of bonds shall be used for purchasing a site and erecting suitable buildings and in furnishing necessary equipment for a graded school in such district,” . . . “and for such other school purposes as the trustees may order.” Sections 3 and 15 provide, “That all public school funds derived from the State and county, together with the amounts coming from the special tax above provided for, shall be, by the proper officers, paid to the board of trustees as herein provided for, and shall by them be used for the benefit of the
schools of said
districtA perusal of the act gives clear indication that its controlling purpose and, in several places, its expressed intent is to establish a special taxing district for the purpose, by an increase of taxation and issue of bonds, of affording additional educational facilities within the prescribed district, legislation directly approved and sustained in
Smith v. Trustees,
141 N. C.,
supra,
and in
Perry v. Comrs.,
148 N. C., 521, and this beneficent purpose should not be frustrated because, in one of the sections, it is designated as a “school district for the white race.” In view of the authorities cited and the principles upon which they rest, the correct construction of the statute is to uphold it in its principal purpose and declare, as we do, that, disregarding this special feature of the act, contrary, as it is, to our Constitution, the money raised by taxation and by the issue and sale of bonds shall constitute a fund applicable to the' school work of the district, to be administered according to law and having full regard to the' constitutional provisions bearing upon it. Speaking to this question, the proper administration of a school fund, in
Smith v. School Trustees, supra,
the Court, after quoting with approval from
Lowery’s case, supra,
said: “And from
this it follows that the discretion conferred upon the defendants by the terms of section 12 is by no means an arbitrary one, but the same must be used as directed and required by the Constitution and in the light of the above decision. There are no facts or data given by which the Court may determine whether the contemplated expenditure is or is not an unequal and unlawful disbursement of the school funds. The defendants in their sworn answer aver that they have no desire or intent but to administer their trust in accordance with the law of the land, and it is right that we should act upon this statement till the contrary is made to appear by proceedings duly entered. . . . If defendants, contrary to their avowed purpose, shall endeavor to exercise the authority conferred upon them with 'an evil eye and unequal hand’ so as to practically make unjust discrimination between the races in the school facilities affol’ded, it is open to the parties who may be interested in the question, by proper action, to correct the abuse and enforce compliance with the law.” The proper application of this fund, however, is not now before us, except to say that, so far as the facts now appear, there is nothing to show that the proceeds of the bond issue, or in any event the portion thereof involved in this suit, may not be applied as directed by the act. The only question presented on this appeal is on the validity of the bonds, and, being of opinion, for the reason stated, that the proposed issue is lawful, we hold that the plaintiff is not justified in refusing to accept the bonds, and that on the case agreed judgment should be entered for the defendant.
Reversed.