OPINION AND ORDER
Shira A. Scheindlin, U.S.D.J.
Salvador J. Parra, Jr. (“Parra”) developed asbestosis and other conditions after he was exposed to asbestos while working as an insulator in the 1960s and 1970s. In 2009, he sued Marsh USA, Inc. (“Marsh”), an insurance broker, and others alleging that they had conspired with asbestos producers, distributors, and insurers to withhold information from the public regarding the dangers of asbestos inhalation. In response, Marsh filed a motion in the chapter 11 bankruptcy cases of the Johns-Man-ville Corporation (“Manville”), arguing that it had been relieved of any liability for Parra’s claims by the release and channeling injunction contained in the order confirming Manville’s chapter 11 plan.
The bankruptcy court issued a memorandum decision and accompanying order granting Marsh’s motion (the “July Order”).1 Parra now appeals from the July Order. For the reasons set forth below, the July Order is AFFIRMED in part, REVERSED in part, and REMANDED to the bankruptcy court for further proceedings consistent with this Opinion and Order.2
I. BACKGROUND
A. The Manville Bankruptcy and the 1986 Orders
“From the 1920s to the 1970s, Manville was, by most accounts, the largest supplier of raw asbestos and manufacturer of asbestos-containing products in the United States, and for much of that time Travelers was Manville’s primary liability insurer.”3 Marsh served as Manville’s primary insurance broker from 1944 until 1982. Travelers’ first Manville policy was issued in 1947.4 “In 1982, after asbestos-related [108]*108health problems triggered litigation, Man-ville, faced with the prospect of tremendous liability, filed a Chapter 11 petition for bankruptcy protection and reorganization.”5
Manville sued Marsh, alleging that it failed to procure sufficient insurance coverage. Travelers and other insurers were involved in a policy-coverage dispute with Manville, and contribution, indemnity, and cross claims were asserted among the insurers. Asbestos plaintiffs filed suits against Travelers and other insurers based on the insurers’ relationships with Man-ville.
On May 25, 1984, Manville announced that it had agreed in principle to a settlement of its insurance coverage disputes. Soon after the announcement, Manville and a group of insurers, executed a settlement agreement (the “1984 Insurance Settlement Agreement”).6 Notably, Marsh was not a party to the 1984 Insurance Settlement Agreement. In August 1984, the bankruptcy court appointed a future claims representative (“FCR”) to represent future asbestos claimants whose interest in the Manville Chapter 11 proceedings might arise after the insurance settlements were approved and Manville’s reorganization was confirmed.7 In the order appointing the FCR (the “FCR Order”), the bankruptcy court defined the class of future claimants represented by the FCR as “those persons who have been exposed to asbestos or asbestos products mined, manufactured or supplied by Manville pre-petition and have manifested or will manifest disease post-petition and who are not otherwise represented in these proceedings.”8
On December 18, 1986, the bankruptcy court approved various settlement agreements (the “Insurance Settlement Order”) among Manville. and the members of the Settling Insurer Group, including a settlement agreement between Marsh and Man-ville dated October 10, 1986.9 Four days later, on December 22,1986, the bankruptcy court confirmed Manville’s plan of reorganization (the “Confirmation Order” and together with the Insurance Settlement Order, the “1986 Orders”). The Insurance Settlement Order was incorporated by reference into the Confirmation Order.10
The Insurance Settlement Order established a transferred settlement fund (the “Manville Trust”), which was funded with $770 million in settlement payments from the Settling Insurer Group, including a $29.75 million payment by Marsh.11 Marsh received a release of, and injunction against, the “Marsh Claims.” The “Marsh Claims” are defined in the Insurance Settlement Order as:
[109]*109any and all claims, demands, allegations, duties, liabilities and obligations (whether or not presently known) which have been, or could have been, or might be, asserted by any Person against [Marsh] based upon, arising out of or relating to services (whether acts or omissions) performed by [Marsh] for [Manville], at any time, in connection with insurance policies issued to or for the benefit of [Man-ville] ... including, without limitation, the negotiation, placement and securing of such policies, and attempts to receive the proceeds of, as well as the application for, advice concerning and any claims asserted under, such policies.12
The Insurance Settlement Order further provides for a “channeling injunction,” which directs into the Manville Trust:
any and all claims, charges, or encumbrances which might otherwise have been assessable or assertable by any person against or with respect to [Man-ville’s] rights and interests based upon, arising out of or related to Marsh Claims, and any and all claims or causes of action in law, equity, admiralty or otherwise based upon, arising out of, or related to Marsh Claims which were or are assessable or assertable by any Person against any or all members of the Marsh Group are transferred, and shall attach, solely to the Transferred Settlement Fund.13
The Confirmation Order combines the injunctive provisions of the settlements into a comprehensive injunction. The Confirmation Order states that “[a]ll Persons and Governmental Units are hereby stayed, restrained and enjoined from ... [commencing, conducting, or continuing in any manner, directly or indirectly, any suit, action or other proceeding” against the parties to the Insurance Settlement Order.14 “The Trust has since paid out more than $3.2 billion to over 600,000 claimants.”15
B. The Travelers Litigation
The 1986 Orders were affirmed by the District Court and the Second Circuit and became final on October 28, 1988.16 In the early 2000s, Travelers faced a series of state-law actions in which plaintiffs alleged that Travelers was liable for its own “wrongdoing while acting as Manville’s insurer or of its misuse of information obtained from Manville as its insurer.”17 The state-law actions “came in two flavors: (1) ‘Statutory Direct Actions’ based on states’ statutory regulation of insurance practices; and (2) ‘Common Law Direct Actions,’ in which it was alleged that Travelers and others violated ‘duties to disclose certain asbestos-related information [that they] learned’ as asbestos-industry insurers.”18
Travelers sought an order from the bankruptcy court enforcing the injunction against the state-law plaintiffs. In November 2003, Travelers reached a settlement of the claims, agreeing to pay up to $445 million into a fund. However, Travelers’ agreement to pay $445 million into the fund was contingent upon the bankruptcy court’s entry of an order clarifying that the [110]*110claims against Travelers in the state-law actions were — and had always been— barred by the 1986 Orders. The bankruptcy court later entered the “Clarifying Order” which stated that the injunction barred, among other things, “the bringing of claims against insurers that arise out of, are based upon[,] or related to settled policies.”19
In issuing the Clarifying Order, the bankruptcy court made several findings of fact. First, the bankruptcy court found that because “the range of products containing Manville asbestos is extremely broad and practically immeasurable ... there are no industries from which claimants originate where Manville did not provide asbestos products — either manufactured or raw materials.”20 Based on this, the bankruptcy court held that “the breadth and length of Manville’s asbestos involvement compels the conclusion, as a factual matter, that essentially all potential asbestos claimants ... have been exposed to Manville asbestos through Manville’s pervasive asbestos mining, processing and manufacturing activities.”21 Second, the bankruptcy court found that, as Manville’s primary insurer, “Travelers learned virtually everything it knew about asbestos from its relationship with Manville.”22 The bankruptcy court found that the only claims that were not enjoined as to Travelers were claims as to which “Travelers^] alleged liability or the proof required to establish Travelers!’] alleged liability is unrelated to any knowledge Travelers gained from its insurance relationship with Man-ville or acts, errors, omissions, or evidence related to Travelers!’] insurance relationship with Manville .... ”23
The Clarifying Order was affirmed in Manville II. In Manville III, the Second Circuit reversed, concluding that “a bankruptcy court only has jurisdiction to enjoin third-party non-debtor claims that directly affect the res of the bankruptcy estate.”24 The Second Circuit held that the bankruptcy court lacked subject matter jurisdiction to enjoin claims that “aim to pursue the assets of Travelers!,] ... make no claim against an asset of the bankruptcy estate, [and] do [not] ... affect the estate.”25
The Supreme Court reversed Manville III in Travelers Indemnity Co. v. Bailey. The Court held that because the 1986 Orders were final and no longer subject to appeal, res judicata prevented collateral attack of the bankruptcy court’s subject matter jurisdiction.26 However, the Supreme Court emphasized that its holding was narrow. First, it did “not resolve whether a bankruptcy court, in 1986 or today, could properly enjoin claims against nondebtor insurers that are not derivative of the debtor’s wrongdoing.”27 Second, it did not “decide whether any particular [party] is bound by the 1986 Orders .... ”28 With regard to the second point, [111]*111the Supreme Court remanded to the Second Circuit, explaining that:
We have assumed that respondents are bound, but the Court of Appeals did not consider this question. [Chubb Indemnity Insurance Company (“Chubb”)], in fact, relying on Amchem Products, Inc. v. Windsor, 521 U.S. 591, 117 S.Ct. 2231, 138 L.Ed.2d 689 (1997), and Ortiz v. Fibreboard Corp., 527 U.S. 815, 119 S.Ct. 2295, 144 L.Ed.2d 715 (1999), has maintained that it was not given constitutionally sufficient notice of the 1986 Orders, so that due .process absolves it from following them, whatever their scope. The District Court rejected this argument, but the Court of Appeals did not reach it. On remand, the Court of Appeals can take up this objection and any others that respondents have preserved.29
' Chubb was an asbestos-industry insurer that was one of Travelers’ co-defendants in the common law state-law actions, but it was not a party to the 1984 Insurance Settlement Agreement. Chubb sought to preserve its ability to bring contribution and indemnity claims against Travelers relating to its potential joint liability in the common law actions. On remand, the Second Circuit held that Chubb did not receive sufficient notice of the 1986 Orders to satisfy due process, and, therefore, was not bound by the terms of those Orders.30 The Circuit Court declined to address whether the state-law plaintiffs appealing from the Clarifying Order had received due process in connection with the 1986 Orders, because those plaintiffs had failed to preserve the issue.31
C. Parra’s Claims Against Marsh and Marsh’s Motion
In 2009, Parra filed an action in Mississippi state court asserting state-law claims against a number, of defendants, including Marsh.32 Parra filed his First Amended Complaint on July 8, 2010.33 According to the Complaint, Parra was exposed to asbestos while working as an insulator at various job sites in Louisiana, Mississippi, Oklahoma, and Texas during the late 1960s and early 1970s. The defendants were producers, distributors, or insurers of asbestos products which, according to Parra, “knew or should have known through industry and medical studies ... of the health hazards ... inherent in the asbestos-containing products.”34 According to Parra, the “Complaint is premised on claims of direct, independent, and nonderi-vative misconduct on the part of Marsh, including claims of negligent undertaking and claims based on Marsh’s breach of various common law duties to Parra independent of any relationship with Man-ville.”35 The Complaint alleges, “that Marsh USA, Inc. aided and abetted and conspired with Defendants including, but not limited to, Foster Wheeler, Riley Stoker, General Electric, Bechtel Corporation, and other entities such as Johns Manville, Fibreboard and The Lummus Company.”36 Furthermore, “Marsh willfully suppressed the truth as to the risks and dangers associated with the use of and exposure to Defendants’ (such as Foster Wheeler, Ri[112]*112ley Stoker, General Electric and Bechtel Corporation) and other entities (such as Johns Manville and The Lummus Company) asbestos-containing products and/or machinery requiring or calling for the use of asbestos and/or asbestos-containing products.”37
Parra’s primary claim against Marsh is set forth in Count Four of the Complaint, which seeks to hold Marsh liable for its “negligent undertakings, conspiracy, aiding, and abetting courses of conduct.”38 Count Four contains a detailed recitation of facts outlining the nature and extent of Marsh’s insurance relationship with Man-ville.39 Among other things, Parra alleges that “Marsh had a relationship with ... Johns-Manville for over forty years,”40 that Marsh “functioned not only as a broker but as Johns-Manville’s insurance department,”41 and that Marsh’s relationship with Manville was “unique.”42
On August 6, 2010, Marsh filed a motion in the bankruptcy court to enforce the 1986 Orders. Marsh argued that the claims asserted in the Complaint fall “squarely within” the injunction contained in the 1986 Orders.43 According to Marsh:
It is apparent from the face of the [Complaint] that whatever theory of liability [Parra] asserts ... his allegations fall within the scope of the 1986 Orders. Whether couched in terms of a duty to speak out about the ills associated with asbestos, a duty not to defend Manville to the detriment of [Parra], or a duty to warn [Parra] of the perils associated with Manville’s asbestos, these state-law actions assert claims or duties against Marsh that are based upon, arising out of, or relating to the services performed by Marsh for Manville. Accordingly, they are barred.by the 1986 Orders.44
Parra filed a response'that raised four principal arguments: (1) the Motion is procedurally defective because Marsh failed to file an adversary proceeding; (2) the Motion is premature because Parra should be allowed to conduct discovery in preparation for an evidentiary hearing; (3) on the merits, Parra’s claims against Marsh are not subject to the 1986 Orders; and (4) even if his claims are subject to the 1986 Orders, Parra did not receive constitutionally sufficient notice of the proceedings because the FOR did not represent him with respect to his claims against Marsh for Marsh’s independent misconduct.45 Marsh filed a reply. In November 2010, Travelers filed a submission as an interested party. Travelers took no position on whether Parra’s claims were barred by the 1986 Orders. Instead, Travelers asked to be heard solely to oppose Parra’s “remarkable suggestion” that he is not bound by the 1986 Orders on due process grounds.46
The matter was' held in abeyance for several years pending the conclusion of the litigation involving Travelers. Ultimately, Judge Morris held that (1) Marsh could proceed by motion rather than adversary proceeding; (2) Parra was not entitled to discovery; (3) Parra’s claims are barred by [113]*113the plain language of the 1986 Orders; (4) Parra’s due process rights were not violated; and (5) Parra was not barred from amending his Gomplaint to assert claims not barred by the 1986 Orders. On appeal, Parra argues that the bankruptcy court erred with respect to items (1) through (4).
II. LEGAL STANDARD
A district court functions as an appellate court in reviewing orders entered by bankruptcy courts.47 Findings of fact are reviewed for clear error, whereas findings that involve questions of law, or mixed questions of fact and law, are reviewed de novo.48 A bankruptcy court’s interpretation of its own order “warrants customary appellate deference [because t]he bankruptcy court [is] in the best position to interpret its own orders.”49
III. APPLICABLE LAW
Due process requirements apply in bankruptcy cases.50 Thus, a party that does not receive adequate notice of a bankruptcy case cannot be bound by orders issued during that case.51 Notice must be “reasonably calculated, under all the circumstances, to apprise interested parties of the pendency of the action and afford them an opportunity to present their objections.”52 “Where notice cannot be given because the party sought to be affected is not yet known, such as a person who will later suffer injury from a product previously manufactured by the debtor, due process generally prevents the party from [114]*114being adversely affected by the order.”53
A special notice problem arises in asbestos cases, where the unknown individuals may not manifest injuries — and therefore may not themselves know they have a right to recovery — until years after plan confirmation.54 Judge Lifland famously sought to address this problem by creating the Manville Trust, appointing an FOR, and issuing the 1986 channeling injunction. Later, a version of the bankruptcy court’s 1986 channeling injunction was codified at 11 U.S.C. § 524(g).55 “Section 524(g) mandates the channeling of related claims to a personal injury trust, thereby relieving the debtor of the uncertainty of future asbestos liabilities and helping to achieve the purpose of Chapter 11 by facilitating the reorganization and rehabilitation of the debtor as an economically viable entity.”56 As explained by one court,
Many of the[ ] requirements [of section 524] are specifically tailored to protect the due process rights of future claimants. For example, a court employing a § 524(g) channeling injunction must determine that the injunction is “fair and equitable” to future claimants, 11 U.S.C. § 524(g)(4)(B)(ii), and must appoint a futures representative to represent their interests. 11 U.S.C. § 524(g)(4)(B)(i). The court must also determine that the plan treats “present claims and future demands that involve similar claims in substantially the same manner.” 11 U.S.C. § 524(g)(2)(B)(ii)(V). Finally, the statute requires that a 75% super-majority of claimants whose claims are to be addressed by the trust vote in favor of the plan. 11 U.S.C. § 524(g)(2)(B)(ii)(IV)(bb).57
“Without the appointment of ... [an FCR] to provide adequate representation to the absent future claim holders, it is doubtful that the injunction provisions binding them would be found to comply with the due process clause.”58 Notably, section 524(g) [115]*115“‘limits the situations where a channeling injunction may enjoin actions against third parties to those where a third party has derivative liability for the claims against the debtor.’”59
IV. DISCUSSION
A. Marsh Was Entitled to Proceed by Motion
Parra argues that the bankruptcy court erred when it permitted Marsh to obtain injunctive relief without filing an adversary proceeding under Federal Rule of Bankruptcy Procedure 7007(7).60 While a proceeding to obtain an injunction must be brought as an adversary proceeding,61 “the enforcement of a preexisting injunction” may be accomplished as a contested matter rather than through an adversary proceeding.62 Marsh’s motion seeks to enforce the release and injunction provisions of the 1986 Orders and not to obtain a new injunction. Thus, the bankruptcy court did not err in considering Marsh’s request as a contested matter rather than requiring an adversary proceeding.
B. Parra’s Claims Fall Within the Scope of the 1986 Orders
The bankruptcy court compared the plain language of the Insurance Settlement Order to the allegations set forth in Parra’s Complaint and determined that the claims were “related to” Marsh’s insurance relationship with Manville and therefore enjoined by the 1986 Orders.63 According to the bankruptcy court, “this [was] established by, among other things, Parra’s specific and extensive allegations regarding the ways in which Marsh learned information about the health hazards of asbestos exposure from its relationship with Man-ville.”64
Parra argues that the bankruptcy court erred by holding that his claims were barred by the 1986 Orders without first holding an evidentiary hearing to determine, among other things, “that there [was] a sufficient nexus between the conduct complained of [in the Parra Complaint] and the services [Marsh] provided to Manville.”65 He contends that “Marsh [was required to] show that its malfeasance ... would have necessarily been performed for Manville exclusively and not related services performed for another client” and that the “only way Marsh could show this was by proving that its relationship with Manville was so intertwined that it learned everything about asbestos from [116]*116Manville .... ”66 Parra concludes that because Marsh did not even attempt to make this showing, “the record' below was insufficient to establish the actions complained of in the Parra Complaint were sufficiently ‘related to’ services Marsh performed on behalf of Manville to be barred by the 1986 Orders.”67
Parra’s argument is inconsistent with how the language of the 1986 Orders have been interpreted in these proceedings and misstates the applicable law. “Court orders are construed like other written instruments, except that the determining factor is not the intent of the parties, but that of the issuing court.”68 With respect to Marsh, the Insurance Settlement Order provides that “all Persons, except Marsh, are restrained and enjoined from commencing and/or continuing any action, suit, arbitration or other proceeding of any type or nature against [Marsh] based upon, arising out of or related to Marsh Claims.” “Marsh Claims” are defined to include:
[A]ny and all claims, demands, allegations, duties, liabilities and obligations (whether or not presently known) which have been, or could have been, or might be, asserted by any Person against [Marsh] based upon, arising out of or relating to services (whether acts or omissions) performed by [Marsh] for [Manville], at any time, in connection with insurance policies issued to or for the benefit of [Manville] ....
In Travelers Indemnity Company v. Bailey, the Supreme Court interpreted substantially similar language with respect to the state-law claims brought against Travelers. Specifically, the Court held that the claims were Policy Claims enjoined “by the language of the 1986 Orders, which covered ‘claims, demands, allegations, duties, liabilities and obligations’ against Travelers, known or unknown at the time, ‘based upon, arising out of or relating to’ Travelers’ insurance coverage of Man-ville.”69 The Court determined that the language was unambiguous and noted that the phrase “in relation to” is “expansive”:
Although it would be possible (albeit quite a stretch) to suggest that a “claim” only relates to Travelers’ insurance coverage if it seeks recovery based upon Travelers’ specific contractual obligation to Manville, “allegations” is not even remotely amenable to such a narrow construction and clearly reaches factual assertions that relate in a more comprehensive way to Travelers’ dealings with Manville.70
The Bailey court then explained that:
The Bankruptcy Court’s uncontested factual findings drive the point home. In substance, the Bankruptcy Court found that the Direct Actions seek to recover against Travelers either for supposed wrongdoing in its capacity as Manville’s insurer or for improper use of information that Travelers obtained from Man-ville as its insurer. These actions so clearly involve “claims” (and, all the more so, “allegations”) “based upon, arising out of or relating to” Travelers’ insurance coverage of Manville, that we have no need here to stake out the ultimate bounds of the injunction. There is, of course, a cutoff at some point, where the connection between the insurer’s action complained of and the insurance coverage would be thin to the point [117]*117of absurd. But the detailed findings of the Bankruptcy Court place the Direct Actions within the terms of the 1986 Orders without pushing the limits.71
Thus, while the Supreme Court used Manville I’s factual findings to “drive the point home,” it did not rely on the fact that state-law claims were “inextricably intertwined” with Travelers’ relationship with Manville. Instead, Bailey suggests that “related to” claims fall within a spectrum between claims that are “inextricably intertwined” and those that stretch the relationship so thin as to be absurd. Accordingly, there is no merit to Parra’s argument that Marsh was required to prove that Parra’s claims were “inextricably intertwined” with Marsh’s insurance relationship with Manville in order to establish that Parra’s claims fall within the scope of the 1986 Orders.
Further, the bankruptcy court did not abuse its discretion by determining that Parra’s claims “related to” Marsh’s services to Manville without allowing discovery. The allegations in Parra’s Complaint- are sufficient to establish the required nexus under Bailey.72 Accordingly, the bankruptcy court did not err in holding that Parra’s claims fell within the scope of the 1986 Orders.
C. The Case Must be Remanded to Address Whether Parra Received Sufficient Due Process in Connection with the Entry of the 1986 Orders
In Bailey, the Supreme Court held that the bankruptcy court’s subject matter jurisdiction to enter the 1986 Orders could not be challenged collaterally because the 1986 Orders were final and no longer subject to appeal.73 While Parra cannot challenge the 1986 Orders on the basis of subject matter jurisdiction, there is no question that the bankruptcy court exceeded its subject matter jurisdiction in barring Parra’s claims against Marsh. According to the Second Circuit opinion in Manville III, “a bankruptcy court only has jurisdiction to enjoin third-party non-debtor claims that directly affect the res of the bankruptcy estate.”74 However, Parra’s claims do not seek to collect from the assets of the estate — i.e., the insurance policy proceeds — but seek to hold Marsh liable for its independent wrongdoing, not Manville’s. As such, Parra’s claims do not seek to collect from the res of the Manville chapter 11 estate, but are in personam claims for liability against Marsh.
Thus, under a broad reading of the terms “related to” in the Insurance Settlement Order, Parra’s claims are “related to” Marsh’s insurance relationship with [118]*118Manville and are therefore subject to the injunctions in the 1986 Orders. Furthermore, under Bailey Parra cannot challenge whether the bankruptcy court had the subject matter jurisdiction to enter the 1986 Orders, because those Orders are final and no longer appealable. However, as a matter of due process, the 1986 Orders are not “enforceable against” Parra unless he received sufficient notice and representation in the proceedings that led to the entry of those Orders.75 The bankruptcy court held that Parra received constitutionally appropriate representation by virtue of the appointment of the FOR, who— from the time of his appointment in August 1984 to the entry of the 1986 Orders — worked vigorously on behalf of future asbestos claimants to ensure that the 1986 Orders protected their rights. To place that holding in its proper context, it is necessary to review the prior due process rulings in these proceedings and consider those rulings in the context of Par-ra’s in personam claims against Marsh.
1. The Second Circuit’s Due Process Analysis in Chubb
The courts in Manville I and Manville II rejected the argument that Chubb— which sought to bring contribution and indemnity claims against Travelers — had not received sufficient notice or representation in connection with the entry of the 1986 Orders. In Manville I, the bankruptcy court held that Chubb was bound by the 1986 Orders after finding that Chubb’s claims fell within the scope of both the Confirmation Order and the Insurance Settlement Order. Specifically, the Confirmation Order barred “any suit, action or other proceeding ... against or affecting ... any of the Settling Insurance Companies,” and the Insurance Settlement Order prohibited “any suit, arbitration or other proceeding of any type or nature for Policy Claims against any or all members of the Settling Insurer Group.”76
In Manville II, the district court relied on different grounds to reject Chubb’s due process argument. Two of them are relevant here. First, the court cited Ortiz v. Fibreboard Corporation for the proposition that there is “an exception to the due process concerns raised by Chubb “where a special remedial scheme exists expressly foreclosing successive litigation by nonliti-gants, as for example in bankruptcy or probate.’”77 Second, the court held that the publication notice provided in 1984 had put Chubb “on notice with regard to whatever asbestos related claims it may have against Travelers and the other settling insurers.”78
[119]*119In Chubb, after remand from the Supreme Court, the Second Circuit considered and rejected the due process rulings in Manville I and Manville II. With respect to the bankruptcy court’s position, Chubb explained that “the text of the orders that were ultimately entered in 1986 does not speak to whether Chubb was afforded due process during the proceedings that led to the entry of those orders in the first place.”79 The Second Circuit began its discussion of Manville II by looking at the nature of the Common Law Direct Actions, the gravamen of which was that “the insurance industry as a whole had a duty to warn the general public about the dangers of asbestos.”80 As with Chubb’s contribution and indemnity claims, such.claims did not seek to collect from assets of the estate — i.e., the insurance policy proceeds — and sought to hold Travelers liable for its independent wrongdoing, not Manville’s.81 As such, the claims did not seek to collect from the res of the Manville chapter 11 estate, but were in personam claims for liability against Travelers.82
“When a court exercises in personam, authority, it addresses a claim for liability, such as one involving a claim for money damages, against a particular party.-”83 “In contrast, the bankruptcy court’s in rem authority is, for the most part, limited to the resolution of claims against the property in the bankruptcy estate.”84 While the Second Circuit continued to believe, as it held in Manville III, that the 1986 Orders, as interpreted in 2004, exceeded the scope of the bankruptcy court’s in rem jurisdiction, it recognized that “under Bailey, the parties who were present or represented in the proceedings that led to the entry of the 1986 Orders are barred from collaterally attacking” subject matter jurisdiction.85
However, Chubb found that the bankruptcy court’s interpretation of the 1986 Orders to include in personam claims altered the due process analysis. First, the due process “exception” discussed by the Supreme Court in Ortiz did not apply. “[T]he Ortiz Court was discussing an in rem ‘exception’ to the due process principles associated with in personam jurisdictional acts .... [but] the bankruptcy court was not exercising its in rem power when it concluded that Chubb’s claims were enjoined.”86 Second, because the 1986 Orders precluded Chubb’s in personam claims, [120]*120the Second Circuit believed that it should look to class action settlements in toxic tort cases rather than to in rem bankruptcy proceedings when considering notice and representation issues.87 In the class context,. “[d]ue process requires adequate representation ‘at all times’ throughout the litigation, [and] notice ‘reasonably calculated ... to apprise interested parties of the pendency of the action ....’’,88 With respect to representation, the Second Circuit explained that:
there is no indication in the record that the sort of claims Chubb seeks to bring against Travelers were contemplated, much less accounted for, during the proceedings that led to the 1986 Orders. Neither Travelers nor the district court have suggested otherwise, and the terms of the bankruptcy court’s August 14, 1984 Order appointing the FCR make this point plain. The bankruptcy court ordered the FCR to concern himself with “persons who have been exposed to” Manville’s asbestos products and who may subsequently “manifest disease post-petition.” Chubb does not fall within that category, and its interests relating to inchoate, non-derivative, post-petition claims against Travelers were not spoken for in those proceedings.89
The Second Circuit also reasoned that the publication notice was constitutionally insufficient:
In order to comprehend that the contemplated channeling injunction would bar Chubb’s in personam non-derivative claims against Travelers, the recipient of the Notice would have to predict that the bankruptcy court would exceed its in rem jurisdiction in entering the 1986 Orders. Such recipient would also have to be presumed to know — or to be able to discern from the 1984 Notice document — the factual extent of Travelers’ relationship with Manville, which ultimately served as the lynchpin of the bankruptcy court’s 2004 interpretation of the 1986 Orders.90
2. Application of Chubb to Parra’s Claims Against Marsh
Parra’s claims do not seek to collect from the res of the Manville chapter 11 estate. They are not claims against the insurance policies. Rather, they are in per-sonam claims against Marsh for Marsh’s independent misconduct. Although Chubb concerned claims for indemnity and contribution, and not claims against an insurer or an insurance broker, the due process principles articulated in Chubb are no less relevant to Parra’s claims against Marsh.
The first principle is that the text of the 1986 Orders “does not speak to whether [Parra] was afforded due process in the proceedings that led to the entry of those [121]*121orders in the first place.”91 The second is that “the ‘special remedial scheme’ due process ‘exception’ relating to in rem bankruptcy proceedings” does not apply to the extent the 1986 Orders purported to bar a future claimant from proceeding against a non-debtor on an in personam basis.92 The third is that with respect to in personam claims, “the better due process analogy in terms of notice and representation principles is to class action settlements, not in rem bankruptcy proceedings.”93
Parra’s argument both before the bankruptcy court and this Court is that while he was a “future asbestos claimant” with respect to his claims against Manville, the FCR was not “authorized to represent him ... with respect to- [his] independent non-derivative claims against non-Manville third parties.”94 Viewed another way, Par-ra concedes that he received due process with respect to in rem claims against Man-ville, but not with respect to his in person-am claims against Marsh.
The bankruptcy court thus misstated the issue when it determined that the “sole question [was] ... whether the [FCR] in this case was appointed to represent the interests of future asbestos claimants as against both Manville and the settling insurers.”95 The problem is that the bankruptcy court does not distinguish between in rem and in personam claims. While the FCR was no doubt appointed to represent future claimants with respect to in rem claims against settling insurers, that does not mean that the FCR was appointed to represent future claimants with respect to their in personam claims.
According to the bankruptcy court, “[n]othing in the Bankruptcy court’s order appointing the future claimants’ representative limited the scope of his representation solely to claims against Man-ville.”96 To the extent that the bankruptcy court is interpreting the FCR Order to be unambiguous and that its unambiguous meaning is that the FCR was authorized to represent Parra with respect to in per-sonam claims against Marsh, this interpretation is rejected. While a bankruptcy court’s interpretation of its own orders is entitled to customary appellate deference, [122]*122“such deference is only appropriate where the court drafts the order,” as the rule of deference is “premised on the truism that the draftsman of a document is uniquely situated to understand the intended meaning of that document.”97 Thus, Judge Morris’ interpretation of Judge Lifland’s order is not entitled to customary appellate deference.
The absence of language limiting the FCR’s duties does not render the FCR Order unambiguous as to the scope of the FCR’s representation. That ambiguity is not resolved by the fact that the FCR had the “’full panoply of rights and duties of representation available to an official com-mitteet,]”’98 or that the FCR “used that authority and actually represented the interests of future asbestos claimants in connection with the 1986 Orders”99 Those facts go to the quality of the FCR’s representation .of future claimants, not its scope. The text of the FCR Order does not indicate whether the FCR considered the sorts of claims Parra seeks to bring against Marsh when taking part in the proceedings that led to the 1986 Orders.100 Absent specific language directing the FCR to represent future claimants with respect to in personam claims against a settling insurer, the FCR would have had to “predict that the bankruptcy court would exceed its in rem jurisdiction in entering the 1986 Orders.”101
At present, there is little support for the contention that limiting the FCR’s powers to claims affecting Manville’s policies “would have been ‘nonsensical.’”102 Travelers argued that:
at every step of the process, the FCR was directly involved in the negotiation and approval of the settlements and of the provisions that were ultimately incorporated into the confirmation order. The Court’s order approving the FCR in no way limited the FCR’s role to preclude the FCR from representing the rights of future claimants to assert Man-ville-related claims against the settling insurers. Indeed, such a limitation would have been completely nonsensical, as it would have precluded the ability of the Court to confirm the Manville plan at all or to fund the Trust that existed for the very benefit of future claimants.103
[123]*123Yet, it appears from the record that prior to the entry of the FCR Order in August 1984, Marsh was not a party to a settlement agreement with Manville, thereby undermining the assertion that the FCR represented Parra at every stage of the proceedings.104 Furthermore, the Chubb decision cites to documents that call into question whether the settling insurers expected to be protected from in personam claims:
The bankruptcy court’s August 2, 1984 Notice of Hearing to Consider Approval of Compromise and Settlement of Insurance Litigation indicated that the parties to the Manville Chapter 11 proceedings were seeking an order enjoining all claims, “whether or not presently known,” against the Settling Insurers “based upon, arising out of or relating to any or all of the insurance policies” that the Settling Insurers had issued to Man-ville. ...
To the extent that the Notice document could be interpreted to suggest that the 1984 Insurance Settlement Agreement would bar non-derivative claims against non-debtors, the parties publicly clarified their intentions by amending the agreement. ... Specifically, when certain objectors to the settlement argued that the terms of the proposed channeling injunction exceeded the scope of the bankruptcy court’s in rem jurisdiction, Travelers signed a letter agreement indicating that the objectors were wrong. The June 3,1985 letter agreement stated that it was intended to “clariffyj the intent of the parties with respect to certain provisions of the [1984 Insurance] Settlement Agreement,” and that it was an “amendment” to the Agreement. One portion of the letter stated that “[t]he channeling order is intended only to channel claims against the res to the Settlement Fund and the injunction is intended only to restrain claims against the res the Policies) which are or may be asserted against the Settling Insurers.”105
Far from being nonsensical, these documents suggest that the insurance settlement that funded the Manville Trust may have depended on the clarification that the settlement only concerned claims that affected the res of the Manville estate — i.e,, the Policies.
Furthermore, under the Chubb principles, the relevant inquiry is whether Parra received “adequate representation ‘at all times’ throughout the litigation, [and] notice ‘reasonably calculated ... to apprise [him] of the pendency of the action ....’” To be sure, the text of the FCR Order does not address whether the FCR provided adequate representation with respect to Parra’s in personam claims against Marsh. Factual determinations need to be made to assess whether Parra received adequate representation. That the FCR had certain powers and exercised them with respect to in rem claims does not mean that he did so with respect to Parra’s claims against Marsh. Whether in personam claims were contemplated and the requisite representation was provided are fact questions.
Accordingly, this matter is remanded to the bankruptcy court for development of the record and application of the due process principles set forth in Chubb. The bankruptcy court should determine the extent to which the FCR was charged with representing Parra (and other future asbestos claimants) with respect to in per-[124]*124sonam claims against Marsh and, if the FOR was so charged, determine whether the quality of that representation was sufficient to satisfy due process. Finally, as part of its analysis on remand, the bankruptcy court may also consider whether a denial of due process would have resulted in prejudice. While the Second Circuit has not ruled on the issue, “no less than six [ ] Circuits have ... identified prejudice as an essential element of a denial of due process claim — saying, in exactly these words or words that are very close, that ‘a party who claims to be aggrieved by a violation of procedural due process must show prejudice.’”106 It may appear straightforward that Parra is prejudiced if he cannot seek damages against Marsh for his injuries. However, the 1986 Orders resulted in creating the Manville Trust. Parra thus had the opportunity to seek damages for his asbestos-related injuries. Parra has not explained why he did not collect from the Manville Trust, and why he is instead pursuing indirect claims.
Y. CONCLUSION
Accordingly, the July Order is AFFIRMED in part, REVERSED in part, and REMANDED to the bankruptcy court for further proceedings consistent with this Opinion and Order. The order directing the Clerk of Court to correct the docket (Docket No. 7) is vacated. The Clerk of the Court is directed to amend the docket to remove Travelers Indemnity Company and Travelers Casualty and Surety Company as appellees and to list them as interested parties. The Clerk of Court is directed to close this appeal.
SO ORDERED.