[551]*551Opinion op the Court by
Judge O’Rear
Affirming Lincoln county case and reversing Henry county case.
These cases, involving a common question, are heard together and decided together. The question is the constitutionality of the act of March 14, 1906 (Laws 1906, p. 86, c. 21), amendatory of the local option law, and which is commonly called the “Cammack County Unit Bill.” The Henry circuit court held the act to be unconstitutional. At least, that seems to be the effect of the judgment and opinion of that court. The Lincoln circuit court held to the contrary.
Section 61 of the Constitution of this State reads as follows: “The General Assembly shall, by general law, provide a means whereby the sense of the people of any county, city, town, district or precinct may be taken, as to whether or not spirituous, vinous or malt liquors shall be sold, bartered or loaned therein, or the sale thereof regulated. But nothing herein shall be construed to interfere with or to repeal any law in force relating to the sale or gift of liquors. All elections on this question may be held on a day other than the regular election days.” Chapter'81 of the Kentucky Statutes of 1903 (Carroll’s) relates to intoxicating liquors, and articles 1 and 2 of that chapter are set apart to the local option law. Sections 2554 to 2568, inclusive', deal with the manner of putting the law in force. Those sections provide how, and when elections are to be held for taking the sense of the people of the territory to be affected by the vote. Section 2560 dealt with the effect of the vote upon the territory in which the election was held. It was under this statute that the cases which [552]*552have come before this court in past years since 1891 have been decided. Of them we will have occasion to take notice later in this opinion.
The statute passed at the last Legislature, the validity of which is the subject of this litigation, ■reads:
“An act to amend Section 2560 of the Kentucky Statutes, it being a portion of article 1 of chapter 81 of the Kentucky Statutes, entitled, ‘Liquors, Intoxicating. ’
“Be it enacted, etc.
“Section 1. That section 2560 of the Kentucky Statutes, it being a portion of article 1, of chapter 81, of the Kentucky Statutes, entitled ‘Liquors, Intoxicating,’ be, and the same is hereby, repealed, and in lieu thereof it is hereby enacted:
“ (a) No election in any town, city, district or precinct of a county shall be held, under this article, on the same day on which an election for the entire county is held, except that cities of the first, second, third and fourth classes may hold an election on the same day on which an election for the entire county is held. When an election is held in the entire county and a majority of the legal votes cast at said election are' against the sale, barter or loan of spirituous, vinous, malt or other intoxicating liquors, then it shall not be lawful to sell, barter or loan any such liquors in any portion of the county. If at such an election for the entire county the majority of the legal votes cast are in favor of the sale, barter or loan of any such liquors, such election shall not operate to make it legal to' grant license to sell, barter or loan such liquors in any territorial division of such county from which the sale, barter or loan has been excluded by an election held under this article, or by [553]*553special act, but the status of such territorial division shall remain as if no such election had been held.
“ (b) No election shall be held in any election precinct under this act on the same day on which an election is held for the district or city of which the precinct is a part. If at an election held for such entire district or city, the majority of legal votes cast shall be in favor of the sale, barter or loan of spirituous, vinous, malt or other liquors, then the status in the several precincts thereof shall remain as it was before said election; but if the majority should be against the sale, then the sale, barter or loan of such liquors shall be unlawful in every portion of said district or city. ’ ’
The facts of these two cases are as follows': The town of New Castle, in Henry county, is a city of the sixth class. On September 1, 1905, an election was held .in that town, under the provisions of the statutes, to take the sense of the legal qualified voters whether spirituous, vinous, or malt liquors should be sold, bartered, or loaned therein. The result was, by a vote of. 66 to 65, against prohibition. On June 11, 1906, at an election duly called and held for the entire county of Henry as to whether spirituous, vinous, or malt liquors should be sold, bartered, or loaned therein, prohibition carried by a vote of 1,596 for prohibition to 499 against it. Appellee Scott was a licensed retail liquor dealer in New Castle, and applied to the town council for a renewal of his license after the last-named election. His application was refused by the trustees, and he. brought this action for a mandamus against them.
The city of Stanford is a city of the fifth class, in Lincoln county. On June 9, 1906, at an election duly called and held at Stanford, as to whether spirituous, [554]*554vinous, and malt liquors should be sold, bartered, or loaned therein, prohibition was defeated by a majority of 44 votes. On September 12, 1906, at an election duly called and held for the entire county, prohibition prevailed by a majority of 1,256. Appellant Gentry was a licensed retail dealer in Stanford, and, after the election in September of 1906, he applied for a renewal of his license, and it was refused. He likewise sued for mandamus against the city council to grant the license; he having complied, as Scott had at New' Castle, with all the conditions of the town ordinances and statutes on the subject, and the licenses having been refused solely because-the town councils deemed it unlawful to grant them after the county elections in favor of prohibition.
The- contentions of counsel who assail the validity of the statute are that it violates the Constitution in at least-three particulars: (1) That section 61 of that instrument is a guaranty of right to the municipality, the town, to control for itself, by the vote of its electors, whether or not liquors shall be sold in the town, and that the act now under investigation destroys that option- by making it subservient to the option which the county may exercise upon the question; (2) that it violates- the section of the Constitution which declares that all elections shall be free and equal; and (3) that it violates sections 59 and 60 of the Constitution, forbidding local and special legislation. There is also- an objection that the title of the act is not expressive of its context.
The first of the contentions is manifestly the most important-. The others are matters of detail that, if bad, could be remedied by appropriate legislation. But, if the proposition is true that each unit, au 1 particularly the smallest unit, is beyond the control of [555]*555any of the others in any event, by virtue of the language of the Constitution, then the matter is at an end until tne people shall change the Constitution. In this State the county is in most things the unit of political government.. J urisdiction of courts, venue of actions and of crimes, the assessment and collection of revenue, the laying out and maintaining of public highways, the granting of licenses, the administration of justice through trial courts, the probate of wills, settlement of decedents’ and trust estates, the transfer and recording of titles to real estate, the government of common schools, the care of the poor — all matters of government pertaining to the State — are administered in the main, and in some instances entirely, through the subdivision ‘ of the State called the county. The county as a unit of government is older in point of time among the Anglo-Saxon people than either the state or the town. The matter of local self-government with them has always found its most consistent application through the medium of the county. The people have insisted upon, and have kept, the management of certain local affairs which concerned them peculiarly well in their own hands through so many generations, even under different governments, that the matter has come to be recognized as a primal right and a badge of their liberty. Without being so expressed in their Constitution, it has been tacitly recognized and acted upon as a thing so well established, and admitting of no doubt, as that it is found running through every Constitution, and every form of government which they nave established in Kentucky, and in Virginia before the separation, that the county was the unit of local government. The New England town system, whatever, its merits, has never found the [556]*556place in the South, and in Kentucky, which it has in other parts of the Union. Custom, the habit of a people, is hard to change. The habit of treating the county as the unit of local government is one with us that dates back beyond the colonies. Such inroads as have been made toward centralization in the State, or dispersal of power into smaller parts, have been regarded suspiciously and tolerated in more or less doubt. Ordinarily, it is true that the whole includes all its parts, and is greater than any of them, although it is true absolutely only when applied to mathematics, and to distance, time, and quantity. The county necessarily embraces within its territory every town, city, and precinct organized within it. The population of such subdivision constitutes part of the population of the county. There is no part of any county that is not embraced within some precinct. Towns and cities are likewise divided into precincts. So that the smallest unit is the precinct. Yet it is not a unit of government at all. It has not the machinery for government. It has not a single official, or may not have, who is elected by its voters and who performs any act of government whatever. It is only a voting territory, as part of a district, town, city, or county. Precincts are created in the county, by the county, and for the convenience of the people of the county. Towns and cities are organized into governmental bodies by the Legislature Their citizens are not the less citizens of the county wherein the town is located. They owe to the county the same duties, and are entitled to equal privileges, as those who reside outside the town limits.
In this view of the situation: Does the Constitution mean, when it provides that the voters of any county, city, town, district, or precinct shall deter[557]*557mine whether or not intoxicating liquors shall he sold therein, that one unit shall dominate the others? And if so which one? It is certain that a county cannot be a dominant unit ever, if a town, or city, or any precinct therein, may decide the same question for itself, and contrary to the vote of the county as a whole. Nor can a town or precinct be a controlling unit, if the vote of the county to the contrary can overthrow the result in the smaller territory. Constitutions, like other instruments, must be given such construction as will give some meaning, if possible, and a consistent meaning, to every word employed. We must therefore search for that meaning that will not annul the privilege accorded to precincts in this matter, nor emasculate the rights given to the counties, cities, and towns.
It is very earnestly ■ argued that the words “whether or not” mean “may or may not;” that any precinct may vote liquor in or vote it out. That argument would make the precinct not only the controlling unit, but the only unit in the matter. Obviously, if a precinct in a town votes “wet,” as it is called if the proposition be carried in favor of the sale of liquors, then the town is wet to every intent and purpose as a town. So is the county. And as in that event any adverse vote of the town or county, by whatever majority, would be futile to affect the result or that status created by the vote of the precinct, it would be useless to take the vote except in the precinct. As this result is destructive of the autonomy of the county, and of the city and town, expressly given it by section 61 of the Constitution, it must for that reason alone, if for no other, be rejected. On the other hand, to say that the larger territory shall [558]*558dominate tlm smaller, because it indudes the smaller, and as more consistent with, the theory and form of government adopted in this State, is open to the same objection as that urged above. "Whichever end of the subject might be taken under such an argument, the result would lead to the destruction of the other units named in the section. There must have been some sense in which the words are used m the section of the Constitution under examination that will admit of all of them standing for something. There must be some condition under which it is possible to give effect to every, unit made by that section, so that there might be a time when any one of them could dominate all others, should their views be in conflict.
Our present Constitution is an eminently practical instrument. It deals less with abstractions, and more with actual conditions, than any previous document of the kind in this State. The old Constitution was found inadequate, not in its principles, but in practical matters affecting the public welfare. The Convention was called in the light of experience to correct deficiencies, and it did it. It was never contemplated by anybody, in or out of the Convention, that there was occasion for, or purpose to, abridge the police power of the State, that quality of sovereignty that is sometimes likened to self-protection in the individual. Nor was it ever argued that the State ought to or could take away from the Legislature that power which is the very basis of the State’s right to declare what is criminal, or otherwise hurtful to society, and to prohibit; control or punish it. No other subject had been more clearly settled upon as being within the legitimate exercise of. the police power of the State than the regulation of the sale and use of intoxicating liquors. In some oommuni[559]*559ties, it had been prohibited by acts of the Legislature; in others, licensed and otherwise controlled by the same authority; in yet others, the question whether such traffic was to be allowed at all was submitted by the Legislature to the people immediately affected. The territory varied according to legislative discretion — sometimes a county; sometimes a portion of a county, or two adjoining counties; sometimes a city or town, or even a single precinct.,, But it was never submitted to a vote whether liquors should be sold in any locality without a license, or free of regulation. The only thing that ever has been submitted is: Shall the sale be prohibited? If the vote is that it shall not be, then the sale is nevertheless subject to police regulation by the State; it is subject to payment of a license; it is restricted to territory not forbidden by law (as, e. g., not within a mile of a church or schoolhouse); it is prohibited as to minors and inebriates; it is regulated as to time (for example, may not be sold on Sunday, or on any election day). In fine, the effect of a wet vote has always been construed to be that the Legislature is then left a free hand to deal with the traffic in such community as may seem to it to be expedient. Bnt when the vote has "been “dry,” as it is called when the proposition is carried in favor of prohibition, all-laws regulating the traffic are inoperative there for want of a subject to apply to.
The natural status of the situation in this State, before any legislation on the subject, was that anybody had the right to sell liquors anywhere, to anybody, and at any time. The State has, unon the idea that the public peace, the public health, and the public morals demanded it, been gradually, but constantly, restricting the traffic. Leneral laws now re[560]*560quire licenses to sell at all. They are granted only to select persons, and only at selected places. The licensees must pay for the privilege, and engage against infractions of the law hy themselves or at their places of buisness. But it is recognized that these precautions of a police nature are not adequate always. So, by general law, it is provided that no license shall be granted to retail liquors in a rural community — that is, outside of an incorporated city or town — except to tavern keepers and druggists. So if there is not an incorporated city or town, or a licensed tavern keeper or druggist in a precinct or county, no matter how the vote may be on the subject of local option, hy legislative fiat prohibition prevails there. It was not then necessary to have a vote of the people to authorize the sale of liquors; nor does their vote in favor of it authorize it in spite of the legislative will fairly exercised under the police power of the State.
There is yet another view of the subject which we must assume was in the mind of the Convention. The liquor traffic had then (in 1891) come to be regarded as one of the most serious evils of the age, if not the most sinister menace to society that was known. Every civilized country regulated it, or prohibited it. Enlightened public opinion everywhere has constantly grown in favor of greater restrictions upon it. No one was then saying that governmental control of the traffic should be relaxed in the least. Every argument pointed to a more stringent control. The main division in the controlling public thought was not upon whether there should he greater or less restriction, but as to how to put on the surer and greater restriction; whether a high license, or prohibition. The Convention was not prepared to say [561]*561that prohibition throughout the State should be attempted, but recognized that the people of the communities immediately affected by the traffic should for themselves say whether they would have prohibition. At the time the Constitution was adopted, prohibition prevailed in a number of the counties and towns of the State by virtue of special laws previously enacted by the Legislature. Section 61 of the Constitution, which required the Legislature to provide by general law for local option elections, was careful to say that the previous special statutes for certain localities were not repealed by that section. All those special statutes provided prohibition in the localities specified. The purpose of the Convention is shown by this action to have been not inimical to local prohibition, but rather in its favor. Our construction is, in view of these conditions and the language used, that the Constitution meant that the local units named should control within their own territory the question of prohibition; that each should have the privilege of saying conclusively that prohibition should prevail, but not’ conclusively that it should not. This construction harmonizes the section SO' as to allow all of it to stand, and to give equal force and power to each unit named. If a precinct votes that prohibition shall prevail within its territory, it is not competent for any other unit to gainsay the matter. If, however, the precinct votes against prohibition, that leaves the question, so far as it is concerned, as it was before any vote was ever taken on it. But, if the town or city which includes Ihe precinct in question subsequently votes in favor of prohibition, the whole town or city thereby becomes dry. Or, if the county subsequently votes dry, the same [562]*562result as to the county is attained. But if the county or town vote wet, and the precinct has previously voted dry, the precinct controls for itself. Thus each unit for itself has the option of putting the prohibition law into effect within its territory, and no larger or smaller unit can prevent it. This, is the only construction of the section that occurs to us, or that has been pointed out, that will allow equal and uncontrolled power to every one of the five units named in the section.
A similar provision in the Constitution of Texas was construed as we in this opinion construe section 61 of this State. See Ex parte Rippy, 44 Tex. Cr. R. 72, 68 S. W. 687. Under the old statute, it was held (Cole v. Commonwealth, 101 Ky. 151, 19 Ky. Law Rep. 234, 39 S. W. 1029) that towns and cities might vote on the same day as counties, and. the vote of the former on the question controlled as to them, because there was no provision found in the statute to the contrary. The present act, to meet precisely that defect in the former, does, as to counties of a certain class, provide that towns, cities, and precincts shall not vote independently on the same day that the county votes on the subject. The effect is, and the purpose was, to regulate the time when the votes might be taken in such communities. The differentiation in favor of a vote for prohibition eithci in the larger or smaller unit is maintained in the present act in some other respects as in the old one. A number of cases before this court since the adoption of the existing Constitution have presented, in one form or another, various features of the local option question. Certain expressions have been culled from the opinions, and are cited to sustain different views concerning section 61 of the Constitution. A full and careful [563]*563examination of the cases leads ns to the conclusion that there is no lack of harmony in the points actually decided, and nothing decided in any gí them inconsistent with the'principle upon which we rest this decision. Until the passage of the Cammaek county unit bill, there had never been a statute in this State, under the present Constitution, whereby the county could have been the exclusive unit, in spite of the concurrent contrary action of the smaller units. The vital point in every one of the opinions making any expression on this subject shows that to be the recognized fact.
In Brown v. Commonwealth, 98 Ky. 652, 34 S. W. 12, 17 Ky. Law Rep. 1216; Lafferty v Huffman, 99 Ky. 89, 18 Ky. Law Rep. 17, 35 S. W. 123, 32 L. R. A. 203, and Commonwealth v. Hardin County Court, 99 Ky. 188, 18 Ky. Law Rep. 113, 35 S. W. 275, it Was held that the local prohibition statutes enacted before the Constitution of 1891 might be repealed either by an inconsistent general law of the Legislature on the subject, or by a vote in the smaller units held within the territory under the general local option law. In Cole v. Commonwealth, 101 Ky. 151, 59 S. W. 1029, 19 Ky. Law Rep. 234, Scott county petitioned for a local option election for the whole county. Georgetown petitioned for a separate election on ihe same day. The result was the county went dry, while the city went wet. The question for decision was: Was the city entitled to a separate election on the same day, and to control the question of its own status? It was held that, under the terms of the statute, it was so entitled. In Commonwealth v. Bottoms. 57 S. W. 493, 22 Ky. Law Rep. 410 (withdrawing the former opinion delivered in the same ease, 50 S. W. 684, 20 Ky. Law Rep. 1929), and in Tousey v. Stites, 66 S. [564]*564W. 277, 23 Ky. Law Rep. 1733, it was held that, because of sections 2560 and 2563, Ky. Stats., 1903, it was not competent for a smaller unit to vote on local option within three years after prohibition had been carried by the larger unit of which it was a part. In Smith v. Patton, 103 Ky. 444, 20 Ky. Law Rep. 165, 45 S. W. 459, Cole v. Commonwealth, supra, is approved. It was held that a county would hold a local option election for the entire county after certain of its. precincts had voted, but that, if held within three years, the result previously established within the precincts was not affected by the county vote, because the statute said it should not be. In Stamper v. Commonwealth, 102 Ky. 33, 42 S. W. 915, 19 Ky. Law Rep. 1014, deciding mainly a question in no wise involved here, it was said by Chief Justice Lewis that the Constitutional Convention intended to submit to the localities whether prohibition should prevail. In George v. Winchester, 118 Ky. 429, 26 Ky. Law Rep. 170, 80 S. W. 1158, Clark county had, in 1896, voted in favor 'of local option. More than three years thereafter a precinct ip Manchester had another vote, and voted wet. This was in accordance with the statute, and it was held where a city council was given discretion to grant licenses, where the local option law was not in force, it could not exercise its discretion arbitrarily. Following Riley v. Rowe, 112 Ky. 817; 23 Ky. Law Rep. 2169, 66 S. W. 999; in Early v. Rains, 89 S. W. 289, 28 Ky. Law Rep. 415, the questions 'for decision were: (1) Whether a failure to provide registration for a local option election, whereby certain legal voters were prevented from voting, was a compliance with the' Constitution and the statutes regulating elections. It was held not in be a com[565]*565pliance. (2) Whether a town situated partly in two counties could have a separate vote on local optioir; ■the counties not having voted on the question. It was held that the toWn was entitled to the election; That election was also held under the statute of 1892. There was a statute then in force and is now, to this effect: Section 2563, Ky. Stats., 1903: “The election or elections herein provided for shall not be held 'for any county, city, town, district or precinct often er than once in every three years.”
A fair construction of all those Opinions, in the connection with section 61 of the Constitution, is that the Constitution meant to leave, and did leave to, the Legislature, the details of the ldw to be enacted to carry the provision of the Constitution into effect. In view of the changing conditions of -he future, the wisdom of the Legislature could best determine when the conditions arose as to how often and in what rotation votes in the respective localities might be taken on the subject. It wuS therefore competent for the Legislature to provide by general law for repealing or modifying the existing local laws continued in force by the Constitution, and to allow it to bé done by vote 'of such locality as the Legislature saw proper. ■The reason no subsequent election in any other unit could change the result in the given unit was the statute withheld such effect. Nor ate we now departing from anything actually decided iii dny previous case before this court. The Legislature has now for the first time enacted a law in which it does give a controlling vote to a locality — to each of the units ndmed — in the event it votes for prohibition, over other units mentioned, which may hot have voted, or may have voted pf eviously dgainst prohibition. The question is how raised ahd presented fot [566]*566decision for the first time whether, under section 6Í of the Constitution, it has the.power to make such discrimination. ~We answer that it has. It has it because it is not denied to it by the Constitution; but, on the contrary, as there must otherwise be a conflict between some of the units under certain conditions, it is by implication vested in the Legislature to declare in such event which shall prevail. It has'it because it inheres in the nature of the subject, and by virtue of the overpowering quality of the police power of the State which is vested in the lawmaking body of the government. And it has it, as we think we have pointed out, in the evident purpose of the Convention to further, and not to hinder, the restrictions that the people might see proper to place upon an article so destructive to- the morals, health, and safety of the public.
At this point, we may say that the act under examination was intended to change the law as to the effect of a vote on prohibition. Under the statute -that was repealed by this act, a vote against prohibition was given the same effect as a vote in favor of it; but the present act intended to give a different effect, by allowing each unit a chance — without regard to any previous vote taken in any other unit— to adopt prohibition. So, without reference to when the vote was taken in a city or precinct, which resulted in a majority against prohibition, any other unit, either including or included by the territory just mentioned, may vote for itself on the proposition, and, if it votes in favor of it, prohibition in counties of the class to which Henry and Lincoln belong becomes effective in that territory. Therefore, although New Castle and Stanford had shortly before refused to vote prohibition, the counties in which they were [567]*567situated had the right to immediately vote on the subject as a whole. The statute, prohibiting a second vote within three years, has reference to an election in the identical territory; but we do not express an opinion as to whether, if a whole county has voted prohibition, after three years any precinct or town may not have another vote to change the existing conditions.
Section 59 of the Constitution prohibited the Legislature from passing special acts (subsection 27) to provide a means of taking the sense of the people of any city, town, district, precinct, or county whether they wish to authorize, regulate, or prohibit therein the sale of vinous, spirituous, or malt liquors, or alter the liquor laws. And section 60 i eads in part: “The General Assembly shall not indirectly enact any special or local act by the repeal in part of a general act, or by exempting from the operation-of a general act any city, town, district or county; but laws repealing local or special acts may be enacted.” It is argued that the Cammack bill violates these sections, in this, that it repeals a general law in part (section 2560, Ky. Stats., 1903), and enact a statute regulating the liquor traffic so as to indirectly make it apply to certain cities, and directly exclude others. The act regulates the time for holding local option elections in the several units. It differentiates between counties having cities of the fourth class or larger, and those not having cities as large as the fourth class. Is this classification repugnant to the Constitution?
It is clearly competent for the Legislature to provide by general law different times for holding the elections in the different units. No one seems to dispute that. The Legislature might rest a dis[568]*568tinction as to time upon the condition of the units. For example, more frequent elections might be allowed in more densely populated communities, whose population changes frequently, or, in those communities where police regulations are capable of better enforcement. We perceive no reason tor holding that the Legislature might not regulate the liquor traffic in any manner not prohibited by the Constitutuoin. The frequency of elections that may be held upon the subject of local option is left an open question by the Constitution, therefore it is committed to the Legislature. Clearly, then, that body must determine not only how frequently the vote may be allowed, based upon its judgment of necessity and propriety, but may regulate the matter as it applies to different localities. The only constitutional restrictions upon the subject are that the local communities shall have an option in putting prohibition into effect, and whatever laws that are passed upon the subject shall be general laws. No law applies to every subject, or to every class of people, although it may possibly affect every class- The classification of communities by population for many purposes is natural and reasonable. The Constitution itself adopts that standard of classification as to indebtedness, rates of taxation, representation in the General Assembly, as to composition of courts, and the classification of cities with different powers and forms of government. All matters of mere police regulation may properly be so classified, and the control of the liquor traffic belongs to that category. It is not true, as argued, that the law now in question apphes only to counties having cities of less than the fourth class. It applies to all counties; but in counties having larger cities it allows such cities as separate units to [569]*569vote upon the question of prohibition at the same time that the counties in which they are situated may vote. It provides for making such cities a unit, not to be controlled in any event by the counties, unless they fail to avail themselves of the privilege of voting separately. It is an exercise by the 'Legislature of the discretion of selecting the means and manner of carrying section 61 of the Constitution into effect. The act is not local or special, but is a general law.
The other particular objection to the act is that it destroys the equality of the election, in that it gives more force to a vote in favor of prohibition than it does to a vote against it. All votes have precisely the same weight in the election. No one’s vote counts for more than another’s on that occasion. After the status is created by a majority of the- votes — each vote being accorded equal potentiality in the election —the Legislature has then provided that the status •of prohibition may not be subsequently altered, except in a certain way; but that the'status of a failure to prohibit may be altered earlier, or by the action of the larger unit| This is in no sense giving one vote a different weight in the matter of the election than another’s, but is merely providing for the very condition that in our opinion was contemplated by section 61 of the Constitution. Similar provisions have been held not to infringe on the freedom and equality of elections. Gayle v. Owen County, 83 Ky. 68, 6 Ky. Law Rep. 789; Rippy v. Texas, 193 U. S. 504, 24 Sup. Ct. 516, 48 L. Ed. 767.
The title of the act is said to be insufficient because that act does not amend.section 2560, Ky. Stats., 1903, but repeals that section, and substitutes another provision for it. A statute cannot, under the Constitution, be amended in the manner formerly followed, [570]*570and which by parliamentary procedure is deemed sufficient; that is by reference to its title, or to the context. But the whole section amended must be reenacted. Section 51, Const. Section 2560 of the Statutes is amended in that way. The samo subject is treated of. Some parts of it are changed, others left intact, and substitutions made for others. This is a compliance with the Constitution. The title calls attention to what section of the statute is to be directly affected by it, and is a perfect compliance with the constitutional requirement.
"Wherefore w'e conclude that the judgment in the Lincoln county case should be affirmed, and that the judgment of the Henry county case should be reversed, and the latter case is remanded for proceeding consistent with this opinion.