WINCHESTER, J.
T1 This case is before this Court as a certified interlocutory order,
review of which we have granted. The questions that are presented involve whether the Association of County Commissioners of Oklahoma Self-Insurance Group (ACCO-SIG) is an insurer pursuant to 36 O.S8.2011, §§ 607.1
and whether, pursuant to the Governmental Tort Claims Act, 51 O.S. 151-172, that organization is immune from tort liability for a breach of the duty of good faith and fair dealing. We hold that under the statutes the organization is an insurance company for some purposes, but is a governmental entity immune from a tort claim for the breach of the duty of good faith and fair dealing.
I. BACKGROUND
12 ACCO-SIG is formed pursuant to the Interlocal Cooperation Act, 74 O.S8., §§ 1001-1008, to pool self-insured reserves, claims and losses of its member counties, and provide property and liability protection plans to its participating members, which include 74 of Oklahoma's 77 counties. Delaware County (the county) is a participating member. On November 1, 2011, the county settled a lawsuit between it and fifteen plaintiffs who had sued the sheriff of Delaware County over allegations of sexual assault by employees of the county. The amount of the settlement was $13,500,000.00 plus interest.
13 ACCO-SIG agreed to contribute $1,000,000.00, less any defense costs it had
already incurred, which amount was its per occurrence limit. The county filed a lawsuit on December 22, 2011, for breach of contract, claiming the contract required ACCO-SIG to indemnify the county for the entire settlement. After the lawsuit was transferred to Rogers County, the plaintiff/eounty moved to amend its petition to add a bad faith claim against ACCO-SIG. That group responded that the county failed to provide ACCO-SIG with adequate notice under the provisions of the GTCA, 51 O.S8., §§ 151-172. It also claimed that the group was immune from the bad faith acts of its employees under the act. The district court granted the county's motion to amend. ACCO-SIG subsequently moved to dismiss the county's bad faith claim, which motion the district court denied.
T4 Although we do not have the question before us, the county asserted in its argument that ACCO-SIG committed the tort by failing to find fifteen separate occurrences, which would expand the occurrence limits from the single occurrence limit of $1,000,000.00. Whether the occurrence is one or fifteen, we express no opinion on that issue.
II IS ACCO-SIG AN INSURER?
¶ 5 This issue is answered in City of Choctaw v. Oklahoma Municipal Assurance Group, 2013 OK 6, 302 P.3d 1164. OMAG, like ACCO-SIG, was formed pursuant to the Interlocal Cooperation Act, 74 O.S.2011, §§ 1001-1008, for the purpose of insuring against tort liability by entering into cooperative agreements, and included a governing board consisting of OMAG members, which determined the terms of the Plan. City of Choctaw, 2013 OK 6, ¶ 3, 302 P.3d at 1165.
T6 Like the case presently before us, the plaintiff in the City of Choctaw case attempted to use 86 0.8.2011, $ 607.1 to argue that OMAG was subject to the general rules of liability imposed on all insurers.
City of Choctaw, 2013 OK 6, ¶ 10, 302 P.3d at 1166. This Court rejected that characterization. Regarding this issue, the Court held, "The statute makes OMAG an 'insurer' only for 'the kinds of insurance that the entity transacts."" City of Choctaw, 2013 OK 6, ¶ 11, 302 P.3d at 1166. A governmental entity's cooperative insurance plan, which pools self-insured reserves, claims and losses of its member municipalities or counties, shares little in common with commercial enterprises that sell insurance for a profit to their shareholders. The relationship between these governmental entities is contractual in nature. The contracting parties have substantially more freedom to contract than an individual consumer dealing with a commercial for-profit insurance enterprise. All the contracting parties in a governmental cooperative insurance plan have equal interests in enforcing the contracts protecting the pooling of their resources.
17 The fact that OMAG was created to operate pursuant to 51 0.S8.2011, § 167(C), and ACCO-SIG operates pursuant to 51 0.8. 2011, § 169(C), makes no substantial difference because both statutes contain this sentence: "The pooling of self-insured reserves, claims or losses among governments as authorized in this act shall not be construed to be transacting insurance nor otherwise subject to the provisions of the laws of this state regulating insurance or insurance companies."
T8 Like OMAG, ACCO-SIG is not transacting insurance, nor is it otherwise subject to the provisions of the laws of this state regulating insurance or insurance companies. The legislature has clearly spoken on this issue, and a reasonable rationale for such a rule is that with such voluntary governmental entities, the protections afforded members of the public with regards to private insurance is not necessary in the protections of municipalities and counties in this type of insurance plan.
T9 We hold that ACCO-SIG, like OMAG, is not an insurer for all purposes. Although it clearly insures, ACCO-SIG is not subject to the general rules of liability imposed on all insurers.
III. IS ACCO-SIG PROTECTED BY THE GOVERNMENTAL TORT CLAIMS ACT?
$10 The applicable law to answer whether ACCO-SIG is protected by the provisions of the Governmental Tort Claims Act (GTCA) is found within that act. Title 51 O.S.2011, § 152.1(A), provides: "The State of Oklahoma does hereby adopt the doctrine of sovereign immunity. The state, its political subdivisions, and all of their employees acting within the scope of their employment, whether performing governmental or proprietary functions, shall be immune from liability for torts." The GTCA provides exceptions to this general rule by waiving its immunity only "to the extent and in the manner provided in this act." 51 0.S.2011, § 152.1(B).
1 11 The state and its political subdivisions are granted immunity by the GTCA. The definition for "state" found in the GTCA is "the State of Oklahoma or any office, department, agency, authority, commission, board, institution, hospital, college, university, public trust created pursuant to Title 60 of the Oklahoma Statutes of which the State of Oklahoma is the beneficiary, or other instrumentality ...." 51 0.8.S8upp.2014, § 152(14). Subsection 152(11) includes counties within the definition of "political subdivision." An "agency" is defined as "any board, commission, committee, department or other instrumentality or entity designated to act in behalf of the state or a political subdivision...." 51 0.8.Supp.2014, § 152(2).
112 Is ACCO-SIG designated to act in behalf of the county? If so, it comes within the umbrella of protection of the GTCA. The phrase "on behalf of" can be defined as "in the interest of: as the representative of: for the benefit of:"
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WINCHESTER, J.
T1 This case is before this Court as a certified interlocutory order,
review of which we have granted. The questions that are presented involve whether the Association of County Commissioners of Oklahoma Self-Insurance Group (ACCO-SIG) is an insurer pursuant to 36 O.S8.2011, §§ 607.1
and whether, pursuant to the Governmental Tort Claims Act, 51 O.S. 151-172, that organization is immune from tort liability for a breach of the duty of good faith and fair dealing. We hold that under the statutes the organization is an insurance company for some purposes, but is a governmental entity immune from a tort claim for the breach of the duty of good faith and fair dealing.
I. BACKGROUND
12 ACCO-SIG is formed pursuant to the Interlocal Cooperation Act, 74 O.S8., §§ 1001-1008, to pool self-insured reserves, claims and losses of its member counties, and provide property and liability protection plans to its participating members, which include 74 of Oklahoma's 77 counties. Delaware County (the county) is a participating member. On November 1, 2011, the county settled a lawsuit between it and fifteen plaintiffs who had sued the sheriff of Delaware County over allegations of sexual assault by employees of the county. The amount of the settlement was $13,500,000.00 plus interest.
13 ACCO-SIG agreed to contribute $1,000,000.00, less any defense costs it had
already incurred, which amount was its per occurrence limit. The county filed a lawsuit on December 22, 2011, for breach of contract, claiming the contract required ACCO-SIG to indemnify the county for the entire settlement. After the lawsuit was transferred to Rogers County, the plaintiff/eounty moved to amend its petition to add a bad faith claim against ACCO-SIG. That group responded that the county failed to provide ACCO-SIG with adequate notice under the provisions of the GTCA, 51 O.S8., §§ 151-172. It also claimed that the group was immune from the bad faith acts of its employees under the act. The district court granted the county's motion to amend. ACCO-SIG subsequently moved to dismiss the county's bad faith claim, which motion the district court denied.
T4 Although we do not have the question before us, the county asserted in its argument that ACCO-SIG committed the tort by failing to find fifteen separate occurrences, which would expand the occurrence limits from the single occurrence limit of $1,000,000.00. Whether the occurrence is one or fifteen, we express no opinion on that issue.
II IS ACCO-SIG AN INSURER?
¶ 5 This issue is answered in City of Choctaw v. Oklahoma Municipal Assurance Group, 2013 OK 6, 302 P.3d 1164. OMAG, like ACCO-SIG, was formed pursuant to the Interlocal Cooperation Act, 74 O.S.2011, §§ 1001-1008, for the purpose of insuring against tort liability by entering into cooperative agreements, and included a governing board consisting of OMAG members, which determined the terms of the Plan. City of Choctaw, 2013 OK 6, ¶ 3, 302 P.3d at 1165.
T6 Like the case presently before us, the plaintiff in the City of Choctaw case attempted to use 86 0.8.2011, $ 607.1 to argue that OMAG was subject to the general rules of liability imposed on all insurers.
City of Choctaw, 2013 OK 6, ¶ 10, 302 P.3d at 1166. This Court rejected that characterization. Regarding this issue, the Court held, "The statute makes OMAG an 'insurer' only for 'the kinds of insurance that the entity transacts."" City of Choctaw, 2013 OK 6, ¶ 11, 302 P.3d at 1166. A governmental entity's cooperative insurance plan, which pools self-insured reserves, claims and losses of its member municipalities or counties, shares little in common with commercial enterprises that sell insurance for a profit to their shareholders. The relationship between these governmental entities is contractual in nature. The contracting parties have substantially more freedom to contract than an individual consumer dealing with a commercial for-profit insurance enterprise. All the contracting parties in a governmental cooperative insurance plan have equal interests in enforcing the contracts protecting the pooling of their resources.
17 The fact that OMAG was created to operate pursuant to 51 0.S8.2011, § 167(C), and ACCO-SIG operates pursuant to 51 0.8. 2011, § 169(C), makes no substantial difference because both statutes contain this sentence: "The pooling of self-insured reserves, claims or losses among governments as authorized in this act shall not be construed to be transacting insurance nor otherwise subject to the provisions of the laws of this state regulating insurance or insurance companies."
T8 Like OMAG, ACCO-SIG is not transacting insurance, nor is it otherwise subject to the provisions of the laws of this state regulating insurance or insurance companies. The legislature has clearly spoken on this issue, and a reasonable rationale for such a rule is that with such voluntary governmental entities, the protections afforded members of the public with regards to private insurance is not necessary in the protections of municipalities and counties in this type of insurance plan.
T9 We hold that ACCO-SIG, like OMAG, is not an insurer for all purposes. Although it clearly insures, ACCO-SIG is not subject to the general rules of liability imposed on all insurers.
III. IS ACCO-SIG PROTECTED BY THE GOVERNMENTAL TORT CLAIMS ACT?
$10 The applicable law to answer whether ACCO-SIG is protected by the provisions of the Governmental Tort Claims Act (GTCA) is found within that act. Title 51 O.S.2011, § 152.1(A), provides: "The State of Oklahoma does hereby adopt the doctrine of sovereign immunity. The state, its political subdivisions, and all of their employees acting within the scope of their employment, whether performing governmental or proprietary functions, shall be immune from liability for torts." The GTCA provides exceptions to this general rule by waiving its immunity only "to the extent and in the manner provided in this act." 51 0.S.2011, § 152.1(B).
1 11 The state and its political subdivisions are granted immunity by the GTCA. The definition for "state" found in the GTCA is "the State of Oklahoma or any office, department, agency, authority, commission, board, institution, hospital, college, university, public trust created pursuant to Title 60 of the Oklahoma Statutes of which the State of Oklahoma is the beneficiary, or other instrumentality ...." 51 0.8.S8upp.2014, § 152(14). Subsection 152(11) includes counties within the definition of "political subdivision." An "agency" is defined as "any board, commission, committee, department or other instrumentality or entity designated to act in behalf of the state or a political subdivision...." 51 0.8.Supp.2014, § 152(2).
112 Is ACCO-SIG designated to act in behalf of the county? If so, it comes within the umbrella of protection of the GTCA. The phrase "on behalf of" can be defined as "in the interest of: as the representative of: for the benefit of:"
The facts as revealed to this Court support a legal conclusion that the insurance contracts from ACCO-SIG are executed in the interest of and for the benefit of the member counties, not for private citizens, not for private companies operating for profit, but solely for member counties. ACCO-SIG's sole reason for existence is to provide property and liability plans for its member counties. ACCO-SIG fits the definition of "agency" under the GTCA and therefore falls within its sovereign immunity protection. '
T13 Delaware County argues that if ACCO-SIG is protected, then insurance companies from the private sector that provide coverage for counties would also be protected. There are distinguishing characteristics here. The funds received by ACCO-SIG come from counties, which funds come from the payment of taxes to the sovereign. The policy behind sovereign immunity includes protection of its funds. Providing immunity from tort claims against the state and its political subdivisions, which includes counties and agencies, is the policy behind the GTCA. Companies whose business is to insure all qualified persons or businesses that apply for insurance coverage receive their premiums from the private sector, in addition to public entities. Their profits come from premiums and investments. They are not primarily organized to benefit governmental entities, but to provide a profit for their investors. Such insurance companies are not entitled to the protection of sovereign immunity.
1 14 In a discussion of sovereign immunity, the United States Court of Appeals for the
Seventh Circuit articulated the central and foundational principle behind the concept of sovereign immunity, which is "the inherent right of the sovereign to be immune from private suit." Nelson v. La Crosse County District Attorney, 301 F.3d 820, 826 (7th Cir.2002). We infer that the policy provided by the GTCA and the intent of the Oklahoma Legislature in its enactment of the GTCA was to protect this foundational principle by statute.
Therefore, ACCO-SIG is immune from liability for the tort of bad faith conduct in payment of claims because its employees are not acting within the seope of their employment if they are acting in bad faith. Seope of employment means: "performance by an employee acting in good faith within the duties of the employee's office...." 51 O.S.Supp.2014, § 152(12). See, Fehring v. State Insurance Fund, 2001 OK 11, 19 P.3d 276. Accordingly, the trial court erred in denying ACCO-SIG's motion to dismiss Delaware County's bad faith claim. The trial court is instructed to grant the motion to dismiss that portion of Delaware County's claim against ACCO-SIG.
CERTIORARI TO REVIEW CERTT-FIED INTERLOCUTORY ORDER GRANTED; DISTRICT COURTS CERTT-FIED INTERLOCUTORY ORDER REVERSED; CAUSE REMANDED WITH INSTRUCTIONS.
CONCUR: REIF, V.C.J., WINCHESTER, EDMONDSON, TAYLOR, COMBS and GURICH, JJ.
CONCURS IN RESULT: KAUGER, J.
DISSENT: COLBERT, C.J. and WATT, J.