NewMAN, J.
Errors are assigned as follows: (1) In the admission of testimony; (2) in denying defendant’s motion for a nonsuit, and in refusing to grant a new trial; (3) in refusing to submit to the jury questions proposed by the defendant for special verdict; (4) in the charge to the jury.
The errors complained of in the admission of testimony relate to the testimony of physicians relative to the physical and mental condition of the plaintiff a year and a half after the accident. The accident happened in February, 1892. In August, 1893, the plaintiff became the patient of Dr. Becker. The doctor was permitted to describe the condition in which [375]*375'¿he found Mm, giving both, subjective and objective symptoms. So far as tMs related to the seriousness of the injury, this was competent. Nor was it liable to the objection that it was hearsay. So far as the knowledge of plaintiff’s con•dition was derived from plaintiff’s statements to him as a medical man for the purpose of receiving advice and treatment, the testimony was not incompetent for that reason. Quaife v. C. & N. W. R. Co. 48 Wis. 513; Davidson v. Cornell, 132 N. Y. 228. There is no just ground for claiming that the doctor’s relation to the plaintiff was other than as a medical adviser and not for the purpose of being a witness upon the trial. So the question is not within the principle of Stewart v. Everts, 76 Wis. 35, and Abbot v. Heath, 84 Wis. 314. It is also claimed as error that Dr. Becker was permitted to testify that plaintiff’s condition as he found it could have been produced by contact with a wire heavily charged with electricity. The plaintiff’s theory was that such was the cause of his condition! There was some testimony tending to establish that theory. Surely, testimony showing that such a cause was sufficient to produce such a. condition tended also to establish that theory. The testimony was both relevant and competent. The doctor was permitted to give his opinion of the “reasonable probability” «of the plaintiff’s ultimate recovery from his injuries. While it is true that the whole testimony must establish in the minds of the jury more than a mere “ reasonable probability,” and must amount to proof to a “ reasonable certainty,” this •ultimate fact is susceptible of proof by items of testimony which do not separately fully establish it. The phrase “ reasonable probability ” is equivocal. It was for the jury to give force to the doctor’s testimony in accordance with the intention of the words used, rather than with a strict qr technical definition of the words. This was not error. The ' witness Eggert, who was present at the time of the accident, testified that he received a shock. This was probably com[376]*376petent as tending to show that tbe wire was charged with electricit}'-, and so as bearing upon the question whether the-plaintiffs injuries were caused by an electric shock.
The negligence which is alleged and claimed against the-defendant is its omission to place guard wires over its trolley wires in such a way as to prevent the telephone wires, in. case of their falling from any cause, from falling upon and coming in contact with the trolley wires. It is claimed that the defendant owes the duty to the public to guard it. from the effect of accidents which may happen to the telephone wire, which it neither owns nor controls. The employment of electricity to propel cars along railway tracks, in cities is of recent institution. It may well be that the dangers attending its use in that function, and the best mode of guarding against accident in its use, are not yet fully known and understood, hfany of the phenomena and the possibilities of danger attendant upon such use are still subjects of question and, experiment. But notwithstanding this condition of imperfect knowledge, the law permits this, mysterious and dangerous power to be used for locomotion in the streets of cities. It is lawfully there. No doubt it. is the duty of the defendant to use such customary and approved appliances as are known and used in the business of operating electric railways. So far as reasonable knowledge, in the present state of the science and the practical use of electricity as a motive power for street railways, and reasonable foresight, can go, it is bound to guard the public against the perils attendant upon this use of electricity. But it is liable only for what is known as reasonable care. The present state of the science, and the present practical knowledge of the most practical and effectual means and methods of guarding against such perils as are incident to its use, are a most important element in the question of what is reasonable care. In the present condition of the-science and of the practical knowledge on this subject, it [377]*377cannot be said, as matter of law, wbat method of guarding the wires shall be required, nor whether any guards shall be required; for it is not known to the law that any method now known will prove effective. But it is a question for the jury, under all the facts in the case, to determine whether the method actually used was negligent. The trial court treated this question as one of law. He instructed the jury,, in effect, that guard wires placed over the trolley wires is-the approved method of protecting the telephone wire in such places, and refused to submit to the jury, in the special verdict, the following question proposed by the defendant “ Did the defendant, in the construction and operation of the street railway in question, exercise such care and prudence for the safety of persons using the highway as men of ordinary intelligence and prudence engaged in operating the railway in question would have exercised at the place-in question?” The instruction virtually took the question of the defendant’s negligence from the jury. The refusal to submit the question asked withdrew it altogether from the jury. The question of the defendant’s negligence is-always for the jury, unless the negligence is so clear upon the-evidence that intelligent minds cannot fairly form different conclusions upon it. This question was a proper one to be submitted in a special verdict. It related to a material issue of fact, and one upon which the case in a large measure turned. Both the charge upon this point and the refusal to submit this question were error. This is in no way inconsistent with what was decided in State ex rel. Wis. Tel. Co. v. Janesville St. R. Co. 87 Wis. 72. That case was on demurrer to-the complaint. The action was mandamus to compel the-railway company to put guard wires above its trolley wires at crossings. An ordinance of the city required it. The-complaint alleged the ordinance and that guard wires are-the proper and approved method of preventing danger-from the falling of the telephone wires upon the trolley [378]*378wires. These facts were admitted by the demurrer. The ■case in no way involved the decision of the question whether guard wires are the proper method, or whether it is negligence to omit the guard wires.
It is claimed that plaintiff’s accident was caused directly by contact with a telephone wire belonging to the telephone •company and neither owned nor controlled by the defendant, and in a street to which its system did not extend. More remotely, it is supposed to have been caused by the falling of the telephone wire' upon the trolley wires, which became a live Avire by such contact. There would be no •claim against the defendant unless it could be shown that the telephone wire was alive with electricity communicated to it by the trolley wires.
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NewMAN, J.
Errors are assigned as follows: (1) In the admission of testimony; (2) in denying defendant’s motion for a nonsuit, and in refusing to grant a new trial; (3) in refusing to submit to the jury questions proposed by the defendant for special verdict; (4) in the charge to the jury.
The errors complained of in the admission of testimony relate to the testimony of physicians relative to the physical and mental condition of the plaintiff a year and a half after the accident. The accident happened in February, 1892. In August, 1893, the plaintiff became the patient of Dr. Becker. The doctor was permitted to describe the condition in which [375]*375'¿he found Mm, giving both, subjective and objective symptoms. So far as tMs related to the seriousness of the injury, this was competent. Nor was it liable to the objection that it was hearsay. So far as the knowledge of plaintiff’s con•dition was derived from plaintiff’s statements to him as a medical man for the purpose of receiving advice and treatment, the testimony was not incompetent for that reason. Quaife v. C. & N. W. R. Co. 48 Wis. 513; Davidson v. Cornell, 132 N. Y. 228. There is no just ground for claiming that the doctor’s relation to the plaintiff was other than as a medical adviser and not for the purpose of being a witness upon the trial. So the question is not within the principle of Stewart v. Everts, 76 Wis. 35, and Abbot v. Heath, 84 Wis. 314. It is also claimed as error that Dr. Becker was permitted to testify that plaintiff’s condition as he found it could have been produced by contact with a wire heavily charged with electricity. The plaintiff’s theory was that such was the cause of his condition! There was some testimony tending to establish that theory. Surely, testimony showing that such a cause was sufficient to produce such a. condition tended also to establish that theory. The testimony was both relevant and competent. The doctor was permitted to give his opinion of the “reasonable probability” «of the plaintiff’s ultimate recovery from his injuries. While it is true that the whole testimony must establish in the minds of the jury more than a mere “ reasonable probability,” and must amount to proof to a “ reasonable certainty,” this •ultimate fact is susceptible of proof by items of testimony which do not separately fully establish it. The phrase “ reasonable probability ” is equivocal. It was for the jury to give force to the doctor’s testimony in accordance with the intention of the words used, rather than with a strict qr technical definition of the words. This was not error. The ' witness Eggert, who was present at the time of the accident, testified that he received a shock. This was probably com[376]*376petent as tending to show that tbe wire was charged with electricit}'-, and so as bearing upon the question whether the-plaintiffs injuries were caused by an electric shock.
The negligence which is alleged and claimed against the-defendant is its omission to place guard wires over its trolley wires in such a way as to prevent the telephone wires, in. case of their falling from any cause, from falling upon and coming in contact with the trolley wires. It is claimed that the defendant owes the duty to the public to guard it. from the effect of accidents which may happen to the telephone wire, which it neither owns nor controls. The employment of electricity to propel cars along railway tracks, in cities is of recent institution. It may well be that the dangers attending its use in that function, and the best mode of guarding against accident in its use, are not yet fully known and understood, hfany of the phenomena and the possibilities of danger attendant upon such use are still subjects of question and, experiment. But notwithstanding this condition of imperfect knowledge, the law permits this, mysterious and dangerous power to be used for locomotion in the streets of cities. It is lawfully there. No doubt it. is the duty of the defendant to use such customary and approved appliances as are known and used in the business of operating electric railways. So far as reasonable knowledge, in the present state of the science and the practical use of electricity as a motive power for street railways, and reasonable foresight, can go, it is bound to guard the public against the perils attendant upon this use of electricity. But it is liable only for what is known as reasonable care. The present state of the science, and the present practical knowledge of the most practical and effectual means and methods of guarding against such perils as are incident to its use, are a most important element in the question of what is reasonable care. In the present condition of the-science and of the practical knowledge on this subject, it [377]*377cannot be said, as matter of law, wbat method of guarding the wires shall be required, nor whether any guards shall be required; for it is not known to the law that any method now known will prove effective. But it is a question for the jury, under all the facts in the case, to determine whether the method actually used was negligent. The trial court treated this question as one of law. He instructed the jury,, in effect, that guard wires placed over the trolley wires is-the approved method of protecting the telephone wire in such places, and refused to submit to the jury, in the special verdict, the following question proposed by the defendant “ Did the defendant, in the construction and operation of the street railway in question, exercise such care and prudence for the safety of persons using the highway as men of ordinary intelligence and prudence engaged in operating the railway in question would have exercised at the place-in question?” The instruction virtually took the question of the defendant’s negligence from the jury. The refusal to submit the question asked withdrew it altogether from the jury. The question of the defendant’s negligence is-always for the jury, unless the negligence is so clear upon the-evidence that intelligent minds cannot fairly form different conclusions upon it. This question was a proper one to be submitted in a special verdict. It related to a material issue of fact, and one upon which the case in a large measure turned. Both the charge upon this point and the refusal to submit this question were error. This is in no way inconsistent with what was decided in State ex rel. Wis. Tel. Co. v. Janesville St. R. Co. 87 Wis. 72. That case was on demurrer to-the complaint. The action was mandamus to compel the-railway company to put guard wires above its trolley wires at crossings. An ordinance of the city required it. The-complaint alleged the ordinance and that guard wires are-the proper and approved method of preventing danger-from the falling of the telephone wires upon the trolley [378]*378wires. These facts were admitted by the demurrer. The ■case in no way involved the decision of the question whether guard wires are the proper method, or whether it is negligence to omit the guard wires.
It is claimed that plaintiff’s accident was caused directly by contact with a telephone wire belonging to the telephone •company and neither owned nor controlled by the defendant, and in a street to which its system did not extend. More remotely, it is supposed to have been caused by the falling of the telephone wire' upon the trolley wires, which became a live Avire by such contact. There would be no •claim against the defendant unless it could be shown that the telephone wire was alive with electricity communicated to it by the trolley wires. The defendant may be liable for the result if its omission to guard its wires was negligence .and if that negligence Avas the proximate cause of the plaintiff’s damages. The real first cause of the accident is in •doubt. The real test of the defendant’s liability for the plaintiff’s apcident is whether the omission to guard its wire, that being found by the jury to be negligence, Avas the proximate cause of the accident. The negligence is not the proximate cause of the accident unless, under all the circumstances, the accident might have been reasonably foreseen by a man of ordinary intelligence and prudence. It is not enough to prove that the accident is the natural conse■quence of the negligence. It must also have been the probable consequence. Atkinson v. Goodrich Transp. Co. 60 Wis. 141, 163; Barton v. Pepin, Co. Agr. Soc. 83 Wis. 19. This, too, is always a question for the jury Avhere the evidence is not •clear or the proper inference from undisputed evidence may be in doubt. The defendant ashed to have this question submitted in the special verdict. This Avas refused, and no instruction was given relating to this, element in the question •of proximate pause. The defendant’s proposed question •was as folloAVS: “ Ought men of ordinary intelligence and [379]*379prudence, engaged in operating tbe street railway in question, to have reasonably expected that tbe telephone wire in question would be likely to come in contact with its trolley wire at tbe place in question and occasion injury to persons lawfully using tbe highway crossed by said telephone wire ? ” The refusal to submit this question, in a proper case, has been held by this court to be error. Atkinson v. Goodrich Transp. Co. 60 Wis. 141. Theáe two‘special questions, which the trial court refused to submit, cover the whole question of the defendant’s liability. Was the defendant negligent? Was the negligence the (proximate) ■cause of the damages ? These are material issuable facts, .such as a party has the right under the statute to require to be submitted in a special verdict. They should have been .submitted, at least in substance.
The charge of the trial court was long a¡nd copious. It contained a long and able disquisition upon the subject of the uses and purposes of highways and of the rights of travelers to free and unobstructed passage therein. He said: “ The public have the right to the free and unmolested and unobstructed use of the streets, and no person has the right to hinder and prevent the use of the streets for the purpose of travel,” and much more to the same purpose. It would be all very well in a case where questions of that nature were involved. Rut in this case it tended really to keep out of sight and obscure the real point in controversy. Roth the telephone company and the defendant had a perfect legal right to have their wires over the streets. They were no illegal obstruction of the streets. The point involved in relation to them depended on entirely different considerations. It was whether the defendant was negligent in permitting the telephone wire to fall upon its wires. This part «of the charge went upon a mistaken theory of the case, and was very likely to mislead the jury by distracting attention from the point of stress in the case.
[380]*380Relating to tbe amount of the damages to which, the-plaintiff might be entitled, and as affected by the permanency of the plaintiff’s injuries, the court charged: “I instruct you, gentlemen, that you cannot take into consideration, as an element of damages, any testimony on the subject of the permanency of the injuries, unless you find from the testimony that there is reasonable probability that the-injury that he has sustained, and the suffering and disability he is now under, will be permanent and lasting.” The criticism is on the phrase “ reasonable probability.” Because-the phrase is equivocal it is liable to communicate to the-jury an erroneous impression that some degree of proof less than of reasonable certainty may be sufficient. It is settled in this court that the degree of proof must amount to reasonable certainty. White v. Milwaukee C. R. Co. 61 Wis. 536; Hardy v. Milwaukee St. R. Co., ante, p. 183. The defendant asked for a special instruction to the effect that damages as for permanent injury should not be allowed unless the jury could say from the evidence that it was reasonably certain that the injury would be permanent, and that reasonable probability was not sufficient. This the court refused to give. The instruction given was erroneous, and it was error to refuse the instruction requested.
Eor the errors mentioned the judgment must be reversed.
By the Court.— The judgment of the superior court of Milwaukee county is reversed, and the cause remanded .for a new trial. , '