[Cite as Bless v. HomeWAV, L.L.C., 2026-Ohio-1806.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
TWELFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO
WARREN COUNTY
DIANA BLESS, et al., : CASE NO. CA2025-05-033 Appellants, : OPINION AND vs. : JUDGMENT ENTRY 5/18/2026 HOMEWAV, LLC, :
Appellee. :
:
CIVIL APPEAL FROM WARREN COUNTY COURT OF COMMON PLEAS Case No. 23CV96740
The Pattakos Law Firm LLC, and Peter Pattakos and Gregory Gipson, for appellants.
Reminger Co., LP, and Ian D. Mitchell and James M. Schirmer, for appellee.
____________ OPINION
M. POWELL, J.
{¶ 1} Appellants, Diana and Mark Bless, appeal a decision of the Warren County
Court of Common Pleas granting summary judgment in favor of appellee, HomeWAV, Warren CA2025-05-033
LLC.
{¶ 2} Appellants are the parents of Marisa Bless who died on July 18, 2021, from
an apparent drug overdose while she was incarcerated in the Warren County Jail. While
an inmate there, Marisa would visit with her parents and friends via video calls. Her last
video call took place on July 17, 2021.
{¶ 3} HomeWAV is a company that provides video-calling services to the Warren
County Jail so incarcerated inmates can communicate with family, friends, and other
individuals "on the outside." The video calls are recorded and stored for ready access for
90 days. After the ready access period ends, the video calls are archived with Amazon
Web Services for 365 days after which time they automatically expire and are no longer
recoverable. A third party requesting recordings for investigatory or litigation purposes
during the time frames above is required to present a search warrant or a subpoena. Prior
to August 2022, HomeWAV did not provide recordings to third parties for personal
purposes. HomeWAV's policy regarding the storage, retention, and release of the
recordings was unwritten. This appeal arises out of appellants' attempts to obtain the
recordings of their video calls with their daughter following her death.
{¶ 4} In trying to obtain the recordings, appellants separately contacted
HomeWAV. During her deposition, Diana testified that she called and spoke with an
unidentified HomeWAV representative in September 2021. Diana testified the
representative advised her that appellants would need to open an estate to obtain the
recordings and that HomeWAV "would keep [the recordings] indefinitely. That they
wouldn't delete them." The representative never indicated that the recordings might not
be retrievable. Diana testified she had no plans for the recordings other than to view them
so she could see her daughter again.
{¶ 5} During his deposition, Mark testified that he called and spoke with
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HomeWAV representative "Alicia" in December 2021. Mark testified he was told that the
recordings were the property of the jail and that HomeWAV kept archived copies of the
recordings. It was Mark's understanding that the jail would keep the recordings for two
years and that HomeWAV kept archived copies of the recordings "forever" so a court
could access them. Although Mark could not recall the exact word used by Alicia, he
testified she advised him that the recordings would be retained "indefinitely," "forever," or
"some variation" of those words. Mark advised Alicia that Marisa had died, that the
recordings were "the last communications we had with our daughter, and [that] we felt as
though by extension it would be valuable in a case." Mark reiterated that Alicia made a
"promise" that the recordings "would be kept indefinitely so that whenever [we] wanted,
presumably years, decades down the road, [we] could get them." As a result of these
representations, Mark "felt comfortable" in not aggressively obtaining the recordings
because he "just felt assured that they would be there."
{¶ 6} Appellants opened an estate in October 2022 because they were moving to
New Mexico and "were beginning some litigation" in a separate case. On October 24,
2022, the administrator of the estate contacted HomeWAV and requested the recordings
of appellants' video calls with their daughter. The administrator indicated that the request
was for personal use, and it was not accompanied by a subpoena or search warrant. At
the time of the request, both the 90-day and 365-day periods of retention had elapsed. In
late November 2022, HomeWAV informed the administrator that Marisa's last video call
had been deleted on October 17, 2022, and that all other prior video calls would have
been deleted before that date. Appellants likewise discovered that the recordings of their
video calls with Marisa had been deleted when Diana also contacted HomeWAV in
October 2022.
{¶ 7} On February 9, 2024, appellants filed an amended complaint against
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HomeWAV, alleging (1) negligence, (2) intentional infliction of emotional distress, (3)
promissory estoppel, (4) intentional spoilation of evidence, (5) unfair and deceptive acts
or practices under the Ohio Consumer Sales Practices Act, (6) conversion, and (7)
unconscionable contract. HomeWAV moved to dismiss the amended complaint under
Civ.R. 12(B)(6). As pertinent to this appeal, the trial court granted the motion to dismiss
in part and denied it in part, leaving the promissory estoppel claim as the only remaining
claim. Following appellants' depositions, HomeWAV moved for summary judgment,
supported with the affidavit of its Chief Executive Officer. The email correspondence
between HomeWAV and the estate's administrator was attached to the affidavit.
{¶ 8} On April 15, 2025, the trial court granted HomeWAV's motion for summary
judgment, finding that there was no genuine issue of material fact that HomeWAV had
made a promise to appellants to preserve the recordings of Marisa's video calls. Relying
on appellants' depositions, the trial court first observed that appellants "provide no
corroborating evidence to support their assertions." The court then stated,
Even accepting the statements from [appellants] as true, neither of the statements clearly and unambiguously indicates that [appellants] were made a promise to "indefinitely preserve and make accessible" the video recordings to [appellants]. By [appellants'] accounts there were vague statements about [HomeWAV's] retention policy and that recordings were maintained so courts could access them. The Court finds there was no promise to indefinitely preserve recordings for personal use, rather a vague and ambiguous statement that is impossible to discern the specific commitment that the unidentified HomeWAV representative made.
{¶ 9} The trial court further held that there was no genuine issue of material fact
that appellants detrimentally relied upon any promise made by HomeWAV regarding
retention of the recordings. Accordingly, the trial court dismissed appellants' promissory
estoppel claim with prejudice.
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{¶ 10} Appellants now appeal, challenging the trial court's grant of summary
judgment to HomeWAV in two assignments of error.
Summary Judgment Standard of Review
{¶ 11} An appellate court reviews a trial court's decision on a motion for summary
judgment de novo, independently, and without deference to the decision of the trial court.
Paramount Farms Intl., L.L.C. v. Ventilex B.V., 2016-Ohio-1150, ¶ 16 (12th Dist.).
{¶ 12} Summary judgment is proper where (1) there is no genuine issue of material
fact remaining for trial, (2) the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law, and
(3) when all evidence is construed most strongly in favor of the nonmoving party,
reasonable minds can come to only one conclusion and that conclusion is adverse to the
nonmoving party. Civ.R. 56(C); Zivich v. Mentor Soccer Club, Inc., 1998-Ohio-389, ¶ 7.
An issue of fact exists when the relevant factual allegations in the pleadings, affidavits,
depositions, or interrogatories are in conflict. Meadows Condominium Unit Owners Assn.
v. Blakey, 2010-Ohio-2437, ¶ 24 (12th Dist.). A dispute of fact is "material" if it affects the
outcome of the case, and "genuine" if demonstrated by substantial evidence going
beyond the allegations of the complaint. Id. Whether a genuine issue of material fact
exists is answered by the following inquiry: "Does the evidence present a sufficient
disagreement to require submission to a jury or is it so one-sided that one party must
prevail as a matter of law?" Palmer v. Mossbarger, 2015-Ohio-231, ¶ 13 (12th Dist.).
{¶ 13} The party moving for summary judgment bears the initial burden of
informing the trial court of the basis for the motion, and identifying those portions of the
record which affirmatively demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact on
the essential elements of the nonmoving party's claims. Dresher v. Burt, 1996-Ohio-107,
¶ 18; D&H Autobath v. PJCS Properties I, Inc., 2012-Ohio-5845, ¶ 10 (12th Dist.). Once
this burden is met, the nonmoving party may not rest upon the mere allegations or denials
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of the pleadings, but has a reciprocal burden to set forth specific facts showing there is a
genuine issue of material fact for trial. Civ.R. 56(E). Summary judgment is proper if the
nonmoving party fails to set forth such facts. D&H Autobath at ¶ 10.
Promissory Estoppel
{¶ 14} Appellants' promissory estoppel claim is based upon alleged
representations by or on behalf of HomeWAV that HomeWAV promised appellants it
"would indefinitely preserve and make accessible for [appellants] through an
administrator of Marisa's estate the video calls which Marisa made while incarcerated" in
the Warren County Jail.
{¶ 15} Promissory estoppel is an equitable doctrine for enforcing the right to rely
on promises. Rucker v. Everen Securities, Inc., 2004-Ohio-3719, ¶ 6. The Ohio Supreme
Court has defined the doctrine as follows: "'A promise which the promisor should
reasonably expect to induce action or forbearance on the part of the promisee or a third
person and which does induce such action or forbearance is binding if injustice can be
avoided only by enforcement of the promise.'" McCroskey v. State, 8 Ohio St.3d 29, 30
(1983), quoting 1 Restatement of the Law, Contracts 2d, § 90 (1973). Although the
supreme court has never added the "clear and unambiguous" language to the doctrine of
promissory estoppel, this court and other courts have held that to prevail on a claim for
promissory estoppel, a party must establish the following elements: (1) a clear and
unambiguous promise was made; (2) upon which it would be reasonable and foreseeable
for the party to rely; (3) actual reliance on the promise; and (4) the party was injured as a
result of the reliance. Ringhand v. Chaney, 2014-Ohio-3661, ¶ 20 (12th Dist.). See also
Peddler's Junction, L.L.C. v. Washington Square, L.L.C., 2025-Ohio-3054 (4th Dist.);
Baber v. Ohio Mut. Ins. Co., 2021-Ohio-1625 (3d Dist.); Zapata Real Estate L.L.C. v.
Monty Realty, Ltd., 2014-Ohio-5550 (8th Dist.).
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{¶ 16} For a promissory estoppel claim to succeed, "the threshold element of a
promise must be met." McCroskey at 30. A promise is "'a manifestation of intention to act
or refrain from acting in a specified way, so made as to justify a promisee in understanding
that a commitment has been made.'" Stull v. Combustion Eng., Inc., 72 Ohio App.3d 553,
557 (3d Dist. 1991), quoting 1 Restatement of the Law, Contracts 2d, § 2(1) (1981). A
clear and unambiguous promise is one that is definite in the sense of being clearly a
promise and not just a statement of intentions. Peddler's Junction at ¶ 33. The promise
must communicate clear terms that the promisor would expect to induce reliance. Id.;
McCroskey at 30. A clear and unambiguous promise for purposes of promissory estoppel,
therefore, "is one in which a party clearly promises to another that it will do, or refrain from
doing, something specific." Zapata Real Estate at ¶ 39. It "is not satisfied by vague or
ambiguous references." Ringhand at ¶ 20.
First Assignment of Error
THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN GRANTING HOMEWAV'S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT BECAUSE SUBSTANTIAL ISSUES OF MATERIAL FACT REMAINED TO BE RESOLVED, AND THE TRIAL COURT USURPED THE JURY'S FUNCTION IN CONSTRUING DISPUTED FACTUAL ISSUES IN HOMEWAV'S FAVOR.
{¶ 17} Appellants argue that the trial court failed to comply with Civ.R. 56(C) in
considering HomeWAV's motion for summary judgment because it failed to construe the
evidence most strongly in their favor as the nonmoving parties and instead improperly
engaged in fact-finding.
{¶ 18} In support of their argument, appellants take issue with the trial court's
assertion that they "provide[d] no corroborating evidence to support their assertions," and
that their "self-serving assertions . . . cannot defeat a well-supported summary judgment
when not corroborated by any outside evidence." The trial court's challenged statement
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followed its summary of appellants' depositions. On appeal, appellants do not argue that
HomeWAV failed to meet its initial burden. Rather, appellants challenge the manner in
which the trial court granted summary judgment in favor of HomeWAV, noting that
HomeWAV "offered nothing to contradict or disprove [appellants'] testimony and
evidence." HomeWAV met its initial burden by informing the trial court of the basis of its
motion and identifying parts of the record demonstrating the absence of a genuine issue
of material fact. The burden was thus on appellants to present evidence setting forth
specific facts showing there is a genuine issue of material fact for trial. As this court has
stated before, the evidence necessary to create a genuine issue of material fact must be
more than just bare, unsupported assertions, and a nonmovant's own self-serving
assertions, whether made in an affidavit, deposition, or interrogatory responses, cannot
defeat a well-supported summary judgment when not corroborated by any outside
evidence. Barich v. Scheidler Med. Group, L.L.C., 2015-Ohio-4446, ¶ 13 (12th Dist.). We
therefore find no error in the trial court's statement. In any event, the trial court did not
grant summary judgment in favor of HomeWAV on that basis. As stated above, the trial
court went on to consider appellants' deposition statements as true in ruling upon
HomeWAV's motion for summary judgment.
{¶ 19} In support of their argument, appellants principally focus upon the trial
court's statement that appellants' promissory estoppel claim is premised upon "a vague
and ambiguous statement that is impossible to discern the specific commitment that the
unidentified HomeWAV representative made." Appellants argue that this is improper fact-
finding that is not permitted by Civ.R. 56(C).
{¶ 20} The trial court did not engage in improper fact-finding when it considered
HomeWAV's motion for summary judgment. While the trial court acknowledged
HomeWAV's response to appellants' claim by referencing the HomeWAV's Chief
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Executive Officer's affidavit, the court relied on appellants' deposition accounts of their
conversations with HomeWAV representatives in resolving the motion for summary
judgment. The trial court's determination that HomeWAV's representations concerning
retention of the recordings were "vague and ambiguous" was not improper fact-finding.
On the contrary, the trial court was resolving the legal issue of whether there was a clear
and unambiguous promise that would reasonably induce action or forbearance by
appellants. The trial court made this determination consistently with Civ.R. 56(C) as it
relied entirely upon appellants' accounts of what HomeWAV told them. Having done so,
the import of what appellants were told by HomeWAV is a legal issue. We review this
legal determination de novo.
{¶ 21} The trial court's statement challenged by appellants was made in the
context of the court's determination that HomeWAV did not promise appellants that it
would preserve the recordings for them but only provided an explanation of its recording
retention policy. Appellants' accounts of their conversations with HomeWAV indicate only
HomeWAV's recordings retention policy at the time of those telephone conversations.
Appellants' accounts of their conversations with HomeWAV did not include assertions
that they requested HomeWAV to preserve the recordings for them or an assurance that
HomeWAV would do so. Indeed, there was nothing in appellants' recounting of their
conversations with HomeWAV that would serve as a basis preventing HomeWAV from
changing its recordings retention policy without notice to appellants. Although Civ.R.
56(C) requires the trial court to construe factual allegations most strongly in favor of
appellants, it does not require the trial court to make legal determinations in their favor.
{¶ 22} In light of the foregoing, appellants' first assignment of error is overruled.
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Second Assignment of Error
THE TRIAL COURT INVERTED CIV.R. 56'S BURDEN BY CONSTRUING EVEN UNREASONABLE INFERENCES IN HOMEWAV'S FAVOR BY FINDING THAT HOMEWAV'S EVIDENCE WAS SUFFICIENT TO ELIMINATE ANY ISSUE OF FACT AS TO WHETHER ANY PROMISE OR DETRIMENTAL RELIANCE EXISTED BETWEEN HOMEWAV AND APPELLANTS.
{¶ 23} This assignment of error is a different iteration of appellants' argument in
their first assignment of error that the trial court failed to construe the evidence most
strongly in their favor. Appellants' primary emphasis in their second assignment of error
is that whether a clear and unambiguous promise has been made is a question of fact
which may not be resolved on summary judgment.
{¶ 24} Appellants cite an opinion from the Tenth District Court of Appeals for the
proposition that "the question of whether 'a clear and unambiguous promise' has been
made is a question of fact." Malempati v. Indep. Inpatient Physicians, Inc., 2013-Ohio-
3543, ¶ 27 (10th Dist.). Malempati, a case tried before a magistrate, further stated,
"Moreover, in general, '[t]he existence or nonexistence of promissory estoppel essentially
turns on the credibility of the witnesses,' and the weight to be given the evidence and the
credibility of the witnesses are primarily for the trier of fact." Id.
{¶ 25} Appellants also cite our Ringhand opinion in support of their assertion that
"promises need not be spelled out in every particular to be clear and unambiguous."
Ringhand, 2014-Ohio-3661 (12th Dist.). In that case, the plaintiffs contracted to purchase
a farmhouse. Prior to closing, the farmhouse sustained significant damage due to a break-
in. Upon being advised of the break-in and the damage, the realtor assured the plaintiffs
that the seller would resolve all issues related to the break-in. The plaintiffs proceeded to
close the purchase. When the seller failed to resolve all the damage resulting from the
break-in, plaintiffs sued, asserting a promissory estoppel claim based upon the realtor's
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assurance that all issues related to the break-in would be resolved by the seller. This
court affirmed the jury verdict in favor of the plaintiffs. In doing so, we rejected the seller's
assertion that the "promise" to resolve all issues resulting from the break-in was not clear
and unambiguous, holding that "[w]hile [the] promise in this instance is broad, it remains
clear and unambiguous." Id. at ¶ 22.
{¶ 26} Here, the trial court relied only upon appellants' accounts of what
HomeWAV told them about recordings retention. Assuming the truth of appellants'
accounts of what they were told concerning retention of the recordings, the trial court
found that HomeWAV did not "clearly and unambiguously" promise to "indefinitely
preserve and make accessible" to appellants the recordings. The trial court construed
appellants' accounts of what they were advised by the HomeWAV representatives as
"vague statements about [HomeWAV's] retention policy" and that "there was no promise
to indefinitely preserve recordings for personal use."
{¶ 27} When there is a dispute as to the representations constituting the "promise"
element of a promissory estoppel claim, summary judgment would typically be
inappropriate. But that is not the case here. As discussed, the trial court resolved the
issue based only upon appellants' accounts of what HomeWAV told them concerning
retention of the recordings. When the summary judgment evidence is clear and
uncontroverted as to the asserted "promise," the import of the evidence becomes a matter
of law as opposed to a factual determination. "While the making, keeping and relying
upon alleged promises are factual issues typically for the jury, a court may deem certain
circumstances objectively unreasonable." Gus Hoffman Family Ltd. Partnership v. David,
2007-Ohio-3968, ¶ 8 (12th Dist.). "The test is not whether the promise should be enforced
to do justice, but whether enforcement is required to prevent an injustice." Id.
{¶ 28} As discussed above, the information provided to appellants in their
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conversations with HomeWAV's representatives were only the representatives'
understanding of HomeWAV's records retention policy and were not clearly and
unambiguously a commitment to indefinitely preserve the recordings of appellants' video
calls with their daughter. Appellants' accounts of their conversations with HomeWAV's
representatives included neither a request that the recordings be specifically preserved
for them nor a commitment by HomeWAV to do so. Thus, construing the facts most
strongly in appellants' favor leads to only one conclusion and that conclusion is adverse
to appellants.
{¶ 29} Because appellants cannot establish the threshold requirement necessary
to prove a promissory estoppel claim—that representations by or on behalf of HomeWAV
were a clear and unambiguous promise that HomeWAV would indefinitely preserve and
make accessible for appellants the recordings of their video calls with Marisa—we need
not consider whether genuine issues of material fact remain regarding the other elements
of promissory estoppel. Peddler's Junction, 2025-Ohio-3054, at ¶ 49 (4th Dist.), citing
McCroskey, 8 Ohio St.3d at 32.
{¶ 30} In light of the foregoing, the trial court did not err in granting summary
judgment in favor of HomeWAV. Appellants' second assignment of error is overruled.
{¶ 31} Judgment affirmed.
BYRNE, P.J., and HENDRICKSON, J., concur.
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JUDGMENT ENTRY
The assignments of error properly before this court having been ruled upon, it is the order of this court that the judgment or final order appealed from be, and the same hereby is, affirmed.
It is further ordered that a mandate be sent to the Warren County Court of Common Pleas for execution upon this judgment and that a certified copy of this Opinion and Judgment Entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to App.R. 27.
Costs to be taxed in compliance with App.R. 24.
/s/ Matthew R. Byrne, Presiding Judge
/s/ Robert A. Hendrickson, Judge
/s/ Mike Powell, Judge
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