U.S. DISTRICT ; ( NORTHERN DISTRICT OL □□□□ IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FILED NORTHERN DISTRICT OF TEXAS FORT WORTH DIVISION SEP ~ 3 2024 TRAVIS BLANK, § CLERK, US. DISTRICF COURT § By Plaintife£, 5 Deputy § vs. § NO. 4:20-CV-096-A § UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, § ET AL., § Defendants. § MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER - Came-on for consideration the motion of defendants Aminia Baruti (“Baruti”} and Charles Eilert ({“Eilert”) for summary judgment and the motion of United States for partial summary judgment. The court, having considered the motions, the response of plaintiff, Travis Blank, the record, and applicable authorities, finds that the motion of Baruti and Eilert should be granted and that the motion of United States should be granted in part. 1. Background The operative pleading is plaintiff's third amended complaint filed June 16, 2021. Doc.’ 89. In it, plaintiff asserts claims against United States under the Federal Tort Claims Act, 28 U.S.C. 8§ 1346(b), 2671-80 (“FTCA”), and claims against
'The“Doc, _” reference is to the number of the item on the docket in this action.
Baruti and Eilert under Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics, 403 U.S. 288 {1971). The court has dismissed plaintiff’s claims for declaratory judgment, for retaliation under the First Amendment, and for intentional infliction of emotional distress. Doc. 79. Plaintiff, a former inmate of the Federal Medical Center Fort Worth (*FMC”), has filed numerous lawsuits while incarcerated.” This lawsuit concerns his treatment from 2017 to 2019, His complaints focus on untreated neck and back pain, an untreated infection, being placed in solitary confinement for refusing to take a certain medication, and delay in surgery. Doc, 89. II. Grounds of the Motions Baruti and Eilert, doctors who treated plaintiff, assert that they are each entitled to qualified immunity and that the claims against them must be dismissed.*? Doc. 93. United States seeks judgment that plaintiff take nothing on his claims for which he cannot provide expert testimony and on claims that accrued more than two years before he submitted his
? See Nos, 3:11-CV-1327-K, 4:12-CV-052-A, 4:14-CV-502-0, 4:15-CV-098-0, 4:16-CV-056-A, 4:16-CV-465-0, 4:}7-CV-609-A, and 4:19-CV-577-O, all filed in this district. Baruti and Eilert also contend that at least some of plaintiffs claims against them are barred by limitations. The court need not reach this ground of their motion. (Oddly, Baruti does not allege that claims against her accruing on or before October 30, 2018, are barred by res judicata. See No. 4:17-CV-609-A, Doe, 117.)
administrative claim under the FTCA or that were not included in his administrative claim. Doc. 95. Til. Applicable Summary Judgment Principles Rule 56{(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure provides that the court shall grant summary judgment on a claim or defense if there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to Judgment as a matter of law. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a); Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247 (1986). The movant bears the initial burden of pointing out to the court that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323, 325 (1986). The movant can discharge this burden by pointing out the absence of evidence supporting one or more essential elements of the nonmoving party's claim, “since a complete failure of proof concerning an essential element of the nonmoving party's case necessarily renders all other facts immaterial.” Id. at 323. Once the movant has carried its burden under Rule 56(a), the nonmoving party must identify evidence in the record that creates a genuine dispute as to each of the challenged elements of its case. Id. at 324; see also Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c) (“A party asserting that a fact .. . is genuinely disputed must support the assertion by... citing to particular parts of materials
in the record ... .”"). I£ the evidence identified could not lead a rational trier of fact to find in favor of the nonmoving party as to each essential element of the nonmoving party's case, there is no genuine dispute for trial and summary judgment is appropriate. Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587, 597 (1986). In Mississippi Prot. & Advocacy sys., inc. v. Cotten, the Fifth Circuit explained: Where the record, including affidavits, interrogatories, admissions, and depositions could not, as a whole, lead a rational trier of fact to find for the nonmoving party, there is no issue for trial. 929 F.2d 1054, 1058 (5th Cir. 1991). The standard for granting a motion for summary judgment is the same as the standard for rendering judgment as a matter of law.* Celotex Corp., 477 U.S. at 323. If the record taken as a whole could not lead a rational trier of fact to find for the non-moving party, there is no genuine issue for trial. Matsushita, 475 U.S. at 597; see also Mississippi Prot. & Advocacy Sys., 929 F.2d at 1058. The mere existence of some alleged factual dispute between the parties will not defeat an otherwise properly supported
4In Boeing Co. v. Shipman, 411 F.2d 365, 374-75 (Sth Cir. 1969) (en banc), the Fifth Circuit explained the standard to be applied in determining whether the court should enter judgment on motions for directed verdict or for judgment notwithstanding the verdict.
motion for summary judgment. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 247-48. Moreover, "[w]hen opposing parties tell two different stories, one of which is blatantly contradicted by the record, so that no reasonable jury could believe it, a court should not adopt that version of the facts for purposes of ruling on a motion for summary judgment." Scott v. Harris, 550 U.S. 372, 380 (2007). Although the court must resolve all factual inferences in favor of the nonmovant, the nonmovant cannot manufacture a disputed material fact where none exists. Albertson v. T.J. Stevenson & Co,, 749 F.2d 223, 228 (5th Cir. 1984). He cannot defeat a motion for summary judgment by submitting an affidavit or declaration that contradicts, without explanation, his earlier sworn Geposition. Cleveland v. Policy Mgmt. Sys. Corp., 526 U.S. 795, 806 (1999); S.W.S. Hrectors, Inc. v. Infax, Inc., 72 F.3d 489, 495 (5th Cir. 1996); Albertson, 749 F.2d at 228, Nor can he rely on conclusory allegations unsupported by concrete and particular facts. Duffy v. Leading Edge Prods., Inc., 44 F.3d 308, 312 (Sth Cir. 1995). IV. Undisputed Facts The record establishes the following undisputed facts: Plaintiff arrived at FMC in February 2012. Doc. 99 at 053. He suffered from a number of preexisting conditions including
Crohns’ Disease that was not well-managed, id. at 064-66, and neck pain and spine issues that had previously required a C3-C4 anterior cervical discectomy and fusion. Id. at 195-97. Beginning in September 2012, plaintiff was prescribed opioid pain medications of varying types and dosages for chronic neck pain. See, e.g., id. at 067-68. By July 2014, he was taking 60 mg daily morphine sulfate sustained release. Id. at 069. In August, 2016, plaintiff was diagnosed by a gastroenterologist with opiate induced constipation. Doc. 99 at 072. He told an outside provider that he did not want to take narcotics, Id. at 071. Plaintiff was told to drink more fluids and eat more fiber and was prescribed numerous medications to alleviate the constipation. Id. at 072-75. In December 2016, plaintiff agreed to a plan to be weened off morphine. Id. at O78, 085, 091, 092; Doc. 109 at O51. On April 24, 2017, plaintiff told Baruti that he was still experiencing constipation and was in pain. She noted that he used topical lidocaine and had been approved for Flexeril to help with pain. Doc, 99 at 082. On April 26, plaintiff again saw Baruti and she prescribed new pain medications. Id. at 087-88. Plaintiff had an MRI in duly 2017, which was relatively unremarkable according to an outside orthopedic specialist. Id. at 120. On September 18, 2017, Baruti referred plaintiff to a
gastroenterologist for follow-up regarding constipation and pain. Id. at 132. On September 27, 2017, Baruti noted that plaintiff was already scheduled for physical therapy and that she would refer him to psychology to evaluate other modalities to effectively minimize his chronic pain. Id. at 097. She also referred him to pain management. Id. at 096. On October 23, 2017, Baruti examined plaintiff and, noting his various complaints, referred him to neurosurgery.*® Id. at 093, 095,° Plaintiff refused the psychology consultation. Id. at 098. In January 2018, plaintiff was seen by a neurologist who recommended an increase in Flexeril and follow-up with neurosurgery following an MRI. Doc. 109 at 134-35. On February 15, 2018, plaintiff was seen by an outside pain specialist and reported that his symptoms were moderate and that his morphine had been discontinued due to interference with his Crohn’s Disease. Id. at 118. In March, Baruti requested a new pain Management consultation for cervical injections, noting that
> The reply and appendix in support thereof filed by defendants reflect that, beginning in December 2017, FMC tried fo obtain an appointment for plaintiff with the neurosurgery clinic. Doc. 115 at 024, After repeated requests, the clinic asked for a current MRI of the spine. Id, at 022-24. On January 24, 2018, the radiology report was sent, Id. at 619. The MRI was unremarkable. Doc, 99 at 109, A doctor at the neurosurgery clinic reviewed it and said that plaintiff needed to be referred to pain management as he was “non operative and just needs pain management.” Doc. 115 at 014-15. Baruti was asked to cancel the consultation but refused unless she could get something in writing confirming that plaintiff was not.a surgical candidate, Id. at 010, 014. The court recognizes that plaintiff contends that the evidence submitted with the reply should not be considered. Doc, 117. The court need not and does not rely on this evidence in finding that the motion of Baruti and Eilert should be granted. The court simply includes this as a reasonable explanation for why the medical records appear as they do. 6 The remaining pages of this encounter are found in Doc, 109 at 071-74, 076.
plaintiff was awaiting a neurosurgery consultation.’ Doc. 109 at 065. On August 13, 2018, plaintiff received the injections, Doc. 99 at 105. On September 14, 2018, plaintiff had an MRI that indicated that his neck condition had worsened. Id. at 136-37. He was scheduled to see neurosurgery on October 11, 2018. Id. at 138. On October 24, 2018, Eilert referred plaintiff for a neurology consult. Id. at 123. On December 14, 2018, plaintiff again complained of pain and was prescribed additional medication, Id. at 090, 100. On January 22, 2019, the neurosurgeon recommended removal of C3-C4 cervical hardware and C4-C5 ACDF.* Id. at 139. Ata sick call encounter on February 8, 2019, plaintiff inquired whether he would be able to have the recommended surgery before being released from incarceration in July 2019, Id. at 108. On March 6, 2019, the pain management provider noted that plaintiff had obtained 80% relief for 2 months following the injections in August 2018 but pain had returned. Id. at 107. On March 19, 2019, plaintiff was seen again by an outside neurologist, who noted that surgery was planned and that there was no new diagnosis. Id. at 127. On May 1, 2019, plaintiff had surgery to remove the hardware as
? Plaintiff had complained that his pain management specialist recommended a different type of injection for his neck, He also complained that he had been denied pain medication. Baruti disputed that she had denied him pain medication. Rather, she understood that he did not want to take narcotics. Doc. 109 at 064. § The newrosurgeon’s report notes all of the treatments tried. Doc. 99 at 106.
recommended. Id. at 134. Plaintiff was released from incarceration in July 2019. He is not suffering any neck issues, pain, or symptoms and his Crohn's Disease is well managed. Doc. 99 at. 198. He is not taking any narcotic pain medication. Id. at 199. Vv. Analysis A. Bivens Claims Federal officials are entitled to qualified immunity unless they viclate a statutory or constitutional right that was clearly established at the time of the challenged conduct. Doe v. Robertson, 751 F.3d 383, 387 (5th Cir. 2014}. The doctrine protects those whose actions could reasonably have been believed to be legal and “all but the plainly incompetent or those who knowingly violate the law.” Malley v. Briggs, 475 U.S. 335, 341 (1986). Evaluating qualified immunity is a two-step process: First, the court considers whether the official's alleged conduct violated a federal right. Robertson, 751 F.3d at 387. Second, the court considers whether the right in question was clearly eStablished at the time of the violation, such that the official was on notice of the unlawfulness of his or her conduct. Alexander v. City of Round Rock, 854 F.3d 298, 303 (5th Cir. 2017). The court has the discretion to determine which
prong of the test to address first. Morgan v. Swanson, 659 F.3d 359, 3721 (Sth Cir. 2011) (en banc}. The burden is on the plaintiff to rebut the defense by establishing a genuine fact issue as to whether the official’s conduct violated clearly established law. Brown v. Callahan, 623 F.3d 223, 253 (5th Cir. 2010). Here, plaintiff alleges that Baruti and Hilert violated clearly established law by acting with deliberate indifference to his medical needs. The Eighth Amendment's proscription of cruel and unusual punishments obligates the government to provide medical care for those whom it is punishing by incarceration. Estelie v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 937, 103 (1976). Whether Baruti and Eilert violated the Bighth Amendment also involves a two-step inquiry. First, pliaintiff must show that he was exposed to “a substantial risk of serious harm.” Spikes v. McVea, F.3d, 2021 WL 3525026, at *4 (Sth Cir. Aug. 11, 2021) (quoting Gobert v. Caldwell, 463 F.3d 339, 345 (Sth Cir. 2006)). Second, he must show that “prison officials acted or failed to act with deliberate indifference to that risk.” Id. (quoting Gobert, 463 F.3d at 345-46). This is a test of subjective recklessness, i.e., a prison official acts with deliberate indifference only if he knows that the inmate faces a substantial risk of serious bodily harm and he disregards that 10
risk by failing to take reasonable measures to abate it. Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 839-40 (1994); Gobert, 463 F.3d at 346, Unsuccessful medical treatment, acts of negligence, or medical malpractice do not constitute deliberate indifference, nor does a prisoner’s disagreement with his medical treatment, absent exceptional circumstances. Furthermore, the decision whether to provide additional treatment is a classic example of a matter for medical judgment, A showing of deliberate indifference requires the prisoner to submit evidence that prison officials refused to treat him, ignored his complaints, intentionally treated him incorrectly, or engaged in any similar conduct that would clearly evince a wanton disregard for any serious medical needs. Gobert, 463 F.3d at 346 (internal quotations and citations omitted). For example, wanton disregard may be evidenced by a doctor's decision to administer easier and less efficacious treatment without exercising medical judgment or by delaying treatment for non-medical reasons. Estelle, 429 U.S. at 104 & nm.1d, The burden is on plaintiff to overcome the qualified immunity defense. Brown, 623 F.3d at 253. But plaintiff makes no response to Bilert’s contention that he is entitled to qualified immunity. Doc. 108. He does not point to any summary judgment evidence to raise a genuine fact issue as to Hilert‘’s care or lack thereof. In fact, the court cannot discern any evidence to support the allegation that Eilert was deliberately indifferent 11
to plaintiff’s serious medical needs. Accordingly, Eilert is entitied to judgment that plaintiff take nothing on his claims against Hilert. As for Baruti, plaintiff relies on little but his own conclusory statements. Doc. 109 at 148-50, qq 2-9. The medical records that have been provided reflect that, whether she personally saw plaintiff or not,’ Baruti reviewed his ongoing treatment by other providers. See, e.g., Doc. 99 at 079, 082-83, 089, O87-88, 132, 697, 096, 093, 095, 098, 111, 117, 143, 106, 139; Doc, 109 at 045, 057-59, 069, 135, 065, 064, 142, 130-31, 133, 113.79 She prescribed medications and other treatments and referred plaintiff to specialists to try to control his pain. See, @.g., Doc. 99 at 099, 101, 102, 097, 096, 095, 100, 106 {summarizing treatments tried). As plaintiff admits, the medical records do not reflect that Baruti refused to treat him. Id. at 194. Plaintiff’s expert testified that he was unable to find any evidence of intentional harm or staff refusing to treat plaintiff. Id. at 019-022. The expert further noted that plaintiff frequently had disagreements about the course of his medical care, Id. at 022, 098 {refusing a psychology
3 See Gobert, 463 F.3d at 350 .35 (continued personal treatment by a treating physician is not constitutionally poaes are cited in chronological order. The court had to create its own sequence of medical records because the parties did not bother to put them in order. The court further notes that the randomness and incompleteness of the records appears to have led the parties to misrepresent facts allegedly contained in the medical records. 12
consultation for pain management), 108 (stopped taking pain medication due to weight gain}, 092 {refused to explain why he was not taking prescribed medication). The contention that Baruti cut off plaintiff's morphine then refused to treat him is belied by the record. Id. at 071, 075, 070, 085, 132, 091, 093; Doc. 109 at 044, 051, 060; Doc. 115 at 007-26. She tried a number of modalities that were not successful, but ultimately the surgery was. In sum, the record reflects a disagreement about recommended medical treatment and not deliberate indifference. See, e.g., Petzold v. Rostollan, 946 F.3d 242 (5th Cir. 2019). Further, plaintiff has not come forward with any case sufficient to establish that a doctor acting under circumstances like those of this case was held to have violated the Constitution. Cope v. Cogdill, 3 F.4th 198, 205 (5th Cir. 2021). Broad general propositions are not enough to overcome qualified immunity. Id. Rather, plaintiff must show that the violative nature of the particular conduct is clearly established. Mullenix v. Luna, 577 U.S. 7, 12 (2015). Plaintiff must show that the law so clearly and unambiguously prohibited Baruti’s conduct that every reasonable officer would understand that what she was doing violated the law. Wyatt v. Fletcher, 718 F.3d 496, 503 {Sth Cir. 2013). His reference to Easter v. Powell, 467 F.3d 13
459 (Sth Cir, 2006}, is plainly insufficient. In Easter, a prison doctor prescribed nitroglycerin for an inmate with a documented history of serious heart problems. A nurse refused to provide the nitroglycerin when the inmate presented with chest pain. By the time another medical professional gave the inmate the nitroglycerin, four hours later, the blood vessels in his left eye had burst, causing it to fill with blood. This is not a case where Baruti refused to follow a prescribed course treatment. Rather, the pertinent issues include whether Baruti was required to prescribe opioids as plaintiff demanded, whether she could rely on the recommendations of specialists to whom she referred plaintiff, and whether she can be held liable for the delays caused by others in obtaining medical care for plaintiff. Without a case addressing similar facts or circumstances, plaintiff cannot show that Baruti’s conduct clearly amount to deliberate indifference that violated the Constitution. B. Tort Claims United States says that it should be granted judgment on plaintiff’s claims concerning (1) treatment of an infection in May 2017, Doc. 89 at 53-58, (2) placement of plaintiff in medical isolation after he was identified as a close contact of a scabies outbreak and refused to take the prescribed treatment, id. 4 59-61, 80, 87, and (3) negligent delay in a neurosurgery 14
appointment that delayed surgery, id. 35-37. United States also says that any claim that was not timely presented or exhausted should be dismissed. Doc. 96 at 7-8, Plaintiff recognizes that tort claims must be presented to the appropriate agency within two years of accrual. Trinity Marine Prods., Inc. v. United States, 812 F.3d 481, 487 (5th Cir. 2016). The court does not interpret plaintiff's third amended complaint to be alleging any claims based on conduct that occurred before January 17, 2017, two years prior to receipt by the government of his administrative claim. United States argues that plaintiff cannot pursue claims based on facts that occurred after he filed his administrative claim. Izen v. Catalina, 398 F.3d 363, 367 (5th Cir. 2005); McAfee v. Fifth Circuit Judges, 884 F.2d 222-23 (5th Cir. 1989). The statutory purpose of requiring an administrative claim is to give the government an opportunity to expedite faix settlement of claims and avoid unnecessary court congestion. Rise v. United States, 630 F.2d 1068, 1071 (Sth Cir. 1980). The claimant must provide facts sufficient to allow his claim to be investigated. Cook v. United States, 978 F.2d 164, 166 (5th Cir. 1992). Here, plaintiff included as a basis for his tort claim “delayed access to hospital and other doctors.” Doc. 109 at 077. In his detailed account of his injury, plaintiff recited that on March 2, 2018, 15
he was told to wait for his neurosurgeon appointment that had been approved, but he was still waiting, more than nine months later, at the time he filed his claim. Id. at 094-095. Plaintiff gave notice of sufficient facts to enable the government to investigate his delay of surgery claim.™* He did not give, nor could he have given, notice, however, of alleged harm occurring as a result of Hilert’s failure to give him pain medication following surgery on May 1, 2019. That claim is unexhausted and cannot be pursued here. As for the substance of plaintiff’s claims, United States argues that plaintiff cannot proceed with the three enumerated claims because he lacks expert testimony to establish them. Under the FTCA, federal courts apply the law of the state where the alleged negligence occurred. Richards v. United States, 369 U.S. 1, 10 (1962). Under Texas law, treating physicians owe a duty to exercise that degree of care which a general practitioner of ordinary prudence and skill,. practicing in the community or similar community, would have exercised in the same or similar circumstances. Edwards v. United States, 519 F.2d 1137, 1139 {Sth Cir. 1975). The plaintiff bears the burden of proving {1) the physician's duty to act according to an.
One could reasonably conclude that investigation of this claim resulted in plaintiff having surgery before his release from incarceration. 16
applicable standard of care, (2) a breach of that standard of care, (3) injury, and (4) causation. Hannah v. United States, 523 F.3d 597, 601 (5th Cir. 2008). Standard of care is the threshold issue and must be established by expert testimony unless the mode or form of treatment is a matter of common knowledge or-is within the experience of a lay person. Id., 523 F.3d at 601-02; Quijano v, United States, 325 F.3d 564, 567 (5th Cir. 2003). Expert testimony is also required to establish that the breach proximately caused the harm suffered by the plaintiff. Guile v. United States, 422 F.3d 221, 225 (5th Cir. 2005); Garza v. Levin, 769 S.W.2d 644, 646 (Tex. App.--Corpus Christi 1989, writ denied). □ Plaintiff apparently recognizes that he cannot prevail on the claim arising out of the treatment of his infection in May of 2017, as he makes no response to that argument. As for the second claim, plaintiff says that his placement in isolation for declining to take medication is not a medical malpractice claim requiring expert testimony. The first part of the claim—being placed in isolation for declining to take medication-was punishment unrelated to medical treatment. And, the second part of his claim—denying him medication, use of his prescribed medical mattress and pillow, and canceling a scheduled
appointment—is within the ordinary experience of laymen and does not require expert testimony. Doc. 108 at 27-28. As for the first part of the isolation claim, plaintiff denies having had contact with someone who had scabies. He does not dispute, however, that prison authorities believed he had been in contact with such a person. As a result, plaintiff was ordered to take Ivermectin, which he refused to do. He was ordered to be isolated so that he would not infect other prisoners. He has not raised a genuine fact issue as to whether the determination that he had been exposed was negligent. In any event, plaintiff's medical classification and designation fall within the discretionary function exception to the FTCA. Blank v. United States, 713 F. App'x 400, 401 (5th Cir, 2018). Being placed in isolation is not a claim that can be pursued. As for the second part of the isolation claim, the court agrees that plaintiff does not require expert testimony to establish that he suffered harm when he was denied prescribed medications and his medical mattress and pillow and a medical appointment was cancelled simply because he was placed in isolation. A lay person would know that medications are prescribed and appointments are made for a reason. See Coleman v. United States, 912 F.3d 824, 829 (Sth Cir. 2019).
Accordingly, plaintiff should be allowed to proceed with this claim. As for the third claim, plaintiff says that there is expert testimony to establish the standard of care and causation. Doc. 108 at 28-29. However, the evidence he cites does not support this contention. Although defendants’ own expert testified that a delay of fifteen months in seeing a neurosurgeon would not be an acceptable practice for him, he did not opine about the standard in a prison setting. Doc. 109 at 036. More importantly, there is no expert testimony to establish causation of harm, which would clearly be required here. Therefore, plaintiff cannot proceed with his claim that he suffered harm as a result of the delay in receiving surgery. VI. order For the reasons discussed herein, The court ORDERS that the motion of Baruti and Hilert for summary judgment be, and is hereby, granted; that plaintiff take nothing on his claims against them; and, that such claims be, and are hereby, dismissed with prejudice. The court further ORDERS that United States’ motion for partial summary judgment be, and is hereby, granted in part, and plaintiff's claims for being placed in isolation, for harm 19
arising out of Bilert’s alleged failure to provide pain medication following surgery on May 1, 2019, and for harm arising out of the delay in his surgery be, and are hereby, dismissed, The only claims remaining to be tried as to United States are for (1) medical malpractice concerning alleged inadequate opioid medications for plaintiff's chronic pain, as alleged in his third amended complaint, Doc. 96, 44 87 & 88, and (2) injury, if any, suffered by plaintiff as a result of being denied his medical mattress, pillow, and medications, and the cancellation of an appointment while he was in isolation, Id. {4 60, 80, 87. The court determines that there is not just reason for delay in, and hereby directs, entry of final judgment as to the dismissal of the claims against Baruti and Eilert. SIGNED September 3, 2021. et ee J Jp) L 4 ) spo MCBRYDE S@hior United States District J dge