Avery, J.
The case is before us upon the single point,, whether his Honor erred in excluding the testimony offered on the ground that it was not admissible “in support of any plea pleaded by the defendants.”
The transcript contains, on the subject of the pleadings, only the following: “ The plaintiff complained for the sum of one hundred and eighty dollars and fos, due by defendants on contract. The defendants pleaded the general issue- and counterclaim of $89.07.”
The defendants contend that the “ general issue” in an action of this kind (assumpsit) was
non assumpsit,
and cites several authorities to show that, under the former practice, a defendant was allowed, under this plea, to show the pen-
dency of another action, or even a judgment in another suit between the same parties, in bar of recovery. We, therefore, deem it pertinent to quote the language of Chief Justice PearsoN in
Branch
v.
Houston,
Busb., 85, in which he so clearly points out the proper time and manner, under the old rules of pleading, of setting up and showing a want of jurisdiction in the Court:
“ 1. If there be a defect,
e. g.,
a total want of jurisdiction, apparent upon the face of the proceedings, the Court will, of its own motion, stay, quash or dismiss the suit. This is necessary to prevent the Court from being forced into an act •of usurpation, and compelled to give a void judgment.
“ 2. If the allegation bring the case within the jurisdiction, so that the defect is not apparent, and the
general issue
is
pleaded,
the proof not sustaining the allegation, there is a fatal variance, which is ground of nonsuit;
e. g.,
delaration
quare clausum fregit
in 'the county of Wake — general issue; proof, trespass on land in the county of Johnston; nonsuit, unless affidavit be made according to the statute.
“3. If the subject is within the jurisdiction, and there be
any peculiar circumstance excluding the plaintiffs or exempting the defendants,
it must be brought forward
by a plea
to the
jurisdiction. Otherwise, there is an implied waiver of the objection,
and the Court goes on in the exercise of its ordinary jurisdiction.” See also
Clarke
v.
Cameron,
4 Ired, 161; Wait’s Actions and Defences, p. 400.
Under the system of pleading and practice, established by the Code of Civil Procedure, it has been repeatedly held by -this Court, that when the defendant relies on a general denial, in the answer, of the allegations of the complaint, such a variance as the example given by the Chief Justice must compel the plaintiff to submit to judgment of nonsuit, unless permitted to amend after mistrial upon such terms as the Court may impose. And while the forms of action are abolished, and the technical rules of pleading dispensed
with, the same principles of law underlie both, and must make the
old and the new practice
and pleading often assimilate. The pendency of another suit between the same parties, and involving the very same subject-matter, being a circumstance
dehors
the record, which exempts the defendant from liability, must, under the formal method peculiar to the common law, have been made available by a plea in abatement before pleading to the merits; and upon the same governing principles is founded the rule, established under
The Code
practice, that the same defence must be “ set up in the answer, or in some way insisted on before the trial on the merits, and, if not, will be considered waived.”
Hawkins
v.
Hughes,
87 N. C., 115.
Pomeroy, in his work on Remedies and Remedial Rights, section 711, says: “ The defence that another action is pending for the same cause, must be specially pleaded, unless it is raised by demurrer.” The same author, in section 721, says: “ It is now settled, in direct opposition to the common law rule, that defences, which seek to abate the particular actions in which they are pleaded, may be united with those which seek to bar all recovery upon the same cause of action.” The author points out as a difficulty, in the practical working of the rule, that a general verdict for the defendant, upon all of the issues in abatement and in bar, might leave it uncertain whether plaintiff could prosecute another action, or was precluded from doing so. He suggests that in such cases the jury should be instructed, with great care, upon the issues raised by the.pleadings as defences of both characters.
The practice of incorporating the defence of the pendency of another action with others, that if established would bar recovery in any action brought for the same cause, has been approved by this Court. The suggestion of the Court¡in
Hawkins
v.
Hughes, supra,
that the matter set up in abatement should be passed upon before a trial upon the merits,
might be made perfectly consistent in practice with the rule laid down by Mr. Pomeroy. A jury could be instructed to respond, first, to an issue involving the question whether another action was pending, and if they should answer that affirmatively, then that they need not extend their inquiries to the other issues, because that finding would make it necessary to dismiss the action that was being tried, and leave the plaintiff to seek his remedy in the other action already at issue between the same parties.
The plaintiff caused summons to be issued by a Justice in both actions on the 13th day of March, 1388. The judgment was rendered in this action on the lóth of March following — but after return and removal to another Justice on the 13th. It does not appear when the other action was tried, but it was tried and judgment entered and satisfied before the Justice
tried, this case.
The pleadings were not written, but in the summons the defendant had notice “to answer the complaint of James W. Blackwell for the non-payment of the sum of one hundred and eight dollars and thirty-three cents, due by contract.” Under Rule X, sec. 840, of 7
he Code,
the Justice would, at the request of the defendant, have required the plaintiff “to exhibit his account or demand, or state the nature thereof,” or preclude him from giving evidence as to any demand not exhibited. We must assume, therefore, that the defendant waived his right under the rule, because he either knew the nature of the demand or did not care to know. So, if the defendant did no,t in fact know he might, by reasonable diligence, have known the cause of action in each of the cases before the trial of either, and so far as we can see, might have pleaded the pendency of the one in the other.
If, however, the record leaves us at liberty to conclude that the other action had been tried, and judgment had been rendered and satisfied before the defendant was required to plead in this action, then the
defendant could not avail himself of the estoppel (even if we concede that this case falls within the rule stated in
Jarrett
v.
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Avery, J.
The case is before us upon the single point,, whether his Honor erred in excluding the testimony offered on the ground that it was not admissible “in support of any plea pleaded by the defendants.”
The transcript contains, on the subject of the pleadings, only the following: “ The plaintiff complained for the sum of one hundred and eighty dollars and fos, due by defendants on contract. The defendants pleaded the general issue- and counterclaim of $89.07.”
The defendants contend that the “ general issue” in an action of this kind (assumpsit) was
non assumpsit,
and cites several authorities to show that, under the former practice, a defendant was allowed, under this plea, to show the pen-
dency of another action, or even a judgment in another suit between the same parties, in bar of recovery. We, therefore, deem it pertinent to quote the language of Chief Justice PearsoN in
Branch
v.
Houston,
Busb., 85, in which he so clearly points out the proper time and manner, under the old rules of pleading, of setting up and showing a want of jurisdiction in the Court:
“ 1. If there be a defect,
e. g.,
a total want of jurisdiction, apparent upon the face of the proceedings, the Court will, of its own motion, stay, quash or dismiss the suit. This is necessary to prevent the Court from being forced into an act •of usurpation, and compelled to give a void judgment.
“ 2. If the allegation bring the case within the jurisdiction, so that the defect is not apparent, and the
general issue
is
pleaded,
the proof not sustaining the allegation, there is a fatal variance, which is ground of nonsuit;
e. g.,
delaration
quare clausum fregit
in 'the county of Wake — general issue; proof, trespass on land in the county of Johnston; nonsuit, unless affidavit be made according to the statute.
“3. If the subject is within the jurisdiction, and there be
any peculiar circumstance excluding the plaintiffs or exempting the defendants,
it must be brought forward
by a plea
to the
jurisdiction. Otherwise, there is an implied waiver of the objection,
and the Court goes on in the exercise of its ordinary jurisdiction.” See also
Clarke
v.
Cameron,
4 Ired, 161; Wait’s Actions and Defences, p. 400.
Under the system of pleading and practice, established by the Code of Civil Procedure, it has been repeatedly held by -this Court, that when the defendant relies on a general denial, in the answer, of the allegations of the complaint, such a variance as the example given by the Chief Justice must compel the plaintiff to submit to judgment of nonsuit, unless permitted to amend after mistrial upon such terms as the Court may impose. And while the forms of action are abolished, and the technical rules of pleading dispensed
with, the same principles of law underlie both, and must make the
old and the new practice
and pleading often assimilate. The pendency of another suit between the same parties, and involving the very same subject-matter, being a circumstance
dehors
the record, which exempts the defendant from liability, must, under the formal method peculiar to the common law, have been made available by a plea in abatement before pleading to the merits; and upon the same governing principles is founded the rule, established under
The Code
practice, that the same defence must be “ set up in the answer, or in some way insisted on before the trial on the merits, and, if not, will be considered waived.”
Hawkins
v.
Hughes,
87 N. C., 115.
Pomeroy, in his work on Remedies and Remedial Rights, section 711, says: “ The defence that another action is pending for the same cause, must be specially pleaded, unless it is raised by demurrer.” The same author, in section 721, says: “ It is now settled, in direct opposition to the common law rule, that defences, which seek to abate the particular actions in which they are pleaded, may be united with those which seek to bar all recovery upon the same cause of action.” The author points out as a difficulty, in the practical working of the rule, that a general verdict for the defendant, upon all of the issues in abatement and in bar, might leave it uncertain whether plaintiff could prosecute another action, or was precluded from doing so. He suggests that in such cases the jury should be instructed, with great care, upon the issues raised by the.pleadings as defences of both characters.
The practice of incorporating the defence of the pendency of another action with others, that if established would bar recovery in any action brought for the same cause, has been approved by this Court. The suggestion of the Court¡in
Hawkins
v.
Hughes, supra,
that the matter set up in abatement should be passed upon before a trial upon the merits,
might be made perfectly consistent in practice with the rule laid down by Mr. Pomeroy. A jury could be instructed to respond, first, to an issue involving the question whether another action was pending, and if they should answer that affirmatively, then that they need not extend their inquiries to the other issues, because that finding would make it necessary to dismiss the action that was being tried, and leave the plaintiff to seek his remedy in the other action already at issue between the same parties.
The plaintiff caused summons to be issued by a Justice in both actions on the 13th day of March, 1388. The judgment was rendered in this action on the lóth of March following — but after return and removal to another Justice on the 13th. It does not appear when the other action was tried, but it was tried and judgment entered and satisfied before the Justice
tried, this case.
The pleadings were not written, but in the summons the defendant had notice “to answer the complaint of James W. Blackwell for the non-payment of the sum of one hundred and eight dollars and thirty-three cents, due by contract.” Under Rule X, sec. 840, of 7
he Code,
the Justice would, at the request of the defendant, have required the plaintiff “to exhibit his account or demand, or state the nature thereof,” or preclude him from giving evidence as to any demand not exhibited. We must assume, therefore, that the defendant waived his right under the rule, because he either knew the nature of the demand or did not care to know. So, if the defendant did no,t in fact know he might, by reasonable diligence, have known the cause of action in each of the cases before the trial of either, and so far as we can see, might have pleaded the pendency of the one in the other.
If, however, the record leaves us at liberty to conclude that the other action had been tried, and judgment had been rendered and satisfied before the defendant was required to plead in this action, then the
defendant could not avail himself of the estoppel (even if we concede that this case falls within the rule stated in
Jarrett
v.
Self,
90 N. C., 478), without pleading specially,! in his answer as new matter, the record in the other case. “ An estoppel by judgment must be pleaded, if there is or has been any- opportunity to do so.” Pomeroy on Rem. and Rem. Rights, section 712, note 4.
Caldwell
v.
Avger,
4 Minn., 217. Where the record and judgment, in a former action, are relied upon to bar recovery in a second suit between the same parties, the plea of estoppel on that ground must be distinctly set up as new matter, in the answer, and will not be considered as comprehended under the general denials of the several allegations constituting the plaintiff’s cause of action.
Yates
v.
Yates,
81 N. C., 397;
Tuttle
v.
Harrill,
85 N. C., 456;
Isler
v.
Harrison,
71 N. C., 64;
Falls
v.
Gamble,
66 N. C., 455;
Gay
v.
Stancell,
76 N. C., 369.
We cannot construe the “ memorandum ” “general issue” when made in a Justice’s Court, under our present system of pleading, to mean more than that the defendant will interpose a general denial to the cause or causes of action, alleged either
ore terms
or in a written complaint by the plaintiff, and evidence of an estoppel by a judgment in another action, or of the pendency of another action between the same parties, is'not admissible in support of such a defence.
But it is unnecessary for us to decide whether the plaintiff could “ split up ” his account, and bring two actions instead of one, or whether the account was due under a single contract, and therefore cognizable only in the Superior Court if the evidence had been admitted and was true. It was not competent to sustain the defence, as it was entered in the Justice’s Court, and the defendants’ counsel admits on argument that the refusal of his Honor to allow an amendment cannot be reviewed in this Court. We concur with his Honor in his ruling.
No error. Affirmed.