GREENE, J.
In this case, we must determine whether Petitioner, Ocie L. Black, Jr., has produced a sufficient appellate record establishing that there was trial error, in a situation where the record contains an unexplained and unmarked jury note that the trial judge indicates that he neither saw nor responded to during [333]*333the course of the criminal trial. Petitioner was charged in the Circuit Court for Howard County with child sexual assault and related offenses with regard to the assault of his girlfriend’s daughter, Kayla. The offenses allegedly occurred between the time when Kayla was seven and twelve years of age. Following a jury trial, the jury convicted Petitioner of one count of child sexual abuse, two counts of second degree sex offense, and two counts of third degree sex offense. The court imposed a sentence of thirty-two years incarceration.
Petitioner noted an appeal to the Court of Special Appeals, claiming, inter alia, that the trial court erred in failing to disclose a jury note to him and his trial counsel. In an unreported opinion, the intermediate appellate court affirmed the judgment of the trial court. We granted certiorari, Black v. State, 422 Md. 352, 30 A.3d 193 (2011), to answer one question: “Does a jury note with no date or time stamp found in the appellate record establish that the trial court received the jury communication at issue in order to trigger the requirements of Md. Rule 4-326(d)?” We shall answer that question in the negative and affirm the judgment of the Court of Special Appeals.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
For purposes of our review, we focus on the facts surrounding the jury notes found in the appellate record and on the known facts that relate to those notes. After the close of all the evidence in this case, the jury began its deliberations around 5:10 p.m. on July 23, 2008, and returned with its verdict at 12:06 a.m. on July 24, 2008. At some point after the jury returned with its verdict and had been excused, five notes relevant to this discussion were found located in a single envelope contained within the court file; three of the notes, as confirmed by the affidavits of the trial judge, the prosecuting attorney, and the defense attorney, were actually communicated to the trial court and a response was given by the trial judge.1
[334]*334All five notes were written on loose-leaf style, lined paper. The first note is dated in the upper right-hand corner as follows: “7/28/08 Received 8:18pm.” The substantive part reads: “We would like to reconvene in the morning. And could we have more copies of the jury instructions?” The note is signed, “Elisabeth L[_] [Jjuror # 1 [.]” Below the signature, there is a handwritten response: “Here are more copies of the instructions. Please continue deliberating.” The second note is dated: “7/23/08 9:55pm.” It reads: “In relation to the charge of fellatio, did Kayla testify that her mouth touched the defendant’s penis?” It is signed, “Elisabeth L[_] [J]uror # 1[.]” Below the signature is the handwritten response, which reads: “You must rely on your own memory of the testimony.” The third note is dated in the upper right-hand corner: “7/23/08 11:40pm.” It further reads in substance: “For the definition of fellatio we need some clarification, does there only have to be contact or does there have to be penetration? Same question applies to eunnilingus.” The note is signed, “Elisabeth L[_] [J]uror 1[.]” A response is written below the signature for juror number one. It reads: “The instructions for 2[nd] [degree] sex offense (eunnilingus) and 2[nd] [degree] sex offense (fellatio) and 3rd degree sex offense were inadvertently left off the 5 extra copies. They have been attached. The legal definition of eunnilingus and fellatio are set forth in the instructions for 2[nd] [degree] sex offense that have been provided.”
Note four, which is at issue in this case, was not dated, nor was any time placed on the paper indicating receipt by the [335]*335court during the course of the trial or deliberations. The Note contains a statement and a question. It reads: “We agree on 2 out of the 5, but have not come to an agreement on the other 3 ... do you have any suggestions on how to proceed?” The Note is signed, “Elisabeth L[_] [JJuror # 1[.]” The fifth note is a small strip of paper. In the lower left-hand corner margin there is drawn a picture of what appears to be a flower or four-leaf clover. Outside of the margin, in the body of the strip of paper, is written the word “Guilty[.]” There are no other writings on the paper.
Consistent with the affidavits of the presiding judge, the Honorable Richard S. Bernhardt, and the prosecuting and defense attorneys, the receipt of the three answered notes was clearly a regular part of the trial court proceedings. The record shows that the content of those three notes was communicated to the trial court and responded to by the trial judge before the jury rendered its verdict. Neither the trial judge nor the trial attorneys had any recollection or knowledge with regard to the unanswered Note four. In addition, there is no indication in the record that any of the parties mentioned had any knowledge of Note five, the note depicting a drawing and the word “Guilty[.]” The trial judge, however, was quite specific in stating that “[he] was not in receipt of, nor was [he] made aware, of note “ ‘Number 4.’ ”
Moreover, the trial judge outlined in his affidavit his normal practice with regard to jury notes — -a practice that he indicated he followed during the trial of this case. According to the trial judge:
When a jury note was passed to me by the bailiff I would write on the note the date and the time that I received the note. I then would have my law clerk find counsel and bring them to my office. I would discuss the note with counsel and ask for their recommendations. I would inform counsel of what my answer to the jury was going to be and then invite counsel to place any objections on the record at that time. I would then write my answer on the note and have the note returned to the jury.
[336]*336In the present case, the trial judge stated, “I have no recollection of any communication that occurred between myself and the jury, nor do I have any reason to believe that there was any communication between myself and the jury as to note ‘Number 4.’ ”
On appeal of this case to the Court of Special Appeals, and before this Court, Petitioner asserts that the “trial court erred in failing to disclose to [him] and his counsel the note indicating that the jury was deadlocked.” Notwithstanding, the intermediate appellate court affirmed the judgment of conviction, ruling as follows:
Although we acknowledge the principles set forth in Denicolis [v. State, 378 Md. 646, 837 A.2d 944 (2003)] and Fields [v. State, 172 Md.App. 496, 916 A.2d 357 (2007)], we note that in both cases the threshold determination for triggering the requirements of [Maryland] Rule 4-326(d) is establishing that the trial court actually received the communication in question. Denicolis, 378 Md. at 658 [837 A.2d at 951] (“[i]t is clear that a communication from the jury was received”); Fields, 172 Md.App. at 516 [916 A.2d at 369] (“what we do know is that the note was submitted and marked as an exhibit”). Thus, where the record does not establish that the pertinent communication was received by the trial court, we conclude that the court’s responsibilities under Rule 4-326[ (d) ] do not arise. Rule 4-326[ (d) ] (stating that notice requirements are only triggered upon “the receipt of any communication from the jury pertaining to the action”).
In the instant case, none of the jury notes contained in the record were marked as exhibits. Unlike the other notes received from the jury, Note 4 was not marked with a date and time of receipt by the trial court. Though not definitive proof, the absence of a notation indicating the date and time Note 4 was received is contrary to the trial judge’s avowed “normal practice of handling jury notes.” Note 4 also did not include any written response from the trial court, whereas Notes 1 through 3 included written responses. In the absence of a written response to the note, we would [337]*337expect to find some indication of an oral response to the jury’s inquiry in the trial transcript. The record, however, indicates that the trial court did not reconvene the jury, to respond to a jury note, at any time between the time deliberations began until receipt of the verdict.
Most conclusively, unlike the general recollections of the trial judges in Denicolis and Fields, in this case, the trial judge, in an affidavit, attests, “I was not in receipt of, nor was [I] made aware, of note ‘Number 4.’ ” We accept the judge’s attestation that Note 4 was not received from the jury. We conclude, therefore, that the trial court’s responsibilities under Rule 4 — 326(d) never arose. We are unwilling to expand the holdings in Denicolis and Fields to a case in which an entirely unmarked note is “discovered” in the record and the trial judge informs that the note was not received by the trial court.
DISCUSSION
To determine the existence of reversible error, ordinarily we conduct two inquiries: (1) whether an error occurred in the trial court; and (2) if so, whether that error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. See Stewart v. State, 334 Md. 213, 228, 638 A.2d 754, 761 (1994); Noble v. State, 293 Md. 549, 558, 446 A.2d 844, 848 (1982); Dorsey v. State, 276 Md. 638, 659, 350 A.2d 665, 678 (1976). With respect to the first inquiry, we have held that “[t]here is a presumption of regularity which normally attaches to trial court proceedings, although its applicability may sometimes depend upon the nature of the issue before the reviewing court.” Harris v. State, 406 Md. 115, 122, 956 A.2d 204, 208 (2008) (citations omitted). To overcome the presumption of regularity or correctness, the appellant or petitioner has the burden of producing a “sufficient factual record for the appellate court to determine whether error was committed[.]” Mora v. State, 355 Md. 639, 650, 735 A.2d 1122, 1128 (1999); State v. Chaney, 375 Md. 168, 184, 825 A.2d 452, 461 (2003); Bradley v. Hazard Tech. Co., 340 Md. 202, 206, 665 A.2d 1050, 1052 (1995). If the appellant or petitioner demonstrates that error occurred, the [338]*338burden rests with the State to establish that the error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. Dorsey, 276 Md. at 658, 350 A.2d at 677.
Maryland Rule 4-326(d), which governs communications between a jury and the trial court, provides:
(d) Communications with jury. The court shall notify the defendant and the State’s Attorney of the receipt of any communication from the jury pertaining to the action as promptly as practicable and in any event before responding to the communication. All such communications between the court and the jury shall be on the record in open court or shall be in writing and filed in the action. The clerk or the court shall note on a written communication the date and time it was received from the jury.
The requirements enunciated in this Rule derive from the principle that an accused in a criminal prosecution has the absolute right to be present at every stage of trial from the time the jury is impaneled until it reaches a verdict or is discharged; that includes the right to be present “when there shall be any communication whatsoever between the court and the jury[,] unless the record affirmatively shows that such communications were not prejudicial or had no tendency to influence the verdict of the jury.” Midgett v. State, 216 Md. 26, 36-37, 139 A.2d 209, 214 (1958).
In interpreting the Maryland Rules, we have stated that “we use the same well-established canons of construction that we use when interpreting statutes.” Perez v. State, 420 Md. 57, 63, 21 A.3d 1048, 1052 (2011) (quotation omitted); State ex rel. Lennon v. Strazzella, 331 Md. 270, 274, 627 A.2d 1055, 1057 (1993). We “look to the plain meaning of the language employed in the[ ] rules and construe that language without forced or subtle interpretations designed to limit or extend its scope.” Lee v. State, 332 Md. 654, 658, 632 A.2d 1183, 1185 (1993). We avoid a construction of a rule or statute that is unreasonable, illogical, or inconsistent with common sense. Gwin v. MVA, 385 Md. 440, 462, 869 A.2d 822, 835 (2005). We construe statutes and rules as a whole “so that no [339]*339word, clause, sentence, or phrase is rendered surplusage, superfluous, meaningless, or nugatory.” Moore v. State, 388 Md. 446, 453, 879 A.2d 1111, 1115 (2005) (citation omitted).
In Winder v. State, 362 Md. 275, 322, 765 A.2d 97, 122-23 (2001), we summarized the principles pertaining to communications between the court and the jury:
The rules governing communications between the judge and the jury are basic and relatively simple to adhere to in practice. If a judge receives a communication from the jury or wishes to communicate with the jury, he or she is required to notify the parties. See Md. Rule 4-326(c).[2] The communication with the jury shall be made in open court on the record or shall be made in writing and the writing shall become part of the record. See Md. Rule 4-326(c). Putting aside certain exceptions not relevant here, the defendant has a recognized right to be present during communications between the judge and the jury during [the] trial. See Md. Rule 4-231(b); Stewart v. State, 334 Md. 213, 224-25, 638 A.2d 754, 759 (1994); Williams v. State, 292 Md. 201, 211, 438 A.2d 1301, 1306 (1981) (“a criminal defendant’s right to be present at every stage of his trial is a common law right [and] is to some extent protected by the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution”). These rules are not abstract guides. They are mandatory and must be strictly followed. See Taylor v. State, 352 Md. 338, 344, 722 A.2d 65, 68 (1998); Stewart, 334 Md. at 222, 638 A.2d at 758.
In Denicolis v. State, 378 Md. 646, 653, 837 A.2d 944, 948 (2003), we determined that the trial court received four notes from the jury during deliberations. The third note, the note at issue in that case, was marked as an exhibit and sought clarification on the definition of the crime of solicitation. Denicolis, 378 Md. at 653, 837 A.2d at 949. There was no [340]*340mention of a third note in the trial transcript, nor was there any other indication in the record that reflected a response or any mention of the note. Id. Notwithstanding, a majority of the Court concluded that “[i]t is clear that a communication from the jury was received, for it appears in the record and is labeled as a court exhibit. It is also clear that neither [the defendant] nor his attorney were informed about the communication.” Denicolis, 378 Md. at 658, 837 A.2d at 951. Two judges dissented, concluding that the record was far from clear because the unexplained jury note, although “signed and marked as a court exhibit,” was not referenced in the transcript and bore no time-stamp to indicate whether and when the court, in fact, received it. Denicolis, 378 Md. at 664, 837 A.2d at 955 (Battaglia, J., dissenting). The dissent, further disagreeing with the majority that the petitioner had met his burden of establishing trial court error, pointed out that “the record contained] no information that, if the trial judge knew of the note at all, he had time to respond to the jury’s request.” Id. (Battaglia, J., dissenting).
Similarly, in Fields v. State, 172 Md.App. 496, 516-17, 916 A.2d 357, 368-69 (2007), the Court of Special Appeals, relying on our decision in Denicolis, concluded that the presence of an unanswered note in the appellate record constituted error under Rule 4-326(d). In Fields, the official record contained a note that was not reflected in the trial transcripts, “apparently from juror number seven, marked as ‘Court’s Exhibit # 4.’ ” Fields, 172 Md.App. at 512, 916 A.2d at 366. The note contained a substantive question, and the record did not indicate that any response had been given to the jury. Fields, 172 Md.App. at 512-13, 916 A.2d at 366. In concluding that Fields produced a sufficient record on appeal to establish trial court error, the intermediate appellate court reasoned that “[a]lthough we do not know what action was taken in response to the jury’s note, what we do know is that the note was submitted and marked as an exhibit in the proceedings and what we must surmise is that there is a real possibility, if not probability, that the jury never received an answer to a substantive question it deemed important to its determination [341]*341of who murdered [the victim].... ” Fields, 172 Md.App. at 516, 916 A.2d at 369.
In the instant case, Petitioner argues that his convictions should be reversed because Note four was found in the appellate record, and the record and transcript indicate that the trial court never disclosed Note four to him and his trial counsel. According to Petitioner, the trial “transcript reveals that the trial judge did not go on the record any time between sending the jury out for deliberations at 5:10 p.m. and when the jury returned its verdict at 12:06 a.m. the following morning.” Petitioner claims that although the trial judge provided an account of his usual practice, the judge’s affidavit is insufficient to establish that the usual practice was utilized with respect to Note four. Petitioner maintains that “the [mere] appearance of the [N]ote in the record establishes receipt [by the court].”
The State counters, asserting that “because [Petitioner] failed to establish that the trial court was ever in receipt of the [N]ote in question, [he] in turn failed to establish that the trial court had any duty under Rule 4-326(d), let alone violated the duty.” The State further asserts that the trial judge’s affidavit, affirmatively stating that he did not receive Note four, and the absence of a date or time on Note four, compel the conclusion that the trial court did not receive the Note. Thus, the State maintains that Petitioner has not sufficiently demonstrated that the mandates of Rule 4-326(d) were triggered by the circumstances of this case.
When reading the plain language of Rule 4-326(d), it is clear that the trial court’s obligations under the Rule begin upon “the receipt of any communication from the jury pertaining to the aetion[.]” As the Court of Special Appeals correctly concluded, in the present case, the requirements of subsection (d) are not triggered unless Petitioner produces a sufficient appellate record establishing that the trial court actually received the alleged communication. We add that the communication must have been received by the court before the jury rendered its verdict and was discharged.
[342]*342The parties concede, and this Court agrees, that receipt by the “court,” as contemplated by Rule 4-326(d), encompasses more than receipt by the trial judge. The court includes the trial judge and all court personnel who are subject to the direction and control of the judge, including, but not limited to, the courtroom clerk, the judge’s law clerk, and the bailiff. Thus, receipt by the trial judge or any court personnel of a communication from the jury pertaining to the action at a time before the jury renders its verdict constitutes receipt within the meaning of Rule 4-326(d), and the mandates of the Rule are triggered at that time.
In April 2005, approximately two years after our decision in Denicolis, this Court adopted an amendment to Rule 4 — 326(d) to require that written communications to or from a jury shall be dated and time-stamped and that the time of any oral communications shall be noted in the record. See Md. Rule 4-326(d) (amended 2005). “There is a strong presumption that judges and court clerks, like other public officers, properly perform their duties.” Schowgurow v. State, 240 Md. 121, 126, 213 A.2d 475, 479 (1965) (citing Lewis v. United States, 279 U.S. 63, 73, 49 S.Ct. 257, 260, 73 L.Ed. 615, 619 (1929)). This presumption of regularity is rebuttable. Harris v. State, 406 Md. 115, 122, 956 A.2d 204, 208 (2008). Thus, there is a presumption, under Rule 4-326(d), that written jury communications that are received by the trial court will be dated and time-stamped and that the time of any oral communications will be noted in the record. Furthermore, we interpret the requirements contained in that Rule and the presumption of regularity to mean that when a purported jury note found in the appellate record is not dated or timestamped, nor is the time of any oral communication noted in the record, there is a rebuttable presumption that the trial court did not receive the communication. The burden is on the petitioner or appellant to overcome the presumption of regularity in a situation where there is no date or time-stamp on the jury note and there is no indication in the record that the trial court addressed, or otherwise responded to, the communication.
[343]*343It is clear from a close reading of Denicolis that the majority, in that case, was persuaded that the jury note was received by the trial court not only because it appeared in the court record, but because it was marked as a court exhibit. See Denicolis, 378 Md. at 658, 837 A.2d at 951. Thus, there was a reasonable inference for the majority to make in Denicolis that a member of the court staff had received the jury note, and had subsequently marked that note as a court exhibit, thereby triggering the mandates of Rule 4-326(d). In the present case, unlike in Denicolis, there was an affidavit filed by the trial judge stating affirmatively that he did not know of the existence of jury Note four; thus, it is clear that he did not receive it. The trial judge’s attestation, “I was not in receipt of, nor was [I] made aware, of note ‘Number 4[,]’ ” distinguishes the present case from Denicolis and supports our conclusion that Note four was not received. Furthermore, it is reasonable for us to conclude, based on the appellate record produced by Petitioner, that no other court personnel received the Note prior to the discharge of the jury. Unlike the circumstances in Denicolis, where a member of the court staff marked the jury note as a court exhibit, the Note in the instant case contains no indication that any court personnel received it. The lack of any notations on Note four indicating receipt and the assertion in the trial judge’s affidavit that he did not receive the Note, raise a rebuttable presumption that Note four was not received by the court. Notations on a jury communication, including, but not limited to, a date and time-stamp, a signature by the judge, or a marking indicating that a document is a court exhibit, can rebut that presumption. Accordingly, Petitioner has failed to produce a sufficient appellate record to rebut the presumption of regularity.
Moreover, for Note four to have been “received,” and for it to have any relevance, it must have been received prior to rendition of the jury’s verdict. In other words, it must have been received before or during the jury’s deliberations, at a time when the trial court could have responded to the communication. For, as we have often stated, information contained in the jury room and discovered or made known after the [344]*344verdict has been rendered may not be used to impeach the jury’s verdict. See Stokes v. State, 379 Md. 618, 637, 843 A.2d 64, 75 (2004) (concluding that “[i]t would be a most pernicious practice, and in its consequences dangerous to this much valued mode of trial, to permit a verdict, openly and solemnly declared in the [cjourt, to be subverted by going behind it and inquiring into the secrets of the jury room” (quotation omitted)); Williams v. State, 204 Md. 55, 70, 102 A.2d 714, 721 (1954) (holding that “[i]n Maryland there has been no deviation from the rule that what takes place in the jury-room ought to be, as it generally is, known only to the jurors themselves and that their testimony cannot in general be heard to impeach their verdict” (citation omitted)). In this case, the record is devoid of any evidence, including any statements by the trial judge, trial counsel, or anyone else present at the trial, to support the conclusion that the jury sent a substantive note, namely Note four, to the court before or during deliberations. If Note four had been dated or timestamped, this fact could have overcome the presumption that the Note was not received by the court before the jury rendered its verdict. Dates and time-stamps can confirm how much time elapsed between receipt of any jury note and the jury’s agreement on a verdict. In addition, a notation on a jury note, such as a marking by the judge, a law clerk, or a courtroom clerk, can raise a presumption regarding the trial court’s receipt, thereby removing any ambiguity or doubt from the record.
Lastly, in Denicolis, this Court concluded that the petitioner’s ability to establish the circumstances under which the note in question was received and what, if any, reaction there was to it, was hampered. Denicolis, 378 Md. at 657-58, 837 A.2d at 951. In the present case, appellate counsel for Petitioner obtained affidavits from the trial judge and from trial counsel. No adequate explanation was given, however, for the absence in the record of affidavits from the courtroom clerk(s), bailiff(s), and trial judge’s law clerk, any of whom may have knowledge bearing on how Notes four and five ended up in the court file and why there is no apparent [345]*345response to them in the record. The mere fact that the trial judge failed to respond to a jury communication, which the record supports that he did not receive, does not convince us that no better record than the one presented by Petitioner could have been made for purposes of a direct appeal. Likewise, the state of the record does not persuade us that Petitioner’s ability to establish the circumstances surrounding the court’s receipt of Note four was hampered. Given the trial judge’s attestation that Note four was not received by him, the more plausible explanation for how Notes four and five got into the court record is that all papers left in the jury room after the jury had been discharged were gathered and placed in one envelope, in the court file, for storage, along with jury notes that had been presented to the trial judge for a response.3
On the basis of the record before us, we agree with the Court of Special Appeals in concluding that Note four was not received by the court from the jury within the meaning of Rule 4-326(d). In addition, Petitioner did not rebut the [346]*346presumption of regularity for trial court proceedings. Therefore, the trial court’s responsibilities under subsection (d) were never triggered.
JUDGMENT OF THE COURT OF SPECIAL APPEALS IS AFFIRMED. PETITIONER TO PAY THE COSTS IN THIS COURT AND IN THE COURT OF SPECIAL APPEALS.
BELL, C.J., dissents.