RlORDAN, J.
Plaintiff, Shannon Bitterman, appeals as of right the circuit court’s order granting partial summary disposition in favor of defendant, village of
Oakley (the “Village”), in this case brought under the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), MCL 15.231
et seq.
The Village cross-appeals. We affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND
On March 20, 2013, Bitterman made a two-part FOIA request to the Village, seeking records, documents, and information about Village police reservists from the previous three years. She also requested a copy of an audio recording from a September 13, 2011 Village council meeting. On March 21, 2013, the Village’s clerk denied both requests, citing the civil litigation exemption, MCL 15.243(l)(v). On April 3, 2013, Bitterman filed a complaint in the circuit court, alleging that her requests were wrongfully denied. Bitter-man also submitted a second FOIA request to the Village on April 3, 2013, requesting a list containing the names, full addresses, and telephone numbers of every donor to the Village of Oakley Police Donation Fund for the previous five years. On April 8, 2013, the Village denied the request for donor information, citing the privacy exemption, MCL 15.243(l)(a). Bitterman amended her complaint to add allegations that the April 3 FOIA request was wrongfully denied.
Subsequently, on April 19, 2013, the Village asserted an additional ground for denying Bitterman’s request for information relating to the police reservists. It sent Bitterman a letter stating that it was denying her FOIA request because she failed to sufficiently identify the information she sought. The Village also denied her request for the audio recording of the council meeting because the recording had been destroyed before Bitterman submitted her FOIA request, so it had no existing recording.
The parties filed cross-motions for summary disposition. In its motion, the Village argued that the information on the police reservists was exempt from disclosure because Bitterman’s request was overly broad and failed to sufficiently describe a public record. The Village contended that it does not maintain a list of police reservists — active or inactive. The Village also argued that the disclosure of the information regarding the police reservists was protected by numerous FOIA exemptions and that the privacy exemption of MCL 15.243(l)(a) applied to Bitterman’s request. Bitterman contended that the Village should not be able to assert in the circuit court the additional defenses listed in its April 19 letter.
The circuit court ruled that the names, addresses, and telephone numbers of the donors to the police fund were exempt from disclosure under the privacy exemption, MCL 15.243(l)(a). Further, the court held that the names of
active
police reservists were exempt from disclosure under Subparagraph
(viii)
of the law enforcement exemption, MCL 15.243(l)(s)(uiii). However, the court held that the names of
inactive
police reservists were not exempt pursuant to either the law enforcement exemption or the privacy exemption and ordered disclosure of the nonexempt information. Finally, the court held that the Village did not have to disclose the audio recording because the recording was not in existence at the time that Bitterman made her March 20 FOIA request.
II. MORE RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
On October 10, 2014, the circuit court issued an injunction prohibiting the Village’s police department
from operating.
Thus, in effect, all village of Oakley police reservists now are inactive. Subsequently, on October 14, 2014, the Village council ordered the release of the names of all police officers and reservists who have served the Village. At oral argument in this Court on October 15, 2014, Bitterman’s counsel advised us of the recent developments. We then ordered supplemental briefing on the effect of those recent developments on this appeal.
In her supplemental brief, Bitterman argues that by deciding to release the names of the police reservists, the Village has waived its challenge to disclosure under the FOIA. She relies on the public domain doctrine from federal freedom of information act cases. The Village responds that the recent events are not relevant to the issue before this Court, i.e., whether the Village lawfully refused to disclose the requested information on the basis of the cited exemptions. The Village maintains that this Court should review the circuit court’s decision in light of the information that was before the Village when it decided the issue. The Village also argues that the public domain doctrine does not apply because Bitterman has not shown that the information at issue has been preserved in a permanent public record.
In
State News v Mich State Univ,
481 Mich 692, 703-704; 753 NW2d 20 (2008), our Supreme Court explained:
We agree with the Court of Appeals statement that “public bodies and trial courts can only make decisions on FOIA matters on the basis of the information that is before them at the time, and it is not the function of appellate courts to second-guess those decisions on the basis of
information that later becomes available.” We disagree, however, with the panel’s further, contrary musings that the passage of time and subsequent events could negate the applicability of a FOIA exemption. Rather, we hold that unless the FOIA exemption provides otherwise, the appropriate time to measure whether a public record is exempt under a particular FOIA exemption is the time when the public body asserts the exemption.
The denial of a FOIA request occurs at a definite point in time. The public body relies on the information available to it at that time to make a legal judgment whether the requested public record is fully or partially exempt from disclosure. The determinative legal question for a judicial body reviewing the denial is whether the public body erred because the FOIA exemption applied [sic: did not apply?]
when it denied the request.
Subsequent developments are irrelevant to that FOIA inquiry. There is no indication from the text of either the privacy or the law-enforcement-purposes exemption or from another, independent FOIA provision that the public body’s assertion of a FOIA exemption may be reexamined by the circuit court or an appellate court while taking into consideration information not available to the public body when it denied the request.
In accordance with
State News,
we will not consider the fact that the Village police department’s operations were halted and all of the police reservists became inactive when evaluating the applicability of the relevant exemptions in this matter.
In addition, although our Supreme Court noted that the “release of the requested public record by the public body would render the FOIA appeal moot because there would no longer be a controversy requiring judicial resolution,”
id.
at 704 n 25, the issue in this case is not moot because the parties’ supplemental briefs indicate that despite the Village council’s decision to release the names of reservists, the names, in fact, have not been released to the public. Accordingly, notwithstanding the recent developments, we will address the arguments raised in the appeal and cross-appeal.
III. THE FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT
The FOIA is written to provide to those who seek it “ Tull and complete information regarding the affairs of government and the official acts of those who represent them as public officials and public employees,’ thereby allowing them to ‘fully participate in the democratic process.’ ”
Amberg v Dearborn,
497 Mich 28, 30; 859 NW2d 674 (2014), quoting MCL 15.231(2). Further, MCL 15.231(2) states in its entirety that “[i]t is the public policy of this state that all persons, except those persons incarcerated in state or local correctional facilities, are entitled to full and complete information regarding the affairs of government and the official acts of those who represent them as public officials and public employees, consistent with this act. The people shall be informed so that they may fully participate in the democratic process.”
Except under certain specifically delineated exceptions, a person who “ ‘provides] a public body’s FOIA coordinator with a written request that describes a public record sufficiently to enable the public body to find the public record’ is entitled ‘to inspect, copy, or receive copies of the requested public record of the public body.’ ”
Amberg,
497 Mich at 30, quoting MCL 15.233(1); see also
Coblentz v City of Novi,
475 Mich 558, 573; 719 NW2d 73 (2006) (“A FOIA request must be fulfilled unless MCL 15.243 lists an applicable specific exemption.”).
A. THE VILLAGE’S ASSERTION OF NEW DEFENSES AFTER ITS FIRST RESPONSE
Bitterman argues that the Village is estopped from raising any new defenses in support of its decision to deny her FOIA requests after it made its “final determination to deny the request” pursuant to MCL 15.235(4).
This exact issue was addressed in
Stone Street Capital, Inc v Bureau of State Lottery,
263 Mich App 683, 688 n 2; 689 NW2d 541 (2004), where we explained that “a public body may assert for the first time in the circuit court defenses not originally raised at the administrative level.” Accordingly, Bitterman’s argument is without merit.
B. THE DONORS TO THE POLICE FUND
Bitterman next argues that the circuit court erred by holding that the names
of the donors to the police fund were exempt from disclosure. We review de novo a circuit court’s legal determinations in a FOIA case.
King v Mich State Police Dep’t,
303 Mich App 162, 174; 841 NW2d 914 (2013). The court’s factual findings are reviewed for clear error if a party challenges the underlying facts supporting the court’s decision.
Id.
Discretionary determinations in a FOIA case are reviewed for an abuse of discretion.
Id.
at 175. “A trial court abuses its discretion when its decision falls outside the range of principled outcomes.”
Id.
Questions of statutory interpretation are reviewed de novo.
Id.
The privacy exemption permits a public body to exempt from disclosure “[information of a personal nature if public disclosure of the information would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of an individual’s privacy.” MCL 15.243(l)(a). The burden is on
the public body to sustain “its decision to withhold the requested record from disclosure.”
Mich Federation of Teachers & Sch Related Personnel, AFT, AFL-CIO v Univ of Mich,
481 Mich 657, 665; 753 NW2d 28 (2008). A public body must first establish that the requested information is “ ‘of a personal nature.’ ”
Id.
at 675, quoting MCL 15.243(l)(a). If the public body meets this burden, it also must show that the public disclosure “ ‘would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of an individual’s privacy,’ ”
id.,
which is determined by balancing the public interest in disclosure — the core purpose of the FOIA — against the interest the Legislature intended the exemption to protect.
Mager v Dep’t of State Police,
460 Mich 134, 144-145; 595 NW2d 142 (1999).
“Under the first prong of the privacy exemption, information is ‘of a personal nature’ if it is ‘intimate,’ ‘embarrassing,’ ‘private,’ or ‘confidential.’ ”
Rataj v Romulus,
306 Mich App 735, 750; 858 NW2d 116 (2014) (citation omitted). “In the absence of special circumstances ... an individual’s name is not ‘[(Information of a personal nature’ within the meaning of MCL 15.243(l)(a).”
Id.
at 753 (brackets in original). The Village does not argue that the names of donors to the Village of Oakley Police Donation Fund for the past five years are intimate or embarrassing.
This Court’s opinion in
Detroit Free Press, Inc v Southfield,
269 Mich App 275; 713 NW2d 28 (2005), is instructive. In that case, we held that
the names of pension recipients combined with their pension amounts is not information of a personal nature. The information does not solely relate to private assets or personal decisions. Rather, the pension amounts reflect specific governmental decisions regarding retirees’ continuing compensation for public service. Therefore, the pension amounts are more comparable to public salaries
than to private assets.... The precise manner of expenditure of public funds is simply not a private fact.
[Id.
at 282-283 (quotation marks and citations omitted).]
Here, the fact that the donors used private assets to contribute to the police fund does not necessarily make the information “of a personal nature.” See
id.
at 283 (“Records are not automatically exempt under the FOIA merely because they contain information about private assets.”). “[I]f private information is included in the records of a public body, the court must determine whether the information is exempt because it relates to an individual’s ‘private life’ according to the community standards, customs, and views.”
Id.
Bitter-man does not seek disclosure of the amount of each donor’s contribution, only the names of the donors. Of added significance to this is that the private funds were donated for public use and, as Bitterman alleges, for the entitlement of being labeled a village police reservist. In addition, the record shows that donations to the police fund were not used solely to fund the police department. Village council meeting minutes reflect that large amounts — $30,000, for example— have been transferred from the police fund to cover other governmental operating expenses. Thus, this case is distinguishable from
Clerical-Technical Union v Mich State Univ Bd of Trustees,
190 Mich App 300; 475 NW2d 373 (1991), in which the addresses of donors
to the university were kept anonymous because their donations were unrelated to how the university functioned as a public institution. Accordingly, in the instant case, we hold that the names of the donors are not information of a personal nature, and that, as a result, the privacy exemption in MCL 15.243(l)(a) does not exempt the information from disclosure.
Moreover, even if the information were of a personal nature, the Village cannot satisfy the second prong of the privacy exemption. The second prong of the provision considers whether public disclosure of the information “ ‘would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of an individual’s privacy.’ ”
Rataj,
306 Mich App at 751, quoting MCL 15.243(l)(a). In order to answer this question, the court must
balance the public interest in disclosure against the interest [the Legislature] intended the exemption to protect!.] • • • [T]he only relevant public interest in disclosure to be weighed in this balance is the extent to which disclosure would serve the core purpose of the FOIA, which is contributing significantly to public understanding of the operations or activities of the government.
[Rataj,
306 Mich App at 751; slip op at 7 (quotation marks and citations omitted; alterations in original).]
We must ask “whether the requested information would shed light on the governmental agency’s conduct or further the core purposes of FOIA.”
Id.
“ ‘In all but a limited number of circumstances, the public’s interest in governmental accountability prevails over an individual’s, or a group of individuals’, expectation of privacy.’ ”
Id.,
quoting
Practical Political Consulting, Inc v Secretary of State,
287 Mich App 434, 464; 789 NW2d 178 (2010).
Standing alone, the names of donors to the police fund would not reveal useful information about the local government’s conduct. But, Bitterman suspects that a “pay to play” scheme exists, by which donors are allowed to become police reservists in exchange for their donations. When the names of persons in each group are cross-referenced, and the percentage of reservists who are also donors, or the percentage of donors who are also reservists, is determined, the information could shine light on the Village’s method of
selecting its police reservists and whether this is a “pay to play” situation, as Bitterman describes it. Again, the record contains evidence to support Bitterman’s suspicions and those suspicions establish a legitimate public interest in the disclosure of the names.
The ratio of reservists to residents is striking — a town of 300 residents has 100 reserve police officers. Given this apparent imbalance, the Village’s use of private citizens as reservists has sparked significant public interest about possible over-policing, or, perhaps, nonpolicing by the “reservists,” and into the processes that lead to one being named a “reservist.” These issues have been discussed in the mainstream media and on the Internet for over a year. Further, Police Chief Robert Reznick admits that some of the donors are police reservists. In a September 11, 2013 MLive article, Chief Reznick was reported as having referred to the police department as “ ‘self-funded,’ with donations from the reserve officers paying for equipment, community events, uniforms and more.” Further, as already discussed, the donations to the police fund are being used in large amounts — $30,000, for example — to fund Village operations other than those connected to the police department.
The only potential harm to the donors that the Village identifies is that the release of their names “would leave these philanthropists vulnerable to unwanted solicitors.” This risk, when weighed against the public’s interest in knowing the sources of nontax funds that support Village operations and the criteria by which reservists are chosen, does not outweigh the interest in disclosure. Further, disclosure of the names will serve a core FOIA purpose by facilitating the public’s access to information regarding the affairs of its local government.
Rataj,
306 Mich App at 751
(“[W]e cannot hold our [police] officials accountable if we do not have the information upon which to evaluate their actions.”) (quotation marks and citation omitted; alterations in original). Accordingly, the circuit court erred by concluding that the information was exempt under the privacy exemption in MCL 15.243(l)(a).
C. IDENTITY OF THE POLICE RESERVISTS
The circuit court held that Bitterman’s request sufficiently described the information she sought regarding the police reservists, that there were responsive records, that the law enforcement exemption in MCL 15.243(l)(s)(uiii) applied to exempt the names of active police reservists, that MCL 15.243(l)(s)(uiii) did not exempt the names of inactive police reservists, that the law enforcement exemption in MCL 15.243(l)(s)(ix) did not apply, and that the privacy exemption in MCL 15.243(l)(a) did not apply to shield the names of the inactive police reservists.
Bitterman argues that because the Village has the burden of proving the applicability of an exemption,
the Village’s failure to adequately brief the applicability of the law enforcement exemption during the lower court proceedings was a permanent waiver of the issue. However, even if a party abandons an issue by failing to support it with sufficient authority, a reviewing court may nevertheless consider the issue. See
King,
303 Mich App at 176. Here, because the circuit court reviewed this issue, it apparently concluded that the issue was adequately briefed. Moreover, our review of the Village’s arguments that the law enforcement exemption applies show it put forth more than merely
generic contentions. Instead, the Village’s arguments were sufficient to “prime the pump” and allow consideration of the issue in the circuit court.
Mitcham v Detroit,
355 Mich 182, 203; 94 NW2d 388 (1959).
1. THE VILLAGE’S CLAIM OF NO RESPONSIVE RECORDS
The Village contends that it has no obligation to furnish Bitterman a copy of documents providing the names of inactive police reservists because no such documents exist. Under the FOIA, the right to receive a copy of a public record is contingent on the requester first providing a “written request that describes a public record sufficiently to enable the public body to find the public record. . . .” MCL 15.233(1);
Detroit Free Press,
269 Mich App at 281.
“The request need not specifically describe the records containing the sought information; rather, a request for information contained in the records will suffice.”
Detroit Free Press,
269 Mich App at 281. However, except in circumstances not applicable to this case, a public body is not required to compile, summarize, or create a report of information in response to a request, MCL 15.233(4), or to “create a new public record,” MCL 15.233(5). In other words, if the record requested does not exist, then the public body is under no obligation to scrutinize its existing records in order to create a responsive document.
The Village argues that compliance with Bitter-man’s request would require it to search all of its records in all of its departments in an effort to cull the existing information and compile it into a new record. However, during discovery, the Village admitted that it
likely had numerous documents containing the requested information. Because those documents already exist, the Village is not being asked to create a new document or to compile, summarize, or create a report of the information. Therefore, the Village’s argument that it would have to create a new record is dubious at best.
The Village need only produce copies of the
existing
responsive documents, such as copies of the reservist cards. Additionally, even if the responsive documents contain exempt information, the FOIA statute provides that “the public body shall separate the exempt and nonexempt material and make the nonexempt material available for examination and copying.” MCL 15.244(1). Further, the FOIA provides that “[a] public body may charge a fee for a public record search, the necessary copying of a public record for inspection, or for providing a copy of a public record.” MCL 15.234(1). Thus, while a search for the requested information— which the Village admits it has in its public records— may be time-consuming or costly, the Village can charge Bitterman a fee for the search within the limits of MCL 15.234.
2. PERSONAL PRIVACY AND LAW ENFORCEMENT INVESTIGATIVE DOCUMENT EXEMPTIONS
The Village argues that the personal privacy exemption in MCL 15.243(l)(a) and the exemptions regarding investigating records compiled for law enforcement purposes in MCL 15.243(l)(b)(i) to
(Hi)
shield it from Bitterman’s requests.
The Village cites only authority for the applicability of the personal privacy exemption, MCL 15.243(l)(a), and it gives scant attention to the investigative document exemptions. Further, the Village provides no
supporting authority or legal analysis in support of the applicability of the investigative document exemptions, especially regarding how those exemptions may relate to the inactive reservists.
Accordingly, we hold that the Village has abandoned its argument that the names of the inactive police reservists are exempted from disclosure by the investigative document exemptions of MCL 15.243(l)(b), or by the investigative records exemptions of MCL 15.243(l)(s)(i) to
ivii),
(ix), or (x).
Mitcham,
355 Mich at 203. Moreover, even if the issue has not been abandoned on appeal, the Village has failed to sustain its burden of proving the applicability of those exemptions in this case because it has offered no facts or legal analysis in support of its position. See MCL 15.240(4).
D. APPLICABILITY OF THE LAW ENFORCEMENT EXEMPTION
The parties disagree about the facts bearing on the applicability of Subparagraph
(viii)
of the law enforcement exemption, MCL 15.243(l)(s)(ciii), which provides:
(1) A public body may exempt from disclosure as a public record under this act any of the following:
(s) Unless the public interest in disclosure outweighs the public interest in nondisclosure in the particular instance, public records of a law enforcement agency, the release of which would do any of the following:
(viii)
Identify or provide a means of identifying a person as a law enforcement officer, agent, or informant.
The FOIA does not define the terms “law enforcement officer” or “law enforcement agent.” See MCL 15.232. No appellate decision applying MCL 15.243(l)(s)(oiii) has construed those terms. The question whether a reservist police officer (or voluntary police officer) is a law enforcement officer or agent for purposes of the FOIA is an issue of first impression.
The primary goal of judicial interpretation of statutes is to discern and give effect to the intent of the Legislature by focusing first on the plain language of the statute.
Madugula v Taub,
496 Mich 685, 696; 853 NW2d 75 (2014). This Court recently articulated the purpose of the FOIA and principles of its construction in
Rataj,
306 Mich App at 748:
FOIA is a manifestation of this state’s public policy favoring public access to government information, recognizing the need that citizens be informed as they participate in democratic governance, and the need that public officials be held accountable for the manner in which they perform their duties. Our Supreme Court has repeatedly described FOIA as a “prodisclosure statute,” and this Court has held that FOIA’s disclosure provisions must be interpreted broadly to ensure public access. [Citations and some quotation marks omitted.]
“[E]ach FOIA exemption, by its plain language, advances a separate legislative policy choice.”
Mich Federation of Teachers,
481 Mich at 680 n 63. “Courts narrowly construe any claimed exemption and place the burden of proving its applicability on the public body asserting it.”
Detroit Free Press,
269 Mich App at 281. “Unless otherwise defined in the statute, or understood to have a technical or peculiar meaning in the law, every word or phrase of a statute will be given its plain and ordinary meaning.”
Landry v Dearborn,
259 Mich App 416, 421; 674 NW2d 697 (2003). “If a term used in a statute is undefined, a court may look to a dictionary for interpretative assistance.”
Spartan Stores, Inc v Grand Rapids,
307 Mich App 565, 574; 861 NW2d 347 (2014).
Black’s Law Dictionary
defines “law-enforcement officer” simply as
[a] person whose duty is to enforce the laws and preserve the peace. — Sometimes shortened to
law officer.
— Also termed
law-enforcement agent.
See peace officer; sheriff.
[Black’s Law Dictionary
(10th ed), p 1018.]
In
People v Bissonette,
327 Mich 349, 356; 42 NW2d 113 (1950), our Supreme Court accepted that the term peace officer
“generally .. . includes sheriffs and their deputies, constables, marshals, members of the police force of cities, and other officers whose duty is to enforce and preserve the public peace.” (Quotation marks and citation omitted.) See also
Mich State Employees Ass’n v Attorney General,
197 Mich App 528, 530-531; 496 NW2d 370 (1992). On first blush, it appears as though a person given the title of “police reservist” satisfies the broad definition of law enforcement officer, or perhaps law enforcement agent, to the
extent that persons given those titles often are charged with the duty of preserving the public peace. However, Bitterman alleges that the reservists are doing nothing more than participating in a “pay to play” scheme allowing them to use the title “police reservists” without actually doing any duties related to law enforcement. In this case, there is nothing in the record showing whether the village of Oakley’s 100 police reservists ever engaged in anything that could be construed as enforcing laws or preserving the peace.
Because the record is devoid of anything concerning the Oakley reservists and their powers or duties relating to law enforcement or preserving the peace, we cannot properly resolve the issue of whether the Oakley reservists should be considered “law enforcement officers” for the purpose of a FOIA exemption. Therefore, we remand this issue for further development by the circuit court.
IV. ATTORNEY FEES
Finally, Bitterman correctly argues that she is entitled to attorney fees on appeal pursuant to MCL 15.240(6), which provides for the award of reasonable attorney fees, costs, and disbursements to a plaintiff who prevails in whole or in part in a FOIA action. The award of attorney fees can include appellate attorney fees if an appeal was necessary to compel disclosure of requested information.
Rataj,
306 Mich App at 756. We
are mindful that by this opinion, Bitterman already has prevailed in part and is undoubtedly entitled to an appropriate portion of her attorney fees, costs, and disbursements pursuant to MCL 15.240(6). However, because remand is necessary to determine if the police reservists are law enforcement officer or agents within the meaning of MCL 15.243(l)(s)(ciii), any award or determination of attorney fees would be premature at this point.
V. CONCLUSION
We reverse the circuit court’s grant of summary disposition in favor of the Village to the extent that the court declined to order disclosure of the names of the donors to the police fund. The circuit court erred as a matter of law by ruling that the information was exempt from disclosure under the FOIA.
We remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion regarding whether the police reservists qualify as law enforcement officers or agents within the meaning of MCL 15.243(l)(s)(uiii).
Until the extent to which Bitterman has prevailed in this FOIA action is determined, it is premature to fully consider the appropriate attorney fees, costs, and disbursements she is entitled to under MCL 15.240(6).
In all other respects, we affirm the circuit court.
Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. We retain jurisdiction. No taxable costs pursuant to MCR 7.219, no party having prevailed in full.
METER, P.J., concurred with RlORDAN, J.
WHITBECK, J.,
not participating, having resigned from the Court of Appeals effective November 21, 2014.