Big Apple Tire, Inc. v. Telesector Resources Group, Inc.

476 F. Supp. 2d 314, 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 10687, 2007 WL 489247

Opinion

OPINION AND ORDER

SCHEINDLIN, Disrtict Judge.

Big Apple Tire, Inc. (“Big Apple”) is a fleet maintenance vendor which, for a period of time, serviced vehicles owned by the Verizon operating companies. Big Apple alleges that Telesector Resources Group, Inc; d/b/a Verizon Services Group (“Verizon”) discriminated against it on the basis of race and/or color because Big Apple’s President and Chief Executive Officer, Matthew Brown, is African-American. Plaintiffs Third Amended Complaint, which alleges discrimination in violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1981 (“section 1981”), seeks redress for Verizon’s discriminatory treatment, harassment and unlawful termination of its 2003 contract with Big Apple. 1 Verizon' disavows any discriminatory conduct and claims that it terminated its relationship with Big Apple solely based on poor performance. Verizon now brings a motion for summary judgment pursuant to Rule 56 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure seeking to dismiss plaintiffs action in its entirety. For the following reasons, Verizon’s motion is granted and this case is dismissed.

1. BACKGROUND

A. Verizon’s Fleet Maintenance Operations

Telesector Resources Group is the contracting entity responsible for the acquisition and purchasing of services and products for Verizon’s operating companies. 2 Strategic Sourcing is a department within Telesector Resources Group that negotiates, awards, executes, administers, and terminates contracts with outside suppliers. 3 Walter Pylyp has been Verizon’s Sourcing Manager since 1995. 4 Fleet Operations is the internal Verizon organization responsible for approximately 53,000 vehicles located in approximately six hundred garages. 5

Stategic Sourcing entered into agreements with suppliers, such as Big Apple, to provide vehicle maintenance and repair services to Fleet Operations. 6 These suppliers hired and supervised employees to manage Verizon’s garages and were responsible for the completion of all repairs and maintenance work in a safe, timely, and cost-efficient manner. 7 Although certain tools and equipment were provided by Verizon, suppliers, typically provided their own mechanic handtools. 8 And while outside suppliers reported to first-level managers in Fleet Operations, Strategic Sourcing retained the responsibility for negotiating, awarding and terminating contracts. 9

B. The 2001 Contract

Near the end of 2000, Brown met Pylyp and William Lescohier,, both of whom are Caucasian, to discuss a potential business relationship between Big Apple and Verizon. 10 After negotiating with Lescohier, Brown secured Big Apple’s first fleet maintenance contract with Verizon in January 2001. 11 Before giving the contract to Big Apple, Verizon considered bringing in its own mechanics to staff its garages. 12 Pylyp and Lescohier provided Big Apple with this opportunity even though Big Apple was much smaller than the other vendors Verizon used, had no previous history with Verizon, and had no experience maintaining the type of sophisticated vehicles that made up part of Verizon’s fleet, such as those with hydraulic equipment and aerial lifts. 13

The 2001 Contract, in effect from January 2001 through December 2002, was a month-to-month contract for a twenty-four month period. 14 Big Apple was the only fleet maintenance vendor given a month-to-month contract; no other fleet maintenance vendors were initially given month-to-month contracts. 15 Verizon awarded this type of contract to Big Apple, in part, because it was not sure Big Apple could perform satisfactorily. 16 Brown complained to Lescohier that a month-to-month contract made the employment and retention of high quality mechanics difficult and that a definite term contract would ease these problems. 17 Brown also asked Lescohier why Big Apple had to wait such a lengthy period of time before it was awarded a definite term contract when others did not. 18

Under the 2001 Contract, Big Apple contracted to provide labor, supervision, and fleet maintenance and repair services to approximately four hundred vehicles located in three Staten Island garages located at: 180 Edgewater Street, 2228 Arthur Kill Road, and 135 Johnson Street. 19 Before signing the 2001 Contract, Brown visited the garages at Edgewater Street and Arthur Kill Road but chose not to inspect the Johnson Street garage. 20

The Contract gave Verizon the right to terminate prior to expiration, with or without cause, upon thirty days advance written notice to Big Apple. 21 Big Apple completed its term under the 2001 Contract, although its performance was described by one Verizon employee as merely “okay.” 22

C. The 2003 Contract

Verizon eventually awarded Big Apple a five-year contract to take effect January 1, 2003. 23 Under the 2003 Contract, Big Apple continued to service the Staten Island garages plus four additional garages (with approximately 355 vehicles) located in Westchester County: 999 Nepperhan Avenue (“Yonkers”); 36 Beechwood Avenue (“New Rochelle”); 223 Marbledale Avenue (“Tuckahoe”); and 370 White Plains Road (“Eastchester”). 24 As with the 2001 Contract, Verizon could terminate the 2003 Contract without cause on thirty days written notice. 25 In addition, the 2003 Contract expressly stated that “Verizon shall be the final authority for determining acceptable quality for the completed Services.” 26

Before signing the 2003 Contract, Brown did not negotiate any new or additional conditions or obligations, nor did he seek to change any provisions found in the original contract. For example, Brown did not insist that the Johnson Street garage have a lift installed, nor did he insist on obtaining remote access to Verizon’s fleet tracker system. 27 Nor did Brown insist that Verizon provide new equipment, or a system for obtaining new equipment, even though he previously believed conditions at the Staten Island garages were unacceptable. 28

D. Big Apple’s Performance

Beginning in 2003, and over the course of several months, Verizon had a series of meetings with Brown concerning various problems with Big Apple’s performance. 29 For example, many vehicles remained out of service for lengthy periods of time, excessive amounts were charged for repairs, and many repairs were inadequate, thereby requiring repeat repairs. 30 Then, at Stellato’s request, Verizon’s Technical Services Audit Team audited the Arthur Kill Road, Edgewater Street and Johnson garages in Staten Island and the Tuckahoe and Yonkers facilities in Westchester County from June 25 to July 10, 2003. 31

The Audit Team, which spent five days auditing the Staten Island and Westchester garages, confirmed that Big Apple was improperly repairing vehicles. 32 During the audit, the Audit Team randomly selected and inspected twenty-eight “in-service” vehicles which contained aerial lift equipment such as splice buckets. 33 Of the twenty-eight inspected vehicles, the Audit Team placed twenty-six vehicles “out-of-service” for obvious safety defects. 34 Although Big Apple recorded that it had inspected these vehicles, Babbitt stated that it should have noticed and repaired the defects if it had indeed conducted these inspections. 35 Babbitt’s written au dit summaries of these inspections indicate that inadequate training was a major problem and that mechanics “seemed unaware of how to approach some of the defects presented to them during the audit.” 36 In addition to Big Apple’s substandard or incomplete repair work and the problem with mechanic training, Big Apple also had problems with mechanic unavailability and incomplete paperwork. 37

In a document authored by Brown, Big Apple acknowledged the following “service inadequacies” identified by the Verizon audit:

• Poor performance by Big Apple Tire management and location supervisors in following up on the results of techs inspections, vehicle repair and paperwork.

• Incomplete vehicle inspections by the techs.

• Supervisors were not completely aware of techs’ weaknesses or lack of knowledge in specific areas.

• Inadequate spot inspections by Big Apple Tire team members. 38

Notes taken by Charles Allen, a Big Apple Team Leader, following meetings he had with the Verizon Audit Team, substantiate Big Apple’s poor performance. 39 Big Apple’s poor performance was also acknowledged by Nelson Perello, a Big Apple Account Manager, in a memorandum to all Big Apple Associates dated July 3, 2003. 40 Perello noted that Big Apple received a failing grade as a result of the Verizon audit; that its paperwork was “disastrous;” and that employees would be suspended and/or terminated for falsifying work records. 41 Perello concluded that Big Apple “must improve on every facet of [its] job duties in order to honor [its] contract with Verizon.” 42

In the months following the audit, Verizon met with Big Apple repeatedly in an attempt to resolve its performance issues. 43 For example, on December 3, 2003, Williams met with Brown and Allen regarding repair costs per vehicle. 44 Williams noted that Big Apple was forty-two percent above its target for September and that it “must show a sustainable downward trend” for Verizon to continue doing business with Big Apple. 45 Williams explained that without a solid plan to reduce the overall cost per vehicle, “Verizon will be forced to move in another direction which will not include Big Apple.” 46

Verizon also learned that Big Apple employees were reporting that vehicle repairs had been completed when, in fact, they had not. 47 Brown, in discussions with Williams, acknowledged the seriousness of falsifying repair records. 48 By January 2004, after repeated meetings and conversations, Big Apple still failed to meet Verizon’s service and quality expectations. Then, on January 23, 2004, Williams learned of another instance where a Big Apple employee falsified a repair record to show that work had been completed when, in fact, it had not 'been done. 49 Williams informed Brown that he would no longer tolerate this conduct. 50 Brown described Big Apple’s misconduct in an internal memorandum to Allen dated January 27, 2004. 51 In that memorandum, Brown acknowledged that the closing of work orders without completing the work was a. serious area of concern. 52 Furthermore, Brown admitted that Big Apple is “running a very loose ship” and that Verizon is not going to tolerate the sloppy quality of work it is performing. 53 Brown then implored his team to “turn this around.” 54

A number of Verizon employees ultimately concluded that Big Apple’s services were not acceptable. For example, Williams concluded that Big Apple’s contract should be terminated when he discovered a second instance of record falsification. 55 By January 2004, Stellato was also ready to support the recommendation that Verizon replace Big Apple. 56 Pylyp explained, in his deposition, that a constellation of factors led to the termination of the 2003 Contract.

The decision was based on much more than just a B report card issue. It was much more towards integrity of the data that was being put into the computer. There were allegations of work not being done. There [were] allegations of work said was done [sic] and vehicle would be put into service, and then someone found out that it wasn’t and we were dealing with possibly safety issues. So, it was not a question of a report card. It is not here is B[sic], C three months in a row, you are fired. That was not the issue. It was much more serious than that.... 57

Accordingly, on February 2, 2004, Verizon terminated its contract with Big Apple pursuant to the “without cause” clause cause based, in part, on Pylyp’s recommendation. 58 Because the termination notice was sent over an open facsimile line, Big Apple employees saw the notice before Brown did. 59 Pylyp was embarrassed that the notice was sent through an open fax line; he knew of no other vendor that was terminated is such a public manner. 60 Stellato agreed that Verizon should not have faxed the termination notice; he, too, was unaware of any other vendor who was terminated in this fashion. 61

E. Tools and Equipment

Throughout its relationship with Verizon, Big Apple repeatedly asked Verizon to provide the tools and equipment necessary to perform effective fleet maintenance services, but they were never provided. 62 Although the 2003 Contract stated that Big Apple “shall provide all labor and mechanic handtools required to perform services under this Agreement,” 63 Big Apple claims that it did not have the type of diagnostic, inspection and safety equipment that Verizon was responsible for supplying. 64 For example, Allen repeatedly requested remote access to Fleet Tracker from Barry Lawrence, a Fleet Operations supervisor, Fleet Operations Manager Phil Tedesco, and Harrison, but never received it. 65 When Allen complained to Verizon about not having the necessary tools and equipment, Lawrence, retorted: “Hey, they only cost so- and-so, go down to the store and buy a couple. Matt is the black millionaire. Let him go buy them himself.” 66 Allen viewed the failure to provide tools and equipment as racially discriminatory because of his personal observation that the Tenth Street garage, which was not serviced by a minority-owned fleet maintenance vendor, was better equipped. 67

Big Apple also complained that the Staten Island garages were in poor condition. For example, because not all Staten Island garages had a lift, Big Apple technicians had to drive a vehicle that required a lift to repair it to a garage with a lift, repair it there, and then return it to the first garage. 68 This “taxi run” resulted in lost productivity because the work would otherwise have to be performed with portable floor jacks. 69 When Brown complained about the absence of lifts, he'was repeatedly told that Verizon was “in the process of putting a lift in.” 70 When Allen com plained to Tedesco about the absence of lifts, Tedesco, who is Caucasian, replied: “Hey, the white guys who ran the garages years ago before you people ever got here, they were able to work on their backs. Big Apple Tire should be able to work on their backs too, so that’s no excuse why the work wasn’t being done.” 71

The allegation that Verizon failed to provide Big Apple with necessary tools and equipment is supported by other evidence. After the Verizon audit, Babbitt drafted a set of initial recommendations, on his own initiative, identifying areas where Big Apple needed improvement as well as some things that Verizon could do to assist Big Apple. 72 Under the section entitled “Tools/Equipment,” Babbitt noted that “[contract mechanics didn’t always have the required tools and equipment available to perform necessary maintenance and repairs.” 73 The related recommendation was that “Verizon should develop a list of necessary tools and equipment required to perform maintenance and repairs” and that “[cjontract management must assure that all required tools and equipment is [sic] available at all locations.” 74 With regard to training, Babbitt recommended that “all contract mechanics performing aerial maintenance and repair are adequately trained in repair and operation of the unit.” 75 ■

After Babbitt prepared these draft recommendations, the Audit Team met with Big Apple and Verizon managers to discuss its findings. 76 After those meetings concluded, Babbitt revised his draft recommendations “to reflect input by both Big Apple and Verizon during those meetings, highlighft] outstanding issues, and include action items and target completion dates.” 77 The section “Tools/Equipment” of Babbitt’s revised recommendations states: “A list detailing tools and equipment necessary to perform repairs and inspections for each facility has been provided to [Verizon] and [Big Apple Tire].” 78 There is no longer any mention of training, nor of the requirement that Verizon ensure the availability of all required tools and equipment at all locations.

F. Discriminatory Remarks

Big Apple claims that its employees were subject to racially discriminatory remarks made by Verizon employees. Allen reported that he repeatedly heard Lawrence refer to Big Apple employees as .“you people” and state that it was his job “to get rid of you people.” 79 Lawrence stopped making these statements after Brown confronted him. 80 Gari Sarni, a Fleet Operations supervisor, cursed, used profanity, made derogatory comments, and yelled at Big Apple’s black employees. 81 For example, the first day Allen met Sarni, he heard Sarni say “you fucking guys can’t do this right, you fucking guys can’t do that right, goddam it, when are you going to do the shit like this, or you fucking people can’t do anything right.” 82

G. Disparate Treatment

As stated earlier, Williams recommended termination of the 2003 Contract when he found out, for a second time, that a job order had been closed when the vehicle was still out of service. 83 But Williams had faced the problem of record falsification in the past. When Williams found that mechanics employed by other vendors falsified records, he recommended that the mechanic be removed from the Verizon account, not that the entire contract be terminated. 84 For example, Savvy committed fraud against Verizon by ordering almost $180,000 in equipment. 85 The mechanics involved in this fraud were removed, but the entire contract was not terminated. 86 Similarly, when a Big Apple mechanic tried to order parts for his car using a fake vehicle number, he was removed while the contract with Big Apple remained intact. Lastly, Big Apple claims disparate treatment in connection with lost garages. Unlike Butler and Savvy, Big Apple was terminated from all the garages it serviced under the 2003 Contract. In contrast, Butler and Savvy, both of whom lost garages where they performed poorly, continued to service those garages in which they were performing well. 87

II. LEGAL STANDARDS

A. Summary Judgment

Summary judgment is appropriate if the record “show[s] that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” 88 “A genuine factual issue derives from the ‘evidence [being] such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the .nonmoving party.’ ” 89 “A fact is ‘material’ for these purposes when it ‘might affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law.’ ” 90 The movant has the burden of demonstrating that no genuine issue of material fact exists. 91

In turn, to defeat a motion for summary judgment, the non-moving party must raise a genuine issue of material fact that does “ ‘not rely on conclusory allegations or unsubstantiated speculation.’ ” 92 “The nonmoving party cannot defeat summary judgment by ‘simply show[ing] that there is some metaphysical doubt as to the material facts.’ ” 93 In determining whether a genuine issue of material fact exists, the court must construe the evidence in the light most favorable tó the non-moving party and draw all justifiable inferences in that party’s favor. 94

‘“[T]he salutary purposes of summary judgment — avoiding protracted, expensive and harassing trials — apply no less to discrimination cases than to ... other areas of litigation.’ ” 95 “Courts within the Second Circuit have not hesitated to grant defendants summary judgment in such cases where ... plaintiff has offered little or no evidence of discrimination.” 96 Indeed, “ ‘[i]t is now beyond cavil that summary judgment may be appropriate even in the fact-intensive context of discrimination cases.’ ” 97

However, “[m]ore caution should be exercised in affirming the grant of summary judgment in a discrimination case because ‘smoking gun’ evidence of discriminatory intent is rare and most often must be inferred.” 98

“Since it is rare indeed to find ... proof that a ... decision was made for a discriminatory reason, whatever other relevant depositions, affidavits and materials are before the district court must be carefully scrutinized for circumstantial evidence that could support an inference of discrimination.” 99

But “ ‘[e]ven in the discrimination context, a plaintiff must prove more than conclusory allegations of discrimination to defeat a motion ' for summary judgment.’ ” 100 “‘[M]ere conclusory allegations, speculation or conjecture will not avail a party resisting summary judgment.’ ” 101

B. Section 1981

Section 1981 prohibits intentional race discrimination affecting “the making, performance, modification, and termination of contracts, and the enjoyment of all benefits, privileges, terms and conditions of the contractual relationship.” 102 “A plaintiff asserting a claim under § 1981 must prove (1) [he is] a member of a racial minority; (2) defendants’ intent to discriminate on the basis of race; and (8) discrimination concerning one of the statute’s enumerated activities.” 103 When considering the second requirement, a plaintiff may use any evidence that logically supports an inference of discrimination because defendants who discriminate are unlike to leave a “smoking gun” exposing their discriminatory animus. 104

Where there is no direct evidence of discrimination, courts apply the traditional burden-shifting analysis developed by the Supreme Court in Title VII cases. 105 Under the McDonnell Douglas framework, a plaintiff must first prove a prima facie case of discrimination. 106 If the plaintiff meets this burden, the defendant must produce evidence that the allegedly discriminatory actions “were taken ‘for a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason.’ ” 107 If a defendant produces such evidence, “the presumption raised by the prima facie case is rebutted, and drops from the case.” 108 Plaintiff retains the ultimate burden of proving that defendant’s reasons were merely a pretext for discrimination. 109

III. DISCUSSION

A. The 2001 Contract

1. Timeliness

In its Third Amended Complaint, dated May 12, 2006, Big Apple alleges that the terms of the 2001 Contract were discriminatory because it was a month-to-month contract which no Caucasian-owned fleet maintenance vendor was forced to accept. Verizon argues that this “claim”— which was not raised until 2006, over five years after the 2001 Contract was executed — is time-barred by operation of the three-year statute of limitations applicable to claims of discrimination in the formation of a contract. Although Verizon is correct that any cause of action relating to the 2001 Contract is untimely, the circumstances surrounding the 2001 Contract may provide evidence of an overall pattern of discrimination by Verizon. 110 Proving such a pattern could possibly support a separate and actionable claim of discrimination, i.e.,- wrongful termination of the 2003 Contract. The admission of relevant evidence is not curtailed by any statute of limitations. Accordingly, the circumstances surrounding the 2001 Contract will be considered in support of Big Apple’s claim that Verizon unlawfully terminated the 2003 Contract.

2. Evidence of Discrimination

Plaintiffs basis for claiming that the 2001 Contract was discriminatory is that Brown is not aware of any other fleet maintenance vendor who was given a similar month-to-month contract at the start of its relationship with Verizon. This fact, standing alone, is insufficient to establish a prima facie case of discrimination because plaintiff cannot show that it was similarly situated to any non-minority vendor who was given a longer contract. Plaintiff conceded that at the time it was awarded the 2001 Contract, Big Apple had no history with Verizon and no experience in servicing some of the sophisticated vehicles owned by Verizon. The other fleet maintenance vendors with whom Big Apple compares itself, Butler and Savvy, were far larger than Big Apple and had long-established relationships with Verizon. 111 Moreover, Verizon was considering bringing in its own mechanics to staff the Staten Island garages and was therefore looking for an outside vendor on a short-term basis only. Absent a showing that a Caucasian-owned vendor with a similar lack of experience, in a similar temporary situation, was given something other than a month-to-month contract, the terms of the 2001 Contract do not evidence any race discrimination by Verizon. 112

B. Lack of Equipment

Brown admits that he was aware of the condition of the Staten Island garages before entering the 2001 Contract and that he never requested that Verizon provide any additional tools or equipment when he entered into the 2003 Contract. Thus, Big Apple does not assert that Verizon.was contractually obligated to provide a lift at every garage, remote access to Fleet Tracker, or any other equipment that Big Apple was allegedly denied. Rather, Big Apple attempts to excuse its own poor performance by complaining that Verizon should have provided it with better tools and equipment. However, there is no evidence that Verizon’s alleged failure to provide tools and equipment, or remote access to Fleet Tracker, had anything to do with race. 113 To prove discrimination, Big Ap pie must do more than disagree with Verizon’s business- decisions. 114

C. Discriminatory Remarks

In an attempt to bolster its discriminatory termination claim, Big Apple has added allegations of racial harassment in violation of section 1981. But Big Apple has failed to establish the essential elements of such a claim. Big Apple has not alleged a single epithet, slur or remark that is racially derogatory on its face. The remarks in issue include Tedesco’s statement that white guys could work on their backs, Lawrence’s reference to Brown as a black millionaire and his reference to Big Apple employees as “you people,” 115 and Sarni’s reference to Big Apple employees as “you fucking guys.” Such racially-ambiguous, sporadic remarks made by non-decision makers are insufficient evidence of race discrimination or harassment. 116

Even if these remarks present some evidence of racial animus, they fall far short of the “steady barrage of opprobrious racial comments” necessary as a matter of law to create a hostile work environment. 117 Presented with allegations far more egregious than those raised here, courts have routinely dismissed hostile work environment claims finding that the alleged harassment is not severe or pervasive. 118 Big Apple’s reference to four remarks uttered in a garage environment, none of which are derogatory on their face, comes nowhere near the level required to sustain a claim of racial discrimination under section 1981. Whether or not the owner or managers of Big Apple found these comments made by non-decisionmakers to be rude is immaterial. 119 Further more, Brown admits that the only comments of which he was aware stopped after his discussions with Harrison and Lawrence. Big Apple cannot defeat summary judgment by relying on conduct which ceased after it was reported. 120 In sum, the alleged discriminatory comments cited by Big Apple are insufficient as a matter of law to establish a hostile work environment.

D. Disparate Treatment

In terminating the 2003 Contract, Verizon treated Big Apple exactly as it had treated its prior, Caucasian-owned vendors. For example, Butler was removed from its. Westchester garages when Verizon became dissatisfied with Butler’s costs and performance at those garages. Similarly, Savvy’s management of its Staten Island garages ended when Verizon became dissatisfied with its performance. Plaintiff takes issue with the fact that it lost all six of its garages when the 2003 Contract was terminated, in contrast to Butler and Savvy, both of whom retained some garages after losing others. This, however, was a function of their much larger size rather than race. 121

The same is true of the charged falsification. The fact that Savvy mechanics were fired for fraudulently ordering parts does not establish that Savvy was “similarly situated” to Big Apple with respect to the termination of its contract. 122 Big Apple’s falsification of records, which designated repairs as “completed” when in reality no repairs had been done, went to the very core of its obligation to properly and safely maintain vehicles. Moreover, Big Apple’s falsification of records involved Big Apple’s management, affected all of its garages, and was not remedied after being raised by Verizon. In contrast, there is no evidence that Savvy management was in volved in, or even aware of, the' fraudulent ordering of parts in one of the twenty garages it managed; the conduct did not affect the condition of the vehicles; and Savvy was performing well otherwise. Finally, when Verizon discovered that a Big Apple mechanic fraudulently ordered parts, it took the same action as it did with Savvy — it removed the mechanic from Verizon’s account but did not terminate the contract.

E. Verizon’s Legitimate Non-Discriminatory Reasons

Given the complete absence of proof that Verizon intentionally discriminated against Big Apple on the basis of Brown’s race and/or color, plaintiff has failed to establish a prima facie case of discrimination. 123 Even if it had established a prima facie case, Verizon has articulated legitimate, non-discriminatory reasons for terminating the 2003 Contract. Specifically, Big Apple’s failure to perform satisfactorily, which is confirmed by Big Apple’s own documents, is sufficient reason for the termination. When coupled with Big Apple’s repeated falsification of documents, there is overwhelming evidence establishing Verizon’s legitimate, non-discriminatory reasons for terminating the 2003 Contract.

In light of this evidence, the only way plaintiff could survive summary judgment would be to offer admissible evidence that Verizon’s reasons for termination were pretextual. 124 Despite plaintiffs attempts, it has failed to do so. Plaintiff has tried to show pretext by suggesting that the July 2003 audit actually showed that Verizon, not Big Apple, was responsible for all of Big Apple’s performance problems. Specifically, Big Apple argues that it has shown nefarious intent on Verizon’s part because Babbitt’s draft set of recommendations reflected more action items for Verizon than did a later modification of that document. This theory is untenable. Babbitt revised his draft recommendations to reflect additional input from both Big Apple and Verizon managers during later meetings. There is absolutely no proof that either race or any intent to favor Verizon or discredit Big Apple played a part in his revisions. Plaintiffs argument to the contrary is pure speculation which cannot defeat summary judgment. 125

Furthermore, because plaintiff may have realized that it could not show that similarly situated white-owned fleet maintenance vendors were treated more favorably than it was, plaintiff also resorts to an elaborate conspiracy theory. According to Big Apple, discriminatory intent can be inferred from the fact that certain African-American executives at Verizon were not informed of and did not participate in the decision to terminate Big Apple. This conspiracy theory is belied by the fact that Ralph Mayfield, the African-American executive responsible for Fleet Operations at the time Big Apple was terminated, approved the decision to terminate Big Apple. 126 Accordingly, plaintiff has failed to show that the reasons put forth by Verizon for terminating the 2003 Contract were a pretext and that race discrimination was the real reason for the termination. Without a showing of pretext, Verizon’s legitimate, non-discriminatory reasons for terminating its relationship with Big Apple adequately support the dismissal of plaintiffs case on summary judgment.

IV. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, defendant’s motion for summary judgment is granted and this case is dismissed. The Clerk of the Court is directed to close this motion [Document # 32] and this case.

SO ORDERED:

1 . In its Memorandum of Law in Opposition to Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment ("Pl.Mem.”) plaintiff withdrew its claims for breach of contract and breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing. See PL Mem. at 25 n.14.

2 . See Memorandum of Points and Authorities in Support of Defendant's Motion for Summary Judgment ("Def.Mem.”) at 2.

3 . See id. at 2-3.

4 . See 4/20/06 Deposition of Walter Pylyp (‘‘Pylyp Dep.”), Ex. 12 to the Declaration of Kathleen L. McAchran in Support of Defendant's Motion for Summary Judgment ("McAchran Decl.”), at 24.

5 . See Def. Mem. at 3 & n.5.

6 . See id. at 3.

7 . See, e.g., Contract No. BQ 20185 (the "2003 Contract”), Ex. 2 to McAchran Decl., at 4 (WHEREAS Clauses).

8 . See, e.g., id., Attachment A ¶ 2 ("Supplier, shall provide all labor and mechanic hand-tools required to perform services under this Agreement....”); Contract No. BQ 010201 (the “2001 Contract”), Ex. 1 to McAchran Decl., ¶ 10.0 ("You shall provide all labor, tools and equipment ('tools') used in providing Services. If you use tools owned or rented by Verizon, the tools are provided ‘as is’ and it is your responsibility to inspect the tools to ensure that they are fit for use.”).

9 . See Def. Mem. at 3.

10 . See 4/11/06 Deposition of Matthew L. Brown (“Brown Dep. I”), Ex. 11 to McAchran Decl., at 246.

11 . See Pylyp Dep. at 82 ("The person who actually signed the contract [Bill Lescohier] worked for me and he is the person who negotiated the contract with Mr. Brown.”).

12 . See id. at 88, 111.

13 . See Brown Dep. I at 134-35.

14 . See 2001 Contract ¶ 3.0.

15 . See Pylyp Dep. at 88-89; 4/24/06 Deposition of Carmen Stellato, Jr., Fleet Operations—Northeast Director ("Stellato Dep.”), Ex. 13 to McAchran Decl., at 143.

16 . See Pylyp Dep. at 88-89.

17 . See Brown Dep. I at 108-10.

18 . See id. at 113.

19 . See 2003 Contract, Attachment D (listing 103 vehicles at Edgewater Street, 110 vehicles at Johnson Street and 198 vehicles at Arthur Kill Road). The number of vehicles serviced by Big Apple was considerably less than the number of vehicles serviced by Verizon's other vendors. For example, Transerve serviced approximately 3,000 vehicles at twenty garages located in Long Island. Savvy, another vendor, was responsible for 3,000 to 5,000 vehicles at twenty garages located in Brooklyn. A third vendor, Butler, was responsible for Manhattan, the Bronx and upstate New York and serviced approximately 7,000 to 8,000 vehicles and seventy garages. At one time, Butler was responsible for 15,-000 vehicles but its operations had been scaled down significantly. See Stellato Dep. at 139-40, 149.

20 . See Brown Dep. I at 55-56.

21 . See 2001 Contract ¶ 3.0.

22 . 5/5/06 Deposition of Dominick Harrison ("Harrison Dep.”), Ex. 14 to McAchran Decl., at 101-02. Harrison is a Fleet Operations Manager and a Second Level Supervisor responsible for the Staten Island garages in 2003.

23 . See 2003 Contract.

24 . See id., Attachment D.

25 . See id. ¶ 17.1 (“Verizon may, for any reason, elect to terminate this Agreement in whole or in part with respect to a particular geographic region, area/garage(s) and/or with respect to specific services. Should Verizon elect to terminate this Agreement in its entirety or in part, Verizon shall provide Supplier with at least thirty (30) days advance' written notice of said termination.”).

26 . Id. Í 6.2.

27 . See 4/17/06 Deposition of Matthew L. Brown ("Brown Dep. II”), Ex. 11 to McAchran Decl., at 394. In fact, Brown did not require that lifts be installed in any of the garages. See Brown Dep. I at 204.

28 . See Brown Dep. I at 204.

29 . See Brown Dep. II at 629-30.

30 . See 5/3/06 Deposition of David Williams ("Williams Dep.”), Ex. 14 to McAchran Decl., at 208. Williams is a Fleet Operations Manager and the supervisor of Verizon’s Staten Island and Westchester garages.

31 . See 6/30/06 Declaration of Steven J. Babbitt, Fleet Operations Specialist, in Support of Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment ("Babbitt Decl.”) ¶ 6. In early 2003, Verizon closed the Eastchester garage and transferred its vehicles to the remaining three Westchester County garages. See Def. Mem. at 5 n.8.

32 . See Babbitt Decl. ¶ 6.

33 . See id. ¶ 7. Verizon uses the term "in-service” to refer to vehicles that vendors have inspected and deemed usable and safe to drive. See id. ¶ 8.

34 . See id. ¶ 9. "Out-of-service” refers to vehicles that have been deemed inoperable or unsafe to drive because of safely defects. See id. ¶ 8.

35 . See id. ¶ 9.

36 . Id., Ex. 1.

37 . See id. ¶ 11.

38 . Big Apple’s July 21, 2Ó03 Action Plan for Correction, Ex. 4 to McAchran Decl.

39 . See 7/24/03 Notes relating to Staten Island/Arthur Kill et al., Ex. 5 to McAchran Decl. ("Donald said Jerry has been approving work that was not done or not done to satisfaction and he will no longer do so.”); 7/22/03 Findings relating to Marbledale/Nepperhan, Ex. 6 to McAchran Decl. ("Martinez, realizing the degree of open tickets, verbalized his fear that this might be the next area the inspectors focus on during their next inspection to Mr. Perello and that they should try to correct this as soon as possible.”).

40 . See Perello Memorandum, Ex. 3 to McAchran Decl.

41 . Id.

42 . Id. (emphasis in original).

43 . See Brown Dep. II at 629-30 (Brown stating that he had "a series of meetings with Verizon over many months concerning the performance of Big Apple Tire and its employees”); Stellato Dep. at 366-67 ("I know that D.J. [Harrison] and Dave [Williams] met weekly with the Big Apple field team, and I know they both had conversations and meetings with Matt Brown.... ”).

44 . See 12/3/03 Meeting Minutes, Ex. 7 to McAchran Decl.

45 . Id.

46 . Id.

47 . See Pylyp Dep. at 172-73.

48 . See Brown Dep. II at 425-26, 439.

49 . See 1/23/04 E-Mail from Williams to Big Apple, Ex. 8 to McAchran Decl. ("I have found another situation of a work order being closed out and completed and the vehicle sitting in the yard with a red O/S tag on it, waiting for parts.”).

50 . See id. ("I consider this falsifying of records and I will not tolerate this anymore.”).

51 . See 1/27/04 Memorandum, Ex. 9 to McAchran Decl.

52 . See id. ("Need to find out who is closing work orders with incomplete work.”).

53 . Id.

54 . Id. ("Let’s turn this around!”).

55 . See Williams Dep. at 226-27 ("When I found the second job closed after Matt assured me that it wouldn’t happen again and I found it closed again, that the vehicle was still out of service, the job was closed as showing it to be done, I had enough.”).

56 . See Stellato Dep. at 387.

57 . Pylyp Dep. at 172-73.

58 . See id. at 172, 178 ("Throughout all of my career I like to cancel contracts without cause.”), 179 ("[0]nce a decision has been . made to cut a supplier, especially in this area, you want to do it as quickly as possible.”).

59 . See 2/2/04 Notice, Ex. K to the Affidavit of Michelle M. Le Roux (plaintiff’s counsel) in Opposition to Defendant's Motion for Summary Judgment ("Le Roux SJ Aff.’’) ("This serves as a 30 days notice for Termination Without Cause, of our contract BAQ20185 (paragraph 17.1)....”;) 2/9/04 E-Mail From Brown to Elaine Schwartz, Sourcing Process Leader, Ex. K to Le Roux SJ Aff. ("You faxed this notice to an 'open fax machine’ on a day when I was out of the office which allowed my employees to have prior notice of the termination before I did. — (this was not the best approach, the email and overnight were sufficient).”).

60 . See Pylyp Dep. at 271-73.

61 . See Stellato Dep. at 429-30.

62 . See, e.g., 5/12/06 Deposition of Charles Edward Allen (“Allen Dep.”), Big Apple Account Manager, Ex. A to the Affidavit of Michelle M. Le Roux in Opposition to Defendant’s Motion to Strike (“Le Roux Strike Aff.”), at 123-24.

63 . 2003 Contract, Attachment A ¶ 2.

64 . See Allen Dep. at 92-94 (listing equipment not provided by Verizon as including "scanners for the on-board diagnostics,” “simple GFI testers, the ground fault indicators,” "torque wrenches,” "safety helmets,” and "safety harnesses.”).

65 . See id. at 63.

66 . Id. at 95.

67 . See id. at 103. The Tenth Street garage was serviced by Savvy. See id. at 72-73.

68 . See Brown Dep. I at 151.

69 . See id. at 152-53.

70 . Id. at 57. However, a lift was installed in the Johnson Street garage only after Big Apple was terminated. See Allen Dep. at 102-03.

71 . Allen Dep. at 93.

72 . See Babbitt Decl. ¶ 12.

73 . Id. See also 7/11/03 Draft Audit Recommendations (Bates No. TRGBAT 000123A), Ex. 2 to Babbitt Decl.

74 . Babbitt Decl. ¶ 12.

75 . Id.

76 . See id. ¶ 13.

77 . Id.

78 . Id. See also 7/29/03 Revised Audit Recommendations (Bates No. TRGBAT 001025), Ex. 2 to Babbitt Decl.

79 . Allen Dep. at 80.

80 . See Brown Dep. II at 511. Michael H. Millegan, the highest-ranking official in Fleet Operations throughout the relevant time period, conceded that the use of the phrase "you people” could be an indicator of discrimination. See 4/25/06 Deposition of Michael H. Millegan ("Millegan Dep.”), Ex. A to Le Roux Strike Aff., at 248.

81 . See Brown Dep. II at 532-33.

82 . Allen Dep. at 82.

83 . See Williams Dep. at 226-27, 229 ("I spent a long time with Matt trying to help him succeed, so I was thoroughly frustrated. His costs were going in the wrong direction. The management wasn’t taking care of the garages. I was frustrated and I was ready to let it go, but when I’d seen that he didn’t take any action with Charles Allen with the falsification of the records and it happened again, I knew that Matt didn't care.”).

84 . See id. at 219-20. However, Williams testified that the first time he encountered falsification by management personnel was with Big Apple. See id.

85 . See 2003 Memorandum from Jack Berger, Ex. B to Le Roux SJ Aff.

86 . See id.

87 . See Millegan Dep. at 35-36. However, Millegan testified that Verizon was forced to maintain relationships with Butler and Savvy because of their size. See id. at 36.

88 . Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c).

89 . McClellan v. Smith, 439 F.3d 137, 144 (2d Cir.2006) (quoting Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, 477 U.S. 242, 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986)) (alteration in original). Accord Sista v. CDC Ixis N. Am., Inc., 445 F.3d 161, 169 (2d Cir.2006).

90 . Jeffreys v. City of New York, 426 F.3d 549, 553 (2d Cir.2005) (quoting Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505).

91 . See id. (citing Adickes v. S.H. Kress & Co., 398 U.S. 144, 157, 90 S.Ct. 1598, 26 L.Ed.2d 142 (1970)).

92 . Id. at 554 (quoting Fujitsu Ltd. v. Federal Express Corp., 247 F.3d 423, 428 (2d Cir.2001)).

93 . McClellan, 439 F.3d at 144 (quoting Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586, 106 S.Ct. 1348, 89 L.Ed.2d 538 (1986)) (alteration in original).

94 . See Golden Pac. Bancorp v. FDIC, 375 F.3d 196, 201 (2d Cir.2004).

95 . Abdu-Brisson v. Delta Air Lines, Inc., 239 F.3d 456, 466 (2d Cir.2001) (quoting Meiri v. Dacon, 759 F.2d 989, 998 (2d Cir.1985)).

96 . Alphonse v. State of Connecticut Dep't of Admin. Servs., No. Civ.3:02CV1195, 2004 WL 904076, at *7 (D.Conn. Apr.21, 2004) (quotation marks and citation omitted).

97 . Feingold v. New York, 366 F.3d 138, 149 (2d Cir.2004) (quoting Abdu-Brisson, 239 F.3d at 466) (alteration in original).

98 . Forsyth v. Federation Employment and Guidance Serv., 409 F.3d 565, 569 (2d Cir.2005) (citing Holtz v. Rockefeller & Co., 258 F.3d 62, 69 (2d Cir.2001)). Accord Belfi v. Prendergast, 191 F.3d 129, 135 (2d Cir.1999) ("[T]he trial court must be especially cautious in deciding whether to grant this drastic pro- ' visional remedy in a discrimination case, because the [defendant’s] intent is often at issue and careful scrutiny may reveal circumstantial evidence supporting an inference of discrimination.”).

99 . Weinstock v. Columbia Univ., 224 F.3d 33, 57 (2d Cir.2000) (quoting Chertkova v. Connecticut Gen’l Life Ins. Co., 92 F.3d 81, 87 (2d Cir.1996)).

100 . Flakowicz v. Raffi Custom Photo Lab, Inc., No. 02 Civ. 9558, 2004 WL 2049220, at *8 (S.D.N.Y. Sept.13, 2004) (quoting Schwapp v. Town of Avon, 118 F.3d 106, 110 (2d Cir.1997)).

101 . Conroy v. New York State Dep't of Corr. Servs., 333 F.3d 88, 94 (2d Cir.2003) (quoting Cifarelli v. Village of Babylon, 93 F.3d 47, 51 (2d Cir.1996) (alteration in original)). Accord Cameron v. Community Aid for Retarded Children, Inc., 335 F.3d 60, 63 (2d Cir.2003) (" ‘[P]urely conclusory allegations of discrimination, absent any concrete particulars,’ are insufficient” to satisfy an employee's burden on a motion for summary judgment.) (quoting Meiri, 759 F.2d at 998) (alteration in original).

102 . 42 U.S.C. § 1981(b).

103 . Brown v. Oneonta, 221 F.3d 329, 339 (2d Cir.1999). Accord General Bldg. Contractors Ass’n Inc. v. Pennsylvania, 458 U.S. 375, 391, 102 S.Ct. 3141, 73 L.Ed.2d 835 (1981) (stating that section 1981 requires proof of purposeful discrimination).

104 . See Bickerstaff v. Vassar College, 196 F.3d 435, 448 (2d Cir.1999) ("Employers are rarely so cooperative as to include a notation in the personnel file that the firing is for a reason expressly forbidden by law.”) (quotation marks and citation omitted).

105 . See McLee v. Chrysler Corp., 109 F.3d 130, 134 (2d Cir.1997). See also Cruse v. G & J USA Publ’g, 96 F.Supp.2d 320, 325 (S.D.N.Y.2000) (“Because plaintiff has not offered any direct evidence of discrimination, her claim ... must proceed under the three-step burden-shifting analysis set forth in McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 802, 93 S.Ct. 1817, 36 L.Ed.2d 668 (1973) and St. Mary’s Honor Center v. Hicks, 509 U.S. 502, 506-08, 113 S.Ct. 2742, 125 L.Ed.2d 407 (1993).”) (parallel citations omitted).

106 . See McDonnell Douglas, 411 U.S. at 802, 93 S.Ct. 1817. Courts have held that a plaintiff will survive summary judgment if its prima facie case meets a de minimis burden. See Chambers v. TRM Copy Centers Corp., 43 F.3d 29, 37 (2d Cir.1994).

107 . Hicks, 509 U.S. at 506-07, 113 S.Ct. 2742 (quoting Texas Dep’t of Cmty. Affairs v. Burdine, 450 U.S. 248, 254, 101 S.Ct. 1089, 67 L.Ed.2d 207 (1981)).

108 . Id. at 507, 113 S.Ct. 2742.

109 . See McDonnell Douglas, 411 U.S. at 804, 93 S.Ct. 1817.

110 . Big Apple has not brought a breach of contract claim relating to the 2001 Contract, nor could it given that the 2001 Contract was not terminated prior to its expiration date. To the extent that Big Apple asserts any claim of discrimination relating to the 2001 Contract, such claims are dismissed as time-barred.

111 . Butler was a well-established fleet maintenance company which had a long-standing, fixed fee contract to maintain the majority of Verizon's fleet in the Northeast beginning in 1996. Savvy, who was recommended by an employee in Verizon’s Sourcing Department, also had prior relevant experience in sophisticated fleet maintenance before entering its original contracts with Verizon.

112 . Cf. Ford v. Consolidated Edison Co. of New York, No. 03 Civ. 9587, 2006 WL 538116, at *17 (S.D.N.Y. Mar.3, 2006) ("Absent concrete, admissible evidence that similarly situated non-African-American employees were treated differently under identical circumstances, Plaintiff’s discrimination claims must fail.").

113 . Allen’s claim that other Verizon garages run by white-owned fleet maintenance vendors were better equipped is conclusory and speculative given that it was based on a single visit to a single garage managed by Savvy.

114 . See, e.g., Dister v. Continental Group, Inc., 859 F.2d 1108, 1116 (2d Cir.1988) (holding that, as a matter of law, an employee’s disagreement with an employer's business decision is insufficient to prove discriminatory conduct); Foxworth v. American Bible Soc’y, No. 03 Civ. 3005, 2005 WL 1837504, at *7 (S.D.N.Y. July 28, 2005) ("Businesses routinely make decisions about the appropriate allocation, or reallocation, of their resources, expanding some enterprises while reducing others, and such business judgments do not invariably provide evidence of discriminatory intent.”), aff'd, 180 Fed.Appx. 294 (2d. Cir.2006).

115 . Although Verizon cites Griffin v. Ambika Corp., 103 F.Supp.2d 297, 314 (S.D.N.Y.2000) for the proposition that the phrase "you people” cannot be deemed inherently racially offensive, Big Apple points out that when this term is directed toward African-American individuals, it is, in fact, indicative of racial animosity. See Wooten v. Reconstruction Home, Inc., No. 5:02-CV-01278, 2005 WL 1502149, at *11 (N.D.N.Y. June 24, 2005).

116 . See Curtis v. Airborne Freight Corp., 87 F.Supp.2d 234, 247 (S.D.N.Y.2000) ('"For racist comments, slurs, and jokes to constitute a hostile work environment, there must be more than a few isolated incidents of racial enmity, meaning that [i]nstead of sporadic racial slurs, there must be a steady barrage of opprobrious racial comments.' ”) (quoting Schwapp, 118 F.3d at 110 (quotation marks and citations omitted) (alteration in original)).

117 . Id.

118 . See, e.g., Hannon v. Wilson Greatbach, Ltd., No. 00-CV-0203E(F), 2002 WL 1012971, at *9 (W.D.N.Y. Apr.24, 2002) (multiple uses of the word "nigger”); Arroyo v. WestLB Admin., Inc., 54 F.Supp.2d 224, 230-31 (S.D.N.Y.1999) (five to six incidents of racial slurs, including “fucking spic,” over a two-year period); Brown v. Middaugh, 41 F.Supp.2d 172, 187-88 (N.D.N.Y.1999) (references to “nigger,” “lazy nigger,” “piece of shit nigger,” and "good for nothing nigger”); Bolden v. New York City Hous. Auth., No. 96 Civ. 2835, 1997 WL 666236, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. Oct. 27, 1997) (five “nigger” references over a six-week period).

119 . See Beverley v. 1115 Health & Benefits Fund, 420 F.Supp.2d 47, 60 (E.D.N.Y.2005) (supervisor’s rude behavior was "insufficient to support a jury finding of a materially adverse change in the terms and conditions of employment”). See also Shira A. Scheindlin & John Elofson, Judges, Juries, And Sexual Harassment, 17 Yale L. & Pol’y Rev. 813, 846-47 & n.209 (citing Grossman v. Gap, Inc., No. 96 Civ. 7063, 1998 WL 142143, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. Mar.25, 1998) (holding a single inappropriate comment insufficient as a matter of law to survive summary judgment); Polimeni v. American Airlines, No. CV 92-5702, 1996 WL 743351, at *2 (E.D.N.Y. Dec. 18, 1996) (holding that three incidents of lewd comments and inappropriate touching over two years Were insufficient evidence to survive a motion for summary judgment); Gonzalez v. Kahan, No. CV 88-922, 1996 WL 705320, at *3-4 (E.D.N.Y. Nov.25, 1996) (finding that one obscene phone call, a bear hug, several requests for a date, and a marriage proposal were insufficient evidence to establish a hostile work environment claim); Rivera v. Edenwald Contracting Co., No. 93 Civ. 8582, 1996 WL 240003 at *6 (S.D.N.Y. May 9, 1996) (holding that two vulgar comments made by different coworkers were not enough to establish that a workplace was permeated with discrimination); Ricard v. Kraft Gen. Foods, No. 92 Civ. 2256, 1993 WL 385129, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 16, 1993), aff'd, 17 F.3d 1426 (2d Cir.1994) (finding that four sexually-oriented incidents were insufficient evidence as a matter of law to survive summary judgment)).

120 . See Kearney v. Pyramid Mgmt. Group, Inc., No. 98-CV-0531E(SC), 2000 WL 744000, at *16 (W.D.N.Y. June 5, 2000) (granting summary judgment, in part, where racist graffiti stopped after employee reported it to his supervisor).

121 . Verizon phased out Butler's services over time due to the number of garages that Butler managed and the difficulty associated with replacing Butler at one time. See Pylyp Dep. at 161-62.

122 . See Conway v. Microsoft Corp., 414 F.Supp.2d 450, 464 (S.D.N.Y.2006) (to be similarly situated, there must be similar conduct without differentiating or mitigating circumstances); Bennett v. Watson Wyatt & Co., 136 F.Supp.2d 236, 249-50 (S.D.N.Y.2001) (“Employees are not similarly situated merely because their conduct might be analogized ... [they] must have engaged in conduct similar to plaintiff's without such differentiating or mitigating circumstances that would distinguish their conduct or the appropriate discipline.’’).

123 . "To establish a claim under § 1981, a plaintiff must allege facts in support of the following elements: (1) the plaintiff is a member of a racial minority; (2) an intent to discriminate on the basis of race by the defendant; and (3) the discrimination concerned one or more of the activities enumerated in the statute (i.e., make and enforce contracts, sue and be sued, give evidence, etc.)." Mian v. Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette Sec. Corp., 7 F.3d 1085, 1087 (2d Cir.1993). While plaintiff satisfied the first and third prongs, it has failed to offer any evidence of Verizon's discriminatory intent, thereby failing the second prong.

124 . "[T]he plaintiff — once the employer produces sufficient evidence to support a nondiscriminatory explanation for its decision— must be afforded the 'opportunity to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that the legitimate reasons offered by the defendant were not its true reasons, but were a pretext for discrimination.’ ” Reeves v. Sanderson Plumbing Prods., Inc., 530 U.S. 133, 143, 120 S.Ct. 2097, 147 L.Ed.2d 105 (2000) (quoting Burdine, 450 U.S. at 253, 101 S.Ct. 1089). Pretext may be established " ‘directly by persuading the court that a discriminatory reason more likely motivated the employer or indirectly by showing that the employer's proffered explanation is unworthy of credence.’ " Jetter v. Knothe Corp., 324 F.3d 73, 77 (2d Cir.2003) (quoting Burdine, 450 U.S. at 256, 101 S.Ct. 1089). "Where multiple reasons are advanced, the plaintiff must show that each reason was a pretext.” Bojd v. Golder Assocs., Inc., No. 06-12209, 2006 WL 3780645, at *1 (11th Cir. Dec.26, 2006) (citing Chapman v. AI Transport, 229 F.3d 1012, 1037 (11th Cir.2000) (en banc)). Moreover, "[a] reason is not pretext for discrimination 'unless it is shown both that the reason was false, and that discrimination was the real reason.’ ” Brooks v. County Comm’n of Jefferson County, Ala., 446 F.3d 1160, 1163 (11th Cir.2006) (quoting Hicks, 509 U.S. at 515, 113 S.Ct. 2742) (emphasis in original).

125 . See Harper v. National Kidney Found., Inc., No. 03-CV-6247L, 2005 WL 43774, at *10 (W.D.N.Y. Jan.10, 2005) (granting summary judgment dismissing employee’s section 1981 claims despite her unsubstantiated allegations that she was "set up" for termination and that documentation submitted in support of defendant’s motion was created "after-the-fact in order to cover up discriminatory conduct”).

126 . See 5/10/06 Deposition of Ralph Mayfield, Ex. 16 to the Supplemental Declaration of Kathleen L. McAchran in Further Support of Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment, at 46-47.