COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Elder, Kelsey and Powell * Argued by teleconference
BETTY J. CAMPBELL MEMORANDUM OPINION ** BY v. Record No. 1481-10-2 JUDGE LARRY G. ELDER AUGUST 9, 2011 HARRY D. CAMPBELL
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF ALBEMARLE COUNTY Cheryl V. Higgins, Judge
Sidney H. Kirstein for appellant.
Donald K. Butler (Player B. Michelsen; Butler Armstrong, LLP, on brief), for appellee.
In this second appeal from a final decree of divorce, Betty J. Campbell (wife) argues that the
trial court erred: (1) in refusing to allow wife to relitigate the grounds for divorce, an issue decided
in the first divorce proceeding in 2006; (2) in awarding Harry D. Campbell (husband) sixty-two
percent of the parties’ marital property because the award was based on the allegedly erroneous
grounds for divorce; (3) in failing to include as part of the marital estate $800,000 in gifts husband
made to the parties’ children and $127,000 in timber he removed from one of the marital estates;
and (4) in refusing to award wife $58,000 in accrued support under a 2002 pendente lite support
order. We hold that: (1) the law of the case bars wife from relitigating the grounds for divorce
because she did not appeal the 2006 determination that she constructively deserted husband; (2) the
trial court did not err in relying on wife’s constructive desertion of husband as credible evidence to
* Justice Powell participated in the hearing and decision of this case prior to her investiture as a Justice of the Supreme Court of Virginia. ** Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. support the division of the marital estate; (3) credible evidence supports the trial court’s findings
that husband’s gifts of real estate and removal of timber did not constitute waste; and (4) the
reversal of the previous decree of divorce did not resurrect the 2002 pendente lite support order such
that wife was not entitled to any past-due support. Accordingly, we affirm the challenged rulings.
I.
BACKGROUND
“We review the evidence in the light most favorable to . . . the party prevailing below and
grant all reasonable inferences fairly deducible therefrom.” Anderson v. Anderson, 29 Va. App.
673, 678, 514 S.E.2d 369, 372 (1999). So viewed, the evidence establishes that husband and wife
married in January 1973 and separated in December 1996. Four children—Tinsley Campbell, Robi
Durrer, Patti Rogers, and Kathy Ogden—were born from their marital union, all of whom were
emancipated at the time of the divorce proceedings. Husband had two children, Sandra Austin and
Teresa Campbell, from a previous marriage. From its inception, the marriage was acrimonious,
with frequent allegations of adultery and physical abuse. On December 21, 1996, after an argument
in which husband accused wife of adultery, husband was shot multiple times. 1 The shooting left
husband in a coma for five days, and he remained hospitalized for twenty-two days.
Husband filed for divorce on the grounds of constructive desertion, alleging wife’s shooting
him was “without any just cause or provocation.” Wife denied attempting to kill husband, claiming
she shot him “in self defense and to protect their son who was being seriously assaulted by
[husband].” Wife filed a crossbill for divorce, alleging husband committed adultery. Upon wife’s
request for pendente lite spousal support, on February 27, 2002, the trial court awarded wife $1,000
per month “until further order of this Court.”
1 Wife originally indicated she was the shooter, but, as discussed infra, she claimed in later proceedings that one of the parties’ children shot him.
-2- The parties presented evidence at trial from August 9 through August 12, 2005 (2005
proceedings). One contested issue was the validity of an agreement (the agreement) that
purportedly conveyed Campbell Lumber Company (CLC) to wife if husband proceeded with the
divorce. Both parties presented expert witnesses to support their respective theories concerning the
enforceability of the agreement, and the trial court ruled that the agreement was binding on the
parties such that CLC “shall be the sole and separate property of [wife].”
The trial court issued a letter opinion, memorialized in a final decree of divorce (collectively
the 2006 decree) addressing the remaining issues the parties raised. Pertinent to this appeal, the trial
court held that husband “has shown by sufficient evidence that [wife] was guilty of constructive
desertion when she shot [husband] in 1996,” thereby “entit[ling him] to a divorce on the grounds of
constructive desertion.” After classifying and valuing the parties’ marital and separate property, the
trial court awarded husband seventy-two percent of the marital property and wife twenty-eight
percent. The trial court further held that “[b]ased on the factors [of Code § 20-107.1], including the
circumstances of the shooting contributing to the dissolution of the marriage, the Court denies an
award of spousal support to [wife]. She has substantial assets [from the equitable distribution
award] with which to support herself.”
Both parties appealed the 2006 decree. Campbell v. Campbell, 49 Va. App. 498, 500, 642
S.E.2d 769, 771 (2007) (Campbell I). The only issue this Court addressed was whether “the trial
court erred when it prevented [husband] from cross-examining wife’s expert witness and a factual
witness” regarding the agreement, id., and held that the circuit court “abused its discretion, as a
matter of law, by preventing husband from cross-examining wife’s witnesses due to the time limits
it imposed[,]” id. at 507, 642 S.E.2d at 774. We did not address the remaining assignments of error
“with respect to the agreement itself and the equitable distribution of the remaining marital
property” because they “depend[ed] upon the validity of the agreement.” Id. at 507 n.5, 642 S.E.2d
-3- at 774 n.5. Accordingly, the mandate accompanying Campbell I “reversed and annulled” the 2006
decree and “remanded to the trial court for further proceedings in accordance with the views
expressed in [Campbell I].” At no point did wife challenge the 2006 decree on the basis of the
grounds for divorce.2
On remand, the trial court held an evidentiary hearing to determine the validity of the
agreement. The trial court held that wife did not meet her burden of proving the agreement was an
enforceable contract, and it scheduled the matter for hearings beginning April 7, 2009, to address
the equitable distribution of the marital assets (2009 proceedings). Husband filed a motion to limit
the scope of the 2009 proceedings, specifically requesting that wife be “precluded by the law of the
case from relitigating the grounds for divorce,” due to wife’s new claim that the parties’ son,
Tinsley, shot husband. Wife filed a brief in opposition and filed a request that the trial court award
her spousal support arrearages under the 2002 pendente lite order. After hearing argument on the
matter, the trial court held that the law of the case doctrine barred wife from relitigating the
grounds for divorce. However, the trial court held that it would hear evidence pertaining to “the
circumstances and factors [that] contributed to the dissolution of the marriage, including any
grounds for divorce.” The trial court expressly stated that such evidence would be used to
determine the equitable distribution of the marital assets under Code § 20-107.3 but would not be
used to decide the grounds for divorce.
The 2009 proceedings spanned from April 7 through April 10, 2009, and again from
September 14 through September 15, 2009, during which the parties presented extensive
evidence in the form of testimony and documentary exhibits regarding their respective
non-monetary contributions to the marriage as well as the other spouse’s negative contributions.
2 Wife endorsed the 2006 decree by objecting to “its corollary finding that she is guilty of constructive desertion as to [husband],” but she abandoned this argument in the first appeal. -4- Further, husband presented evidence relating to various parcels of land he had gifted to his
children after the 1996 shooting.
At the conclusion of the evidence, the trial court issued a letter opinion and final decree
for divorce (collectively the 2010 decree). Pertinent to this appeal, the trial court affirmed the
2006 decree’s finding that wife constructively deserted husband when she shot him. Further, the
trial court awarded husband sixty-two percent of the marital property after considering the
factors enumerated in Code § 20-107.3(E). Finally, the trial court denied an award of spousal
support to wife because “she will have substantial assets upon which to support herself.” Both
parties filed objections and legal memoranda in support of their respective positions. At a
hearing on June 14, 2010, the trial court declined to hear additional arguments in the matter and
denied all outstanding motions for reconsideration.
This appeal followed.
II.
ANALYSIS
A.
GROUNDS FOR DIVORCE
Wife first argues the trial court erred in holding the law of the case doctrine barred her
from relitigating the grounds for divorce. Wife contends Campbell I “reversed and annulled” the
2006 decree to the extent that wife was free to relitigate all disputed issues. Wife further asserts
that law of the case doctrine does not apply because the facts underlying the grounds for divorce
at the 2005 proceedings—that wife shot husband in self-defense—were materially different from
the facts at the 2009 proceedings—that Tinsley shot husband. 3 We disagree.
3 At the 2009 proceeding, wife testified that when she returned home from running errands on December 21, 1996, husband confronted her about an alleged affair. The argument intensified, and wife testified that at one point, Tinsley joined the argument and husband began -5- “Pursuant to the ‘law of the case’ doctrine, when a party fails to challenge a decision
rendered by a court at one stage of litigation, that party is deemed to have waived her right to
challenge that decision during later stages of the ‘same litigation.’” Miller-Jenkins v.
Miller-Jenkins, 276 Va. 19, 26, 661 S.E.2d 822, 826 (2008) (quoting Kondaurov v. Kerdasha,
271 Va. 646, 658, 629 S.E.2d 181, 188 (2006)). Here, as memorialized in the 2006 decree, the
trial court found that wife “was guilty of constructive desertion when she shot [husband] in
1996.” In the first appeal, wife argued that the trial court erred in “(1) holding that the spousal
support and inheritance provisions of the marital agreement were unenforceable; (2) dividing the
marital estate unequally between the parties; and (3) refusing to reserve spousal support for
wife.” Campbell I, 49 Va. App. at 500, 642 S.E.2d at 771. Indeed, wife’s brief in Campbell I
explicitly stated that the trial court “may have been justified in granting [husband] a divorce
based on the alleged shooting (a decision [that wife] has not appealed).” (Emphasis added).”
Because wife chose not to appeal the grounds for divorce in Campbell I, law of the case doctrine
precludes her from relitigating that issue on this appeal.
We reject wife’s argument that the language contained within the mandate accompanying
our Campbell I decision rendered the 2006 decree “totally inoperative and of no further effect.”
The mandate stated that the 2006 decree was “reversed and annulled and the case is remanded to
striking him. Wife said she left the bedroom as Tinsley and husband continued to “struggle.” She then heard a shot, returned to the room, and saw Tinsley holding a firearm. Wife testified that Tinsley told her, “Mom, he was going to kill me, he was going to kill me.” Wife said she lied to the police about shooting husband because she “was trying to protect Tinsley.” She agreed that she signed under oath her cross-complaint for divorce, which stated wife “fired on [husband] in self defense.” Tinsley agreed that he was involved in an argument between wife and husband, but testified that wife was the one who shot husband and then asked Tinsley to lie about it. Husband confirmed that it was wife who had shot him. Robi Durrer testified that immediately after the shooting, wife told the children to lie to the police “to make sure that we said . . . that [husband] was mean, that he was abusive.” Tinsley confirmed that wife coached the children into telling the police that husband was abusive.
-6- the trial court for further proceedings in accordance with the views expressed in the written
opinion of this Court.” (Emphasis added). This mandate “is the directive of the appellate court
certifying a judgment in a particular case to the court from which it was appealed.” Powell v.
Commonwealth, 267 Va. 107, 127, 590 S.E.2d 537, 550 (2004). However, “the mandate is
controlling only ‘as to matters within its compass.’” Id. (quoting Sprague v. Ticonic Nat’l Bank,
307 U.S. 161, 168, 59 S. Ct. 777, 781, 83 L. Ed. 1184, 1188 (1939)). Thus, the mandate
“‘forecloses relitigation of issues expressly or impliedly decided by the appellate court.’” Id.
(quoting United States v. Bell, 5 F.3d 64, 66 (4th Cir. 1993)).
The mandate in Campbell I, viewed “in light of the appellate court’s opinion,” id., makes
clear that the trial court was limited on remand to addressing only those issues pertaining to the
equitable distribution of the parties’ marital assets. The opinion held that the trial court in the
2005 proceedings erred “by preventing husband from cross-examining wife’s witnesses due to
the time limits it imposed.” 49 Va. App. at 507, 642 S.E.2d at 774. This error related directly to
the equitable distribution of the remaining marital property, and we did not address those issues.
See id. at 507 n.5, 642 S.E.2d at 774 n.5. Because the Campbell I opinion acknowledged the
holding in the 2006 decree that “wife pulled out a gun and shot husband three times,” id. at 502,
642 S.E.2d at 771, and wife did not ask us to revisit that holding, that opinion implicitly
constrained the trial court from relitigating the issue of whether wife’s shooting of husband
constituted constructive desertion. See also Va. Imps., Ltd. v. Kirin Brewery of Am., LLC, 50
Va. App. 395, 406-07, 650 S.E.2d 554, 559-60 (2007) (noting that the decision from the first
appeal implicitly decided against Kirin’s termination-by-operation-of-law argument because to
hold otherwise would have rendered this Court’s reversal mandate “wholly meaningless”).
Further, we reject wife’s claim that her recantation of her prior admission that she was the
person who shot husband circumvents law of the case doctrine. Wife correctly avers that
-7- “[w]here material facts have changed between the first appeal and the second, the law of the case
doctrine is inapplicable.” Rowe v. Rowe, 33 Va. App. 250, 266, 532 S.E.2d 908, 916 (2000).
“There is nothing in the rule to inhibit a party, on a second trial, from supplying omitted facts or
from averring a different state of facts.” Steinman v. Clinchfield Coal Corp., 121 Va. 611, 622,
93 S.E. 684, 688 (1917). However, a party cannot rely on the material change in facts exception
to the law of the case doctrine where, as here, the party herself created the conflict in evidence as
part of her litigation strategy.
In Rowe, we held the trial court in the first proceeding erred in classifying the
augmentation in value of stock as marital property, but we found no error in the underlying
valuation of that stock. 33 Va. App. at 256, 532 S.E.2d at 911. During the pendency of the
second trial on remand, the husband sold the stock at a premium price. We held that on the
second appeal, wife should have been permitted to introduce new valuation evidence because the
previously determined values were based on the projected discounted price of the stock. We
reasoned it “would be manifestly unfair on remand for the court to use the discounted estimated
value . . . as the basis for determining how much the stock appreciated in value . . . and to deduct
that value from the premium sales price . . . in order to determine how much the stock
appreciated.” Id. at 267, 532 S.E.2d at 917.
In this case, by contrast, the “change in fact” is wife’s position that is wholly inconsistent
with the one she previously advanced during the 2005 proceedings. In her cross-complaint for
divorce, wife asserted that she shot husband in self-defense. At the 2005 proceedings, wife
asserted her Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination when asked if she shot husband.
Wife testified during the 2009 proceedings that she initially told the police she shot husband. On
remand, wife now contends Tinsley shot husband and that she attempted to take the blame in an
effort to protect Tinsley from criminal prosecution. Because wife caused the change through her
-8- own litigation tactics, she cannot claim that this amounts to a material change in fact. See Va.
Elec. & Power Co. v. Norfolk S. Ry. Co., 278 Va. 444, 462, 683 S.E.2d 517, 527 (2009)
(preventing “a party from assuming successive positions in the course of a suit or series of suits
with regard to the same fact or set of facts if those facts are inconsistent or mutually
contradictory”). Accordingly, the trial court properly held wife was precluded from relitigating
the grounds for divorce.
B.
EQUITABLE DISTRIBUTION OF MARITAL ASSETS
Wife next argues the trial court based its distribution of the marital property on the
allegedly faulty belief that wife shot husband. Wife contends this error is presumed to be
prejudicial and husband had the burden of proving harmless error.
Code § 20-107.3(E) authorizes the trial court, after classifying the parties’ property as
separate or marital, to determine “[t]he amount of any division or transfer of jointly owned
marital property, and the amount of any monetary award, the apportionment of marital debts, and
the method of payment.” The trial court must consider, inter alia, “[t]he circumstances and
factors which contributed to the dissolution of the marriage, specifically including any ground
for divorce.” Code § 20-107.3(E)(5) (emphasis added). “Fashioning an equitable distribution
award lies within the sound discretion of the trial judge and that award will not be set aside
unless it is plainly wrong or without evidence to support it.” Srinivasan v. Srinivasan, 10
Va. App. 728, 732, 396 S.E.2d 675, 678 (1990). While a trial court must consider all of the
equitable distribution factors in Code § 20-107.3(E), a court “need not quantify or elaborate
exactly what weight was given to each of the factors.” Taylor v. Taylor, 5 Va. App. 436, 444,
364 S.E.2d 244, 249 (1988).
-9- Wife argues that because the trial court refused to allow her to relitigate the grounds for
divorce, it based its distribution of the marital assets on the allegedly erroneous ruling of
constructive desertion. Because we hold that the 2006 decree’s ruling that wife constructively
deserted husband when she shot him on December 21, 1996, is the law of the case, this compels
the conclusion that the trial court did not err in considering wife’s constructive desertion when
fashioning the equitable distribution award under Code § 20-107.3(E)(5). In any event, the trial
court found whether wife actually shot husband was irrelevant because it held that the “claim of
shooting is what ultimately result[ed] in the separation of the parties and family.” The trial court
noted wife “made the choice then at that time that it was more important to protect Tinsley than
it was to preserve the marriage.” These statements confirm that the trial court properly
considered the evidence relating to wife’s role in the dissolution of the marriage as a factor under
Code § 20-107.3(E), and the trial court did not abuse its discretion in awarding husband
sixty-two percent of the marital assets.
C.
MARITAL WASTE
Wife next argues the trial court erred in failing to consider husband’s actions as marital
waste. Specifically, wife argues husband made various gifts of real estate to their four children
totaling approximately $800,000 with the intent to dissipate marital funds. Wife further contends
husband removed approximately $127,000 in timber from the marital estate.
In opposition, husband argues the gifts to the children were part of a “settled practice”
pursuant to husband’s desire to provide each of his children a place to live once they grew up.
- 10 - Husband further argues wife participated in the gifting by contributing $20,000 toward the
mortgage payment of one of their daughters. 4
“Just as a court may consider positive contributions to the marriage in making an
equitable distribution award, it can also consider ‘negative’ contributions in the form of
squandering and destroying marital resources.” Booth v. Booth, 7 Va. App. 22, 27, 371 S.E.2d
569, 572 (1988). The generally accepted definition of “waste” in the context of equitable
distribution awards is the “dissipation of marital funds in anticipation of divorce or separation for
a purpose unrelated to the marriage and in derogation of the marital relationship at a time when
the marriage is in jeopardy.” Id. Typically, “the use of funds for living expenses, medical bills
and other necessities of life while the parties are separated does not constitute dissipation.”
Alphin v. Alphin, 15 Va. App. 395, 403, 424 S.E.2d 572, 576 (1992). “Once the aggrieved
spouse shows that marital funds were either withdrawn or used after the breakdown, the burden
rests with the party charged with dissipation to prove that the money was spent for a proper
purpose.” Clements v. Clements, 10 Va. App. 580, 586, 397 S.E.2d 257, 261 (1990). “[G]ifts to
family members c[an] be considered dissipation,” but a “pattern of pre-separation giving as a
part of estate planning” can provide evidence to support a finding that the giving was not done in
anticipation of divorce. Decker v. Decker, 17 Va. App. 12, 20, 435 S.E.2d 407, 413 (1993).
Husband did not deny gifting various parcels of land to his children, but asserted that
these gifts were part of his promise to provide each of his children a house when they reached
adulthood and married. Kathy Ogden and Sandra Austin confirmed this testimony. However,
wife testified that husband had no such plan and instead wanted his children to earn their own
4 Husband further argues any error should be offset by wife’s own expenditures that dissipated the marital estate. Specifically, husband accuses wife of stealing $185,000 in cash and approximately 230 head of cattle. However, despite husband’s contention to the contrary, husband did not include these as separate assignments of error. Accordingly, we will not address them now on appeal. See Rule 5A:20. - 11 - living without assistance. The evidence supports the trial court’s reliance on husband’s
testimony. Specifically, other than wife’s own testimony, no evidence in the record shows that
wife objected to husband’s gifting of the real estate. In fact, Kathy testified that wife “pitched
in” approximately $20,000 to help pay for the mortgage on a residence she built on the property
husband gifted to her. Further, the testimony reveals that prior to the parties’ separation,
husband gave numerous gifts of vehicles and trailers to the children. Although wife testified
these gifts were meant to be used for business purposes, she admitted they “w[ere] a gift for the
child[ren] from us.” The record provides credible evidence that wife knew of husband’s plan to
give each of the children real estate once they reached adulthood and that she participated in the
giving, as evidenced by her contribution to Kathy’s mortgage on the residence Kathy built on the
real property she received from husband. Such evidence supports the trial court’s finding that
the gifts of real estate were not made in anticipation of divorce.
In regard to the removal of the timber, husband testified that the profits from the sale of
the lumber went back into CLC. The trial court believed this testimony, finding that “the timber
and equipment . . . [were] incorporated into the value of the business.” See, e.g., Northcutt v.
Northcutt, 39 Va. App. 192, 198, 571 S.E.2d 912, 915 (2002) (holding that using loan proceeds
to pay regular business operating expenses does not constitute waste). We note that because
CLC was engaged in the timber business, it is logical that timber removed from its land would be
reinvested in the business.
Concluding no error occurred, we affirm the trial court’s rulings that husband’s gifts of
real estate to his children and his removal of timber from the marital property did not constitute
marital waste.
- 12 - D.
SPOUSAL SUPPORT ARREARAGES
Wife’s final assignment of error involves arrearages she claims husband owed under the
2002 pendente lite support order. It is undisputed that husband met his support obligations
pursuant to this order until October 2005, the date the trial court issued the letter opinion
accompanying the 2006 decree. However, wife contends husband had a continuing duty to pay
spousal support because husband’s appeal forestalled the finality of the 2006 decree. Thus, wife
avers the 2002 spousal support order remained in effect up until the 2010 decree was entered.
Code § 20-107.1 authorizes a trial court “to compel a spouse to pay any sums necessary
for the maintenance and support of the petitioning spouse.” An award of pendente lite spousal
support “terminate[s] upon the final adjudication of all of the issues properly raised in the
pleadings, which would usually result in dismissal of the case from the pending docket.” Taylor,
5 Va. App. at 441, 364 S.E.2d at 247; see Whiting v. Whiting, 262 Va. 3, 4 (2001); Smith v.
Smith, 4 Va. App. 148, 152, 354 S.E.2d 816, 818 (1987).
We find no merit to wife’s contention that the reversal contained within Campbell I
nullified the finality of the 2006 decree. “A court order is final if it ‘disposes of the whole
subject, gives all the relief that was contemplated, provides with reasonable completeness for
giving effect to the sentence, and leaves nothing to be done in the cause save to superintend
ministerially the execution of the decree.’” Vokes v. Vokes, 28 Va. App. 349, 355, 504 S.E.2d
865, 868 (1998) (quoting Street v. Street, 24 Va. App. 14, 19, 480 S.E.2d 118, 121 (1997)). The
2006 decree did not retain jurisdiction to decide other issues and was thus a final order that
resolved all issues before the trial court. See Rule 1:1.
The reversal of a decree or order resurrects a previous order for pendente lite support
only when the order is void ab initio. See Whiting, 262 Va. at 3. Contrary to wife’s assertions,
- 13 - the reversal and remand of an order due to the erroneous actions of the trial court do not render
that order a complete nullity. Rather, an “order is void ab initio if entered by a court in the
absence of jurisdiction of the subject matter or over the parties, if the character of the order is
such that the court had no power to render it, or if the mode of procedure used by the court was
one that the court could ‘not lawfully adopt.’” Singh v. Mooney, 261 Va. 48, 51, 541 S.E.2d
549, 551 (2001) (quoting Evans v. Smyth-Wythe Airport Comm’n, 255 Va. 69, 73, 495 S.E.2d
825, 828 (1998)). Here, we reversed the trial court in Campbell I because it erroneously
prevented husband from cross-examining wife’s witnesses. This ruling did not involve the
underlying authority of the trial court. Accordingly, the 2002 pendente lite spousal support order
“only applied during the pendency of litigation and was terminated when the cause was
dismissed by the [2006 decree],” Whiting, 262 Va. at 4, and husband’s obligations under that
order ceased upon the trial court’s ruling that wife was not entitled to permanent spousal support.
III.
CONCLUSION
In summary, because wife did not challenge the grounds for divorce at the first appeal,
the law of the case precludes her from relitigating that issue now in this subsequent appeal.
Second, wife’s constructive desertion of husband provides credible evidence that supports the
trial court’s equitable distribution of the marital property favoring husband. Third, credible
evidence supports the trial court’s findings that husband’s gifts of real estate to his children and
his removal of timber from the marital property did not constitute marital waste. Finally, the
2006 decree operated as a final order that terminated the 2002 pendente lite support order even
though Campbell I reversed portions of that order. Thus, husband properly ceased making
payments under the 2002 support order. Accordingly, we affirm the 2010 decree.
Affirmed.
- 14 -