Berger v. Repnow

2025 ND 25
CourtNorth Dakota Supreme Court
DecidedJanuary 23, 2025
DocketNo. 20240147
StatusPublished
Cited by1 cases

This text of 2025 ND 25 (Berger v. Repnow) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering North Dakota Supreme Court primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.

Bluebook
Berger v. Repnow, 2025 ND 25 (N.D. 2025).

Opinion

IN THE SUPREME COURT STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA

2025 ND 25

Christine Berger, Plaintiff and Appellee v. Brian Repnow, Defendant and Appellant

No. 20240147

Appeal from the District Court of Mercer, South Central Judicial District, the Honorable Daniel J. Borgen, Judge.

AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN PART, AND REMANDED.

Opinion of the Court by McEvers, Justice.

Carey A. Goetz, Bismarck, ND, for plaintiff and appellee; submitted on brief.

Heather M. Krumm, Mandan, ND, for defendant and appellant; submitted on brief. Berger v. Repnow No. 20240147

McEvers, Justice.

[¶1] Brian Repnow appeals from a judgment in a partition action dividing the parties’ property accumulated during their decade-long unmarried relationship. Repnow argues the district court erred in granting Christine Berger’s claims of partition and unjust enrichment, and awarding her real property, a business, and proceeds in the amount of $64,000. We affirm in part, concluding the court did not err in finding the parties intended to share ownership of the Expansion Drive property, and in awarding the Powerhouse Nutrition business to Berger. We reverse in part, concluding the court erred in awarding 100% of the Expansion Drive property to Berger, and in failing to complete the unjust enrichment analysis and adequately explain the award for $64,000. We remand for the court to make an award of the Expansion Drive property consistent with the parties’ proportionate ownership interests, and to complete the unjust enrichment analysis, explaining, if necessary, its $64,000 award.

I

[¶2] The parties were in a relationship for approximately ten years but never married. In August 2021, Berger commenced this action, asserting claims of partition, conversion, promissory estoppel, and unjust enrichment. She requested that the real and personal property they accumulated during their relationship be equitably divided or, in the alternative, monetary damages. Berger alleged an ownership interest in five properties, two vehicles, and two businesses. Repnow answered the complaint, alleging he solely owned the real and personal property, and requested the claims be denied.

[¶3] In October 2023, the district court held a two-day bench trial where the parties testified and entered exhibits into evidence. After the parties filed their post-trial briefs, the district court issued an order dividing property, debts, and proceeds (“Order”). The court granted Berger’s claim of partition as to one of the properties, 1209A Expansion Drive, awarding her sole ownership of the property. The court determined the other four properties and two vehicles are

1 solely owned by Repnow. The court granted the unjust enrichment claim, awarding Berger $64,000 for her contributions to Repnow’s properties, and denied the claims of conversion and promissory estoppel. The court concluded that the parties shall remain liable for their debt, individually and jointly, and awarded the Dream Girls Boutique business to Repnow and Powerhouse Nutrition to Berger. The court entered its findings of fact, conclusions of law, and order for judgment (“Findings and Conclusions”) and judgment.

II

[¶4] Repnow argues the district court erred in granting Berger’s partition claim and awarding her the Expansion Drive property.

[¶5] Because the parties were not married, the law governing the equitable distribution of property following a divorce under N.D.C.C. § 14-05-24 does not apply. McKechnie v. Berg, 2003 ND 136, ¶ 6, 667 N.W.2d 628. “The law on partition of property, N.D.C.C. ch. 32-16, controls the distribution of property accumulated by unmarried partners and cohabitants.” Id. at ¶ 10. Under N.D.C.C. § 32-16-01,

When several cotenants hold and are in possession of real or personal property as partners, joint tenants, or tenants in common, in which one or more of them have an estate of inheritance, or for life or lives, or for years, an action may be brought by one or more of such persons for a partition thereof according to the respective rights of the persons interested therein and for a sale of such property or a part thereof, if it appears that a partition cannot be made without great prejudice to the owners. Real and personal property may be partitioned in the same action.

[¶6] “Partition is an equitable remedy governed by equitable principles.” McKechnie, 2003 ND 136, ¶ 11. District courts have “wide judicial discretion in partition actions to ‘do equity’ and to make a fair and just division of the property or proceeds between the parties,” and “great flexibility in fashioning appropriate relief for the parties.” Id. The court’s “findings in a partition action will not be reversed on appeal unless they are clearly erroneous.” Id. “A finding of fact is clearly erroneous if it is induced by an erroneous view of the law, if there is no

2 evidence to support it, or if, after reviewing all the evidence, we are left with a definite and firm conviction a mistake has been made.” Id.

[¶7] The only real property at issue on appeal is the Expansion Drive property in Hazen, North Dakota. The district court found that the parties intended for Repnow to solely own the other four properties and awarded them to him as sole owner, and Berger did not cross-appeal from that award. As to the Expansion Drive property, the court found in its Findings and Conclusions that the parties intended to jointly own the property, and awarded the property solely to Berger. In its prior Order dividing the property, debts, and proceeds, the court states both that “the parties intended to share ownership” of the Expansion Drive property, and that “the parties intended [Berger] to own, individually, the property.” This latter statement comes as a single sentence in the court’s “conclusion” section with no analysis supporting the statement. Whereas, the former statement was made within the Order’s “law and analysis” section and immediately follows a discussion on joint ownership. Because the court’s subsequent Findings and Conclusions state the parties intended to jointly own the property and the court’s discussion in its prior Order similarly discusses joint ownership (until the “conclusion” section), we conclude it is clear from the record that the court found the parties intended to share ownership of the Expansion Drive property. See McKechnie, 2003 ND 136, ¶ 10 (noting partition actions concern joint ownership).

A

[¶8] Repnow argues the evidence in the record does not support the district court’s finding that the parties intended to jointly own the Expansion Drive property. He argues the property is titled solely in his name and he purchased the home, paid property taxes, insured the property, made improvements, and made payments on the outstanding debt. He contends Berger’s “actions cannot be distinguished from a tenant (aside from the fact that she paid no rent), such as paying for the utilities the majority of the time, [and] furnishing and decorating the interior.” He asserts she failed to show she made any payments directly towards the property.

3 [¶9] Writings are a significant factor in determining whether unmarried long- term partners intend to share property. See McKechnie, 2003 ND 136, ¶ 13; Kohler v. Flynn, 493 N.W.2d 647, 649 (N.D. 1992). Property titles and joint bank accounts, for example, “constitute writings evidencing intent.” McKechnie, at ¶ 13. However, “although legal ownership of property is strong evidence of an intention to not share property, legal ownership is not dispositive when the person who is not the legal owner has financially contributed to the acquisition of the property.” Id. at ¶ 14.

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Related

Berger v. Repnow
2025 ND 25 (North Dakota Supreme Court, 2025)

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Bluebook (online)
2025 ND 25, Counsel Stack Legal Research, https://law.counselstack.com/opinion/berger-v-repnow-nd-2025.