Grace, J.
This is an appeal from the order of the district court of McIntosh county, North Dakota, Honorable Frank P. Allen, Judge.
The action brought is one in which it is sought to have decided which of two separate and distinct classes of persons belonging to separate and distinct religious corporations, each of which, however, bears the name and claims its faith to be that which is taught by the German Evangelical Lutheran Emmaus Church, is entitled to possession of, and the exclusive right to use, a certain church building and church property which is more fully described in the complaint.
To the complaint in the case there has been entered a demurrer. In ordér' that the complaint may be fully understood, it, together with the demurrer thereto, will be set out in full.
The complaint as is follows:
“That the defendant, the German Evangelical Lutheran Emmaus [276]*276Church of Ashley, McIntosh County, North Dakota, is a domestic religious corporation organized under the laws of North Dakota in August, 1918. That the defendant, the Evangelical Lutheran Emmaus Church of Ashley, McIntosh County, North Dakota, is a domestic religious corporation organized under the laws of the state of North Dakota in February, 1908. That the aforesaid corporations are and at all times hereinafter mentioned have been separate and distinct corporations.
“That the plaintiffs, Johan Bendewald, Sr., Heinrich Ehley, Daniel Bendawald, Johan Bendewald, Jr., are, and at the times hereinafter mentioned were, members of the Evangelical Lutheran Emmaus Church, County of McIntosh, Ashley, North Dakota, together with the following persons defendants herein, Wilhelm Ley, David Klein, Sr., David Eisenbeis, Mathias Kapp, David Klein, Jr., Michael ITeddig, Johan Goehring, Freidrich Hinz, Adolph Moench, Christian Goehring, Johannes Goehring, Heinrich Quast, Gottleib Strobel.
“That the German Evangelical Lutheran Emmaus Church, organized in 1913, is joined as party defendant, that the interest of all parties interested in the subject-matter of this action may be fully determined. That the Evangelical Lutheran Emmaus Church of Ashley, McIntosh County, North Dakota, organized in 1908, cannot be induced to bring this suit, it being under the control of the parties complained of, as will appear more fully from the facts hereinafter pleaded, and is therefore made a party defendant in order to determine its rights in the subject-matter under dispute.
“That the Evangelical Lutheran Emmaus Church of Ashley, County of McIntosh, North Dakota, was organized and chartered under the laws of North Dakota, in February, 1908, for the sole purpose of maintaining and promoting religious worship according to the general usages of the German Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Missouri, Ohio, and other state’s churches. That said corporation affiliated itself with the German Evangelical Lutheran Emmaus Church Synod of Missouri, Ohio, and other states (commonly and'hereinafter called the Missouri Synod), and since its formation has called and been served by pastors of the Missouri Synod. That said Evangelical Lutheran Emmaus Church of Ashley, County of McIntosh, North Dakota, adopted a constitution, a copy of which is hereunto attached and made a part [277]*277of this complaint, which was subscribed to by the above-named plaintiffs and persons defendant. That in accordance with the above-stated charter purpose this constitution in paragraphs 3, 4, 7, 10, and 17 contain and adopt the confession of faith, church policy, and practice required of churches affiliated with the Missouri Synod. That said Evangelical Lutheran Emmaus Church of Ashley, McIntosh County, North Dakota, for the purpose stated in its articles of incorporation, a copy of which is hereunto attached and made part of this complaint, and in its constitution, on the 9th day of March, 1908, acquired that tract or parcel of land described below, and erected thereon one frame church building, one shed,.and other buildings to the value of $1,200, to which sum the plaintiffs contributed heavily; the above-mentioned tract of land is described as follows, to wit: Beginning at the northwest corner of the southwest quarter of section fifteen (15), in township one hundred thirty (130), north of range sixty-nine (69), west of the fifth principal meridian, thence running south along the west line of said quarter section, twenty-one i*ods and nine-tenths of a rod (21.9), thence running east twenty-one rods and nine-tenths of a rod (21.9) parallel to the south line of said quarter section; thence running north twenty-one rods and nine-tenths of a rod (21.9) parallel to the west line of said quarter section; thence running west twenty-one rods and nine-tenths of a rod (21.9) to the place of beginning and containing three (3) acres to be the same more or less. That the Missouri Synod financially aided the said Evangelical Lutheran Emmaus Church of Ashley, County of McIntosh, North Dakota, to acquire and erect the above-described property and to maintain the church organization up to the present time in large sums of money, to wit, $1,259, which financial aid was given by the Missouri Synod in consideration of the purpose stated in the articles of incorporation and the stipulations of the constitution of said church, especially in paragraphs 3, 4, 7, 10, and 17.
“That on or about the 27th day of June, 1913, the above-named persons defendant, being a majority, resolved to sever the connection of the Evangelical Lutheran Emmaus Church of Ashley, County of McIntosh, North Dakota, with the Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Iowa and other states, commonly and hereinafter called the Iowa Synod. (The pleader has evidently made a mistake in using the following words in this paragraph: ‘With the Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Iowa and other [278]*278states.’ He no dorrbt intended to use the following words: ‘With the Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Missouri, Ohio, and other states, commonly known as the Missouri Synod’), against which action the plaintiffs then and there protested and have continued to protest. Whereupon the same defendants in August, 1913, formed a separate religious corporation by name German Evangelical Lutheran Emmaus Ohurch of Ashley, McIntosh County, North Dakota, and as such affiliated themselves with the Iowa Synod. Then meeting again as the Evangelical Lutheran Emmaus Church of Ashley,- County of McIntosh, North Dakota, the same defendants over the plaintiff’s protest, resolved to sell, and since have sold, for the grossly inadequate sum of $1, all the .above-described property of the Evangelical Lutheran Emmaus Church of Ashley, County of McIntosh, North Dakota, and as such German Evangelical Lutheran Church of Ashley, the defendants named are now using the above-described property for the purpose of maintaining and promoting religious worship according to the usages of the Iowa Synod, and have by force and threats prevented and continue to prevent the plaintiffs from using' said church property for the purposes stated in the articles of incorporation and in the. constitution of said Evangelical Lutheran Emmaus Church of Ashley, County of McIntosh, North Dakota.
“That the defendants’ acts complained of in paragraph 4 of this complaint and the use of said church property for the purpose of promulgating the Iowa Synod doctrines and worship are in violation of the charter and constitution of the aforesaid Evangelical Lutheran Emmaus Ohurch of Ashley, McIntosh county, North Dakota, and that said acts always have and now do stand disapproved by the Missouri Synod, and all of the said acts of defendants have been against its earnest protest and wishes. That the above-mentioned sale was color able, only, and made fraudulently and in bad faith for the purpose only of defeating the trust placed upon said property by the charter and constitution of said Evangelical Lutheran Emmaus Church of Ashley, County of McIntosh, North Dakota.
“That the Iowa Synod and its pastors do not accept the symbolical books and confessions without reservation as required by paragraphs 3 and I of the constitution, but reserve unto itself and its pastors the right to reject and differ with certain doctrines therein, and do so reject and [279]*279■differ from the following fundamental Evangelical Lutheran Emmaus Church doctrines contained in said confessions and symbolical books; the acteriological doctrines as confessed in articles 2 and 7 of the Formula of Concord; the eschatological doctrines as contained in article 17 of Augsburg Confession and in part 2, article 4, of the Smal-cald Articles; the doctrines concerning Sabbath observance as contained in article 28 of the Augsburg Confession, in the smaller and in the larger catechism of Dr. Luther. That the Iowa Synod is not an orthodox Evangelical Lutheran Synod as required by paragraph 7 of the constitution, nor does it maintain and promote religious worship according to the general usages of the Missouri Synod, as required by the ■charter of the aforesaid Evangelical Lutheran Church of Ashley, County of McIntosh, North Dakota. That the practice of the Iowa Synod concerning admission of members is not the practice required in paragraph 4 of the constitution.
“That the Iowa Synod differs from the Missouri Synod in all these points mentioned in paragraph 6 of this complaint. That the Missouri Synod has determined and for over forty years publicly maintained that the Iowa Synod differed from it in essential particulars regarding doctrines, practice, and church policy as aforesaid, which determination was known to all parties, plaintiffs and defendants in this action, before the Evangelical Lutheran Emmaus Church of Ashley, County of McIntosh, North Dakota. In 1908 incorporation for the purpose stated, affiliated with the Missouri Synod, adopted the constitution with the stipulations referred to in paragraph 3 Synod’s financial aid in consideration thereof. That the plaintiffs have been recognized and adjudged by the Missouri Synod as remaining true to the original confession as ■set forth in paragraph 10 of the attached constitution.
“That the Iowa Synod and the Missouri Synod, as stated aforesaid, •are two entirely separate and distinct church organizations, having nothing together in common, each being wliolly independent of the other. That no application for relief to the higher authorities of the Synod of which plaintiffs are affiliated, to wit, the Missouri Synod, has been made as a decision, decree, or command from said Missouri Synod, would be nugatory and unenforceable and not binding on the defendants herein for the reasons stated aforesaid.
“Wherefore, plaintiffs pray that the above-mentioned salo and con[280]*280veyance be canceled and set aside, and that tbe court declare and decree that the defendants other than the Evangelical Lutheran Emmaus Church of Ashley, County of McIntosh, North Dakota, organized in 1908, have no interest of any nature in said church property, that the defendants be restrained from using said church property for the purpose of disseminating the doctrines of the Iowa Synod, and be forever enjoined from doing so, and from interfering with and preventing the plaintiffs and others who have joined him in this action in using the said church property for the purpose intended by the charter and constitution of the Evangelical Lutheran Emmaus Church of Ashley, County of McIntosh, North Dakota. For the court to declare and decree that the persons defendant have seceded from and are no longer members of the Evangelical Lutheran Emmaus Church of Ashley, County of McIntosh, North Dakota, and to grant such other relief and damages as to the court may seem meet and proper.”
The demurrer to such complaint is as follows:
“Now appear the defendants, Wilhelm Ley, David Klein, Sr., David Eisenbeis, Mathias Kapp, David Klein, Jr., Johann Goehring, Freidrich Hinez, Christian Goehring, and demur to the complaint of the plaintiff herein, upon the following grounds, all of which appear upon the face of said complaint:
“That the court has no jurisdiction of the subject-matter of the action.
“That there is a defect of parties plaintiff, in this, that the complaint does not show a light in the plaintiff to ask for the relief demanded, nor state that the plaintiffs subscribed to the various creeds set forth in the said complaint as requisite to membership in the church of which they claim to be members, and that said action should be brought by the church of which the plaintiff is a member.
“That there is a defect of parties defendant in this, that the said complaint does not set forth the entire membership of the said congregation, which is necessary to a complete determination of the question involved.
“That there is a further defect of parties plaintiff in that the plaintiff assumes to bring the action on behalf of himself and others, and the others are not named in full, and as to those which are named no authority for the bringing of the action by the-plaintiff in their behalf is shown.
[281]*281“That the complaint fails to state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action.”
The defendants state five grounds in their demurrer upon which they roly. The consideration of these grounds may be grouped by considering them under two heads. Under the first head will be considered the jurisdiction of this court of the subject-matter and the alleged failure of the complaint to state a cause of action. Under the second head may be considered the defects of the parties plaintiff or defendant.
The courts of this state have not been so frequently occupied in confidering cases presented to them in which was involved the determination of whether or not a “schism” existed in a religious body. Such cases have not frequently -arisen in this state. Such cases, however, seem to have arisen with considerable frequency in other jurisdictions, and there are many decisions of different courts of the various states, many of which assume to pass upon the existence or nonexistence of a “schism” in a religious body or organization, whose religious tenets, beliefs, or doctrinal practices or customs, are presented to such courts for consideration.
We are convinced that where civil courts have assumed to pass upon and decide what are the doctrinal beliefs of any given religious denomination, either as measured by its own constitution or that of any superior body to which it is attached for religious or ecclesiastical purposes, or where such civil court attempts to define and set forth what constitutes a schism when examined in the light of such constitution or ecclesiastical power or regulations, such civil courts are acting wholly without jurisdiction in all such matters, for the reason that all such questions are purely and exclusively of an ecclesiastical nature, which must be determined exclusively by the ecclesiastical authority or judicatories to be found within all religious organizations. We are convinced that in any given case where there is a doctrinal or ecclesiastical question presented, the civil court should not assume jurisdiction until such doctrinal or ecclesiastical questions are disposed of by the proper ecclesiastical authority within such religious organization.
An examination of paragraphs 5, 6, 7, and 8 of the complaint discloses that such paragraphs of such complaint present ecclesiastical and doctrinal questions for our decision.
From the complaint it appears there are two synods, — the Missouri [282]*282Synod, which promulgates its religious doctrines and tenets of faith to which the plaintiffs adhere and assert allegiance; the Iowa Synod, to which the defendants adhere, which, according to the complaint, promulgates and teaches doctrines and tenets of faith materially different from that of the Missouri Synod. The plaintiffs claim and allege that the Iowa Synod and its pastors do not accept the symbolical books and confessions without reservation as required by paragraphs 3 and 4 of the constitution, but reserve unto itself and its pastors the right to reject and differ from certain doctrines therein, and do reject and differ from the following fundamental Evangelical Lutheran Emmaus Church doctrines contained in said confessions and symbolical books: The acteriological doctrines as confessed in articles 2 and 11 in the Formula of Concord; the eschatological doctrines as contained in article 17 of the Augsburg Confession, and in part 2, article 4, of the Smalcald Articles; the doctrines concerning Sabbath observance as contained in article 28 of the Augsburg Confession in the smaller and in the large catechism of Dr. Luther. That the Iowa Synod is not an orthodox Evangelical Lutheran Synod as required by paragraph 7 of the constitution, nor does it maintain and promote religious worship ac-cording to the general usage of the Missouri Synod, as required by the charter of the aforesaid Evangelical Lutheran Church of Ashley.
We as a civil court are asked to pass upon and determine all of these •doctrinal questions. We are asked to determine what doctrines of the Lutheran faith are promulgated by the Iowa Synod and by the Missouri Synod. We are asked to determine the fundamental orthodox doctrines of the Lutheran Church by investigating and examining its .symbolical books, its confessions of faith, such as are found in the Augsburg Confessions and portions of the Smalcald Articles, and other fundamental sources of authority upon which such faith rests, and to determine whether or not the defendants have departed from such faith, or which of the two contesting parties to this action is adhering to the orthodox principles of faith. To do this is not within -the power of the civil courts, but the passing and deciding upon all such doctrinal questions is exclusively the privilege of some ecclesiastical authority, to be found within such religious denomination, or in some synod or council with which it is associated. Within its own membership such church has many eminent theologians who have devoted their entire life t® the [283]*283•.study and analysis of all such doctrinal questions. They have their •synods and congregations, and in the one or the other lies ecclesiastical power to determine for themselves as they see best and as meets the •approval of their conscience, all these disputed questions of doctrines and tenets of faith, and to them and to their ecclesiastical authority should be left the solution of all such questions. "What authority or what right has a civil court to tell any individual when he is digressing from the fundamental principles, authority, or law upon which his faith rests ? It amounts to an interference by the civil courts with the right of conscience, and is a long step toward interference with the right of religious liberty and worship.
The 1st Amendment to the Constitution of the United States denies to Congress the power to make any law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. To the same effect is § 4 of article 1 of the Constitution of the state of North Dakota. By each Constitution the civil authorities are denied the right to control or in any manner interfere in purely ecclesiastical matters. So far as the civil authority is concerned, every person within the jurisdiction of the United States may determine for himself all questions which have reference to his relation to his Creator. As was said in the case of Mack v. Kime, 129 Ga. 1, 24 L.R.A.(N.S.) 685, 58 S. E. 184: “No civil authority can coerce him to accept any religious doctrine or teaching or restrain him from associating himself with any class or organization which promulgates religious teachings. Whether he shall adopt any religious views, or, if so, what shall be the character of those views and the persons with whom he shall associate in carrying out the particular views, are all questions addressed to his individual conscience, which no human authority has a right, even in the slightest way, to interfere with, so long as his practices in carrying out his peculiar views are not inconsistent with the peace and good order of society.”
The civil authority, both legislative and judicial, are traversing, under our Constitutions, both national and state, in forbidden and prohibited territory when they assume to legislate, or to interpret laws which undertake to define and interpret doctrinal and ecclesiastical questions, so as to be binding upon individuals or interfere with the determination of the individual conscience with reference thereto.
There seems to be two well-defined systems of ecclesiastical authority [284]*284or government, — one is the federated, and the other the congregational or independent form. In the former there is a gradation of ecclesiastical government; in the second the right of government is claimed to exist within the congregation. It is claimed in the case at bar that the religions organization in question belongs to the congregational form of government, and that all matters pertaining to church polity and government are to be determined within the congregation. If this be true, it nevertheless remains a fact that there is some tribunal therein where ecclesiastical questions may receive attention. If the congregation be that place, then the ecclesiastical questions must be disposed of there,, before a civil tribunal can take charge to enforce property rights which cannot be disposed of properly until there is a disposition of the dispute concerning the doctrinal questions involved. We are of the opinion, however, that the fact that the original congregation was affiliated with the Missouri Synod demonstrates that it recognized some higher ecclesiastical authority to which it was attached for certain purposes. We are of the opinion that among these purposes the very purpose of having a synod is to dispose of just such questions as have arisen in this case. It appears to us, before the original congregation was admitted under the jurisdiction of the Missouri Synod, it was required to submit its constitution to the Missouri Synod and have its approval of snch constitution before it was admitted into such synod. One of the purposes for which the synod exists, as we understand the matter, is to> afford a tribunal where an opportunity is afforded for disposing of all disputed questions concerning the teachings, doctrines, and beliefs, and is the ecclesiastical authority to determine when members of the congregation are diverging or digressing from the rules of faith, practice,, and belief as expressed in the constitution of the congregation, which was required to be approved by the synod before such congregation was admitted under the jurisdiction of such synod. One of two things is certainly true, either such ecclesiastical power is lodged within the congregation or within the synod. In either event there must be a determination upon the doctrinal questions involved, either by the one or the other, before the civil tribunal can undertake to enforce rights of property which depend upon the decision of doctrinal questions or questions of faith, teachings, and practice.
Where the right of property, or the right to possession and use of [285]*285property, is involved, and a determination must be made as to which of •two contending persons or classes of persons are entitled to snch property, or the possession and use thereof, and before such determination can be made by the civil tribunal, a doctrinal question or one relating to the creed or teaching must be also decided, the better rule is for the civil tribunal to require all such questions relating to doctrine and creed to first be decided by some ecclesiastical authority within the religious denomination within which such controversy arises, and, after such decision by the ecclesiastical authority, the decision of the civil court should permit the property in question to go to the person or persons who were awarded the decision in their favor by the church tribunal or ecclesiastical authority.
The most complicated cases which arise are those in which there is a mere difference in opinion, or divergence of views, between the members of a religious organization as to what are the true doctrines and teachings of the organization, or, in other words, a schism. In all such cases surely no civil court is a proper tribunal to which such issue should be presented. The result is different where there is an abandonment of all the teachings and doctrines of the church, and there is an effort on behalf of some of the members of such church or organization to divert the church property to the promulgation of doctrines, creeds, or teachings entirely different and distinct from that for which the organization was formed, thus eliminating all disputes as to doctrine. In such case the civil court might interfere to protect the rights of the remaining members of the original organization from an entire diversion of the property to uses and practices entirely foreign to the purposes for which such organization was brought into existence. But it is not difficult to see in such class of cases no real doctrinal questions could ever arise, and the taking of such property and diverting it to an entirely different use and purpose from that for which it was intended, might be prohibited on the ground that the original organization held the property impressed with an implied trust for the uses and purposes for which such organization was founded, and if dissatisfied members of such organization sought to devote such property, and have it devoted, to the use of religious doctrines or other doctrines entirely and fundamentally different from that of the original organization, then [286]*286such diversion of the property from its original purpose may be prohibited, by a civil tribunal.
Another instance where a civil court might afford a remedy without any action having been taken by any ecclesiastical authority is where-the deed which transfers the property to the religions organization reserves therein and expressly sets forth the terms of an express trust to-which the property described in such deed is to be dedicated and used, and there is a diversion or attempted diversion of the property to a use- and for a purpose entirely different from that described in the express trust. In such case the grantor of the trust, or his heirs, but none-other, could restrain the diversion of the property to other uses than, those expressed in the deed of trust. In such case there are no doctrinal questions or questions of faith, practice, belief, or schism arising. The question in such case is merely restraining the violation of the terms of’ an express trust, and the civil courts have jurisdiction and can afford direct relief by an adequate remedy.
In our country there is no state church or state religion, hence, there-are no ecclesiastical courts. Whatever ecclesiastical tribunals there are, whether they be councils, synods, or other forms of ecclesiastical tribunals, exist wholly and entirely within the various religious denominations and derive whatever authority they possess from such religious-denominations, or the respective member's thereof, and, as such ecclesiastical tribunals, they receive no civil authority or power from our government, either under our Constitution or otherwise. Such ecclesiastical tribunals as a rule exercise the authority conferred upon them by their respective organizations in hearing and disposing of questions of discipline, doctrinal disputes, beliefs or teachings, and schisms, as-where there is a dispute among the members of the congregation as-to matters of doctrine and belief, and as to which of the parties to such dispute are digressing or wandering from the standard rules and regulations of the organization, and as to which are adhering to the principles and tenets of faith as defined by the constitution, symbolical books, or other sources of authority. Such disputes often involve the further question, which of the two contending parties should be entitled to the church property or other property of the organization. Such tribunals, have a right to determine all questions concerning faith, teachings, beliefs, and schisms when such questions are presented to them, and in[287]*287cidentally may conclude which of the two contending parties, in the judgment of the ecclesiastical tribunal, is entitled to the possession of the church property; and while such conclusion is in no way mandatory upon the civil tribunal, the civil tribunal will, as a general rule, permit, the property to go the way indicated by the conclusion of the ecclesiastical tribunal; and where suit is brought in the civil court for the purpose of acquiring title to such property, or getting possession thereof, the civil court in its judgment will usually award the possession and use of such property to the prevailing party before the ecclesiastical tribunal.
Where the ecclesiastical questions have been disposed of by the authority having jurisdiction of such matters, and there remains the single-question as to which of the two contending factions of a religious corporation is entitled to the property, the same principle may be applied which prevails in the case of any corporation not of a religious character; namely, that a mere majority of the members of a corporation cannot divert the corporate property to uses foreign to the purposes for which the corporation was formed. Applying this principle to a church corporation, where the ownership, control, and possession of property, or either of them, is the issue, such church corporation having been formed for the purpose of teaching or promoting certain well-defined principles* or doctrines of religious faith, which are set forth in its articles of incorporation, or its constitution, or fundamental law, all the church property that such corporation acquires, immediately upon being so acquired, becomes impressed with a trust for the purposes of carrying out the intents and purposes of such trust in accordance with the purposes-, for which such religious corporation was organized, and part of the congregation, even if that part be a majority, cannot devest such property of its trust character and divert it to religious uses diametrically opposed to, or inconsistent with, the religious uses and purposes impressed upon such property at the time the church corporation received the same, against the will, without the consent of, and against the protest of the minority, and it is immaterial how small the minority is.
The manner of the use of the church property, where such use is not in excess of the corporate power, and when such use is in accord with the uses and purposes of the church corporation, and in agreement with? the faith, teachings, and principles to propagate and promulgate which such church corporation was organized, may be determined by the [288]*288majority of the congregation, especially if such church corporation is operated or governed by the congregational or independent form of church government; but no majority, however large, can devote the church property to the teaching of a faith opposed to, or inconsistent with, that of the church corporation from whose teachings the majority may digress or depart, as against the will and protest of a minority, however small; and this for the reason that when the church corporation received the property, such property was impressed with an implied trust for the benefit of, and to be devoted to, the uses and purposes for which such church corporation was organized.
The proper rule in such case as the one at bar we are fully convinced is for the civil courts to confine their jurisdiction exclusively to the one question of property rights, and to determine such property rights only .after all doctrinal questions, or questions relating to faith, practice, and teachings of the particular religious denomination involved, have been disposed of by the ecclesiastical authority vested in such religious organization. The safety of this rule becomes manifest when we consider there are several hundred different sects or religious denominations, .some of which are within themselves subdivided into various other organizations or associations professing the same general faith, but disagreeing upon the interpretation to be placed upon different matters relating to their particular faith. It will readily be seen that differences of opinion are likely to arise concerning matters of religious doctrine, and which will cause divisions within the organization, and which very often, as in the case at bar, may also present the question, which of the factions are entitled to the possession of the church property. The result is bound to be that the civil courts, if they assume jurisdiction of such matters, will be called upon most frequently, in order to settle property rights, to first decide doctrinal questions. They will be called upon to decide whether a certain faction in the church is complying with the rules, regulations, and doctrines of faith of the church by measuring the compliance of such dissenting faction with the constitution of such church, and determining whether they believe in the fundamental doctrines of faith of such church as defined by its constitution, symbolical books, or other fundamental sources of its faith. Such surely cannot be the duty of ■civil courts; and for the courts to assume such function would involve it in endless difficulty, and as we have before stated, it would be in clear [289]*289contravention of the. Constitution both of the United States and of our state. We are fully convinced that the civil courts should confine themselves purely to the consideration of property rights and the protection and enforcement thereof. Neither do we believe that the civil courts should inquire into, nor determine, the jurisdiction of the ecclesiastical tribunals or authority of whatever nature or kind they may be. The jurisdiction of such ecclesiastical tribunals, especially where it relates to ecclesiastical questions, is a matter to be left exclusively to such tribunals, and with which the civil courts are in no way concerned.
As to the second question involved in the demurrer, under the circumstances of this case as alleged in the complaint, we are of the opinion, there are no defect of parties plaintiff, when the pleadings are given a liberal construction. The two respective associations were incorporated. Necessarily, then, there must have been trustees in each corporation. If it were possible, the proper way of bringing the action would have been for the trustees of the corporation of which the plaintiffs remained members, being the first church corporation organized, to bring action against the other corporation; but from the allegations of the complaint, when liberally construed, it appears that this could not be done, as the following contained in the second paragraph of the cotnplaint shows: “That the Evangelical Lutheran Emmaus Church of Ashley, County of McIntosh, organized in February, 1908, cannot be induced to bring this suit, it being under the control of the parties complained of, as will appear more fully from the facts hereinafter pleaded, and is therefore made a party defendant in order to determine its rights in the subject-matter under dispute.”
From such allegation it will appear that the authorities or trustees within such corporation could not be induced to bring- the action. In such case any member of the corporation for himself and on behalf of all others similarly situated, who desire to join as plaintiffs, or who desire to participate in the benefits of such litigation, could join as plaintiffs. However, the allegations should be clear that the trustees of the organization to which the plaintiffs belong not only could not be induced to bring the suit, but refused to bring such suit. Such refusal to bring such suit could be shown by the neglect of the trustees to bring such suit within a reasonable time after demand made upon them to bring such suit. We are of the opinion, however, that even though it be [290]*290construed there is not any defect o-f parties plaintiff, there is a defect of parties defendant, for the reason that the suit should have been brought against the corporation organized in 1913, and not against the members of such corporation. Corporations act in their corporate capacity, and are to sue and be sued in their corporate capacity, unless, as in the case of the plaintiffs herein, there is a legal excuse why the action cannot be maintained by the corporation itself. The defendants are all members of the corporation organized in 1913. If the corporation of which they are members were made a party defendant, the members of such corporation would have been bound by the result of the judgment.
The complaint presénts doctrinal questions which are in controversy between the parties. The doctrinal questions must be disposed of by some ecclesiastical authority or tribunal before the civil courts should act and render their judgment determining the ownership and possession, or right of possession, of the property. There is no allegation in the complaint that the doctrinal questions in controversy have been submitted to any ecclesiastical tribunal, or any decision had from such tribunal of such doctrinal questions. It appears from the face of the complaint that there has been no such submission of such doctrinal questions to any ecclesiastical tribunal, nor any decision thereon from any ecclesiastical tribunal. This being true, the complaint is fatally defective, and the civil court should not undertake to determine the possession or right of possession of the property in question until all doctrinal questions are disposed of by some ecclesiastical tribunal.
The complaint clearly presents a dispute or controversy between two church associations or organizations relative to doctrinal beliefs, certain religious teachings, and religious beliefs as measured by the constitution of the church association first organized, and the symbolical books and fundamental sources of authority of the faith of the Lutheran Church. The complaint in effect alleges and presents a- schism or heresy by the religious society herein subsequently organized as measured by the fundamental authority hereinbefore mentioned, which the first church organization accepted as the foundation of its faith and belief. The demurrer has the effect to admit the existence of the dispute and controversy in reference to the schism, heresy, doctrinal beliefs, etc. It is clear, therefore, that before the property question can [291]*291be disposed of, all of such disputed doctrinal questions must also be properly met and disposed of. Truly then, there can be no dispute under this state of facts but that there is presented to the civil court by this complaint all those disputed doctrinal questions for decision, and ■which must first be decided before any proper disposition can be made of the property involved. We are clear that all such disputes and controversy relating to such ecclesiastical questions should not be decided by the civil courts but by some ecclesiastical authority, which, as we have before stated, exists within all religious denominations in some form or another, and the civil courts should not assume jurisdiction to dispose of the property interest where its determination of the property question carries with it a decision upon the ecclesiastical questions above referred to. The civil courts have jurisdiction to determine property rights between different religious organizations the same as between other persons or parties where there is not presented with the question of property right questions of heresy, schism, or questions of church polity, doctrinal beliefs, etc., upon which must be decided, and upon which right to the property is dependent.
We are fully convinced that the demurrer in this case must be sustained, for the reasons we have heretofore fully set forth.