COBB, Special Judge.
Appellant was convicted of seduction and has appealed. The facts developed on trial and objections and exceptions urged and taken are fully indicated in the treatment of the case to follow. »
1. The court charged upon accomplice testimony, as follows: “You are further instructed that under the law and facts of this case, prosecutrix, Miss Edna Blackshear is an accomplice; and before the State can secure a conviction it must corroborate her testimony by evidence other than her own tending to prove a promise of marriage made to her by defendant, by which he seduced and had carnal knowledge of her. And also as to carnal intercourse between defendant and the prosecutrix. In other words a conviction can not be had upon her evidence alone, if any she gave as to such seduction and carnal knowledge by virtue of a promise of marriage to her by defendant; but there must be other evidence than her own tending to show such carnal knowledge and seduction by a promise of marriage. And if you find that she has testified to such facts, yet if there are
no other facts or testimony tending to corroborate her in said particulars you should acquit the defendant.
“You are, however, instructed that corroborative evidence need not be direct and positive, independent of the prosecutrix, Miss Edna Blackshear’s testimony; but such facts and circumstances as tend to support her testimony and which satisfy the jury that she is worthy of credit as to the facts essential to constitute the offense of seduction, as herein before defined to you, will fulfill the requirements of the law as to corroboration. It is for you to say from all the facts and circumstances in evidence before you whether she has been sufficiently corroborated.”
Appellant complains that the last paragraph beginning with “You are, however, instructed,” is upon the weight of evidence. He asked an instruction in these words:
“In this case you are instructed that the witness Edna Blackshear is an accomplice and you can not convict the defendant on her testimony alone. I charge you therefore as the law that the testimony of the said witness Edna Blackshear that she submitted to carnal intercourse with defendant is not sufficient to convict defendant, unless you shall find her evidence is true -from other evidence in co.rroboration of such statements both as to promise of marriage on the part of defendant, and as to the act of copulation, and if such statements are not so, corroborated, then you will acquit defendant.”
What are the differences between the charges given and asked? Defendant says if the accomplice testimony is not shown by other evidence to be true there must be acquittal and by implication, if her testimony be shown true, there must be conviction. The court says, if it is shown by other evidence tending to support her testimony that she is worthy of credit in her testimony which by hypothesis covers the facts of the crime she is sufficiently corroborated. We think the court is as accurate though not as terse as counsel. We do not take him as complaining because the court says the corroborative evidence may be circumstantial, but of the words “such facts as tend to support her testimony and which satisfy the jury that she is worthy of credit as to the facts essential to constitute the offense, will fulfill the requirements of the law as to corroboration,” and as contending that in thus informing the jury what character and quantity of proof would amount to the required corroboration, the judge trenched upon the jury’s province of weighing and appraising the value of evidence, and in effect took from them the right to determine whether she told the truth, and submitted to them instead the question of her worthiness to be believed in what she testified. There is a clear distinction between that which is true and that which is merely credible. The statute says nothing of the accomplice save that her testimony is not enough to convict standing unsupported. The charge held erroneous has followed, usually, the very words of the statute which this court holds calculated to impress jurors that the judge takes the testimony
of the accomplice as true and sufficient to convict if but relieved of its impotency by other evidence tending to prove the crime and defendant’s connection therewith. Bell v. State, 39 Texas Crim. Rep., 677. Where guilt by implication is predicated on both corroboration and the truth of the accomplice testimony covering all the facts making the crime, the charge is not open to the imputation. Any charge that requires belief in the existence of all the constituent facts as well as corroboration would be sufficient. We see no reason why an instruction dealing alone with corroboration, omitting mention of the measure or kind of proof requisite to conviction, should be deemed erroneous, simply because in defining corroboration and telling the jury how and by what means it may be established the court neglects to use the formula prescribed in appellant’s request. Two things are needed besides the full testimony of the accomplice, first, belief in its truth, second, corroboration. Is it error to say that evidence, direct or circumstantial, that tends to prove the offense and defendant’s complicity and also makes it appear that the accomplice testimony is worthy of credence, is sufficient corroboration? Is not that more than the statute prescribes ? The statute seems to regard proof from other sources tending to prove offense and defendant’s connection as sufficient corroboration. Why impose on the State the further burden of making the jury believe by or through the corroborating testimony
alone
that the accomplice tells the truth or is worthy to be believed? Is it not rather the intent of the statute that when other evidence tends to show the crime and defendant’s complicity, the disabled or discredited accomplice witness is thereby placed in the same position with other witnesses? It does not say accomplice shall not be believed unless corroborated, but that corroboration is requisite to conviction. Corroboration being furnished, what is to prevent conviction if the jury give credence to her testimony. The entire charge relating to accomplice testimony should be read and so construed as that one part shall not nullify or conflict with another if it can so be done reasonably. The test of corroboration would then be as if the court had said, “It is for you to say .whether she has been sufficiently corroborated, whether there is proof from other sources tending to prove the defendant committed the crime.” It may be insisted that the court in telling the jury that it? was sufficient corroboration if facts or circumstances tended to support her testimony and satisfied them she was worthy of credit, limits the jury to the’ consideration of whether she was worthy of credit and not whether there were shown by other witnesses such facts as had a tendency to show defendant guilty. If the charge bears that construction, it is erroneous, though perhaps not upon the ground of being on the weight of evidence, but of substituting a test other than the statutory test for determining the matter of corroboration. The accomplice is not corroborated by proof that she is worthy of credit in general or of good repute. Wisdom v. State, 45 Texas Crim. Rep., 215; 75 S. W. Rep., 22. The statute does not contemplate any
kind of proof about or concerning her, but proof about the defendant and the crime. Some fact or circumstance, not coming from her, must attach to him and connect him with the crime testified of by her. He and not the accomplice is on trial. She — rather her testimony — must be corroborated. He must be connected with the offense by the same testimony that corroborates her, as to him to make out guilt; but as to her, as a witness, the corroboration proves nothing. It removes the impotency of her testimony and permits a conviction if the jury believe her testimony and she has covered all the facts, not because there is corroboration merely but also that corroboration has removed the bar between the jury’s belief of her testimony and their conclusion and verdict of guilt. The statute forbids, not belief in her testimony, but action thereon. How the very substance of the instruction is, “if she has testified to the essential facts of the crime and there is other evidence tending to support her
testimony
(not her credibility merely; she having testified to all the facts, must not the other evidence in tending to support her testimony, inevitably tend to prove the facts of guilt?) and that satisfies the jury her testimony is worthy of 'credit, the corroboration is sufficient.” How can the other evidence tend to support her testimony showing guilt and not to show guilt? Is it then the sense of the statute that corroboration is sufficient if it go no further than to satisfy the jury her testimony of the facts of guilt is worthy of belief, there being other evidence tending to support her testimony. The court says: “She is an accomplice, and before conviction her testimony must be corroborated by other evidence tending to prove a promise of marriage by which defendant seduced her and had carnal knowledge of her. Conviction cannot be had on her testimony of such facts alone; there must be other evidence tending to show such facts, and if there be no such other evidence you will acquit, but the corroborative evidence may be cireumstantive and need not be direct, and if the circumstances tend to support her said testimony and
satisfy
you she is worthy of credit in said testimony, the corroboration is sufficient. You judge from the evidence whether there is sufficient corroboration.” If the jury judge from all the evidence that there is corroboration they must of necessity find that testimony other than hers tends to connect defendant with the crime, and since her testimony embraces all the facts that the other evidence relates to, at least some of the facts, and if the other evidence satisfies the jury she is wbrthy of belief in her testimony, it must so satisfy them because they believe her testimony is true. But as we have seen the corroborating evidence is not required to convince the jury, for here as everywhere the jury determine the credibility and weight of testimony. If, however, it be supposed the jury doubt her testimony uncorroborated, and upon testimony from other witnesses of facts
tending to connect
defendant, etc., become satisfied her testimony is true, surely the
connecting
and corroborating testimony
are one.
Her testimony need not be corroborated in every
particular. 1 Am. & Eng. Ency. L. & Prac. p. 583; Myers v. State, 7 Texas Crim. App., 640. If the charge be understood as meaning not only that the corroborative testimonjr must
tend
to
connect
defendant with the
crime
but also so tend to the extent that renders her testimony credible, there could be no objection to it. In Wright v. State, 31 Texas Crim. Rep., 354; 20 S. W. Rep., 736, an instruction “Corroborative evidence need not be direct or positive or such as is sufficient to convict independent of that of the prosecutrix, but
simply
such facts or circumstances as tend to support her testimony and shall satisfy the jury she is
worthy
of
credit,
and when there is other testimony fairly tending to support the prosecutrix upon facts essential to constitute the offense, it is for the jury to say whether she is corroborated,” was approved. How does the charge here compare with that? They are in substance the same. Is the test of sufficiency correct, viz.: that the other evidence tend to support her testimony and satisfy the jury she is worthy of credit as to the facts of the crime, correct? If she has testified to the facts of the crime and there are facts and circumstances proved by other witnesses, tending to support her testimony, and that satisfy the jury she is worthy to be believed as to the facts of the crime (the very facts she has testified to) is not the other evidence (that shall so tend to support her testimony) and which satisfies the jury that she is worthy of credit as to the facts of the crime, equal to and in fact the same as the evidence that tends to show the crime and defendant’s complicity? Would it not be trifling with reason to pretend that the jury would suppose the court referred to anything else than the concrete case and the facts before them when he is thus dealing with the matter of corroboration? The Wisdom case goes no further than to condemn as erroneous the use of the words “but simply such facts or circumstances as tend to support her testimony and satisfy you that she is worthy of credit.” The opinion justifies itself by this apt reasoning: “Evidence might he introduced convincing the jury of the credibility of the witness, yet this would not corroborate her statement in such a way as tends to
connect appellant
with the commission of the crime. For instance, suppose testimony is introduced showing that prosecutrix has borne a uniformly good reputation for truth and veracity, clearly this would strengthen the credit of the witness, but would not warrant the jury in saying the same corroborated her testimony.” The court was
not
dealing with any matter save that of her credibility in the abstract. In the instant case the jury are to determine whether accomplice’s testimony, as to the
essential
facts of the crime, is by the corroboration derived from other testimony tending to -show defendant’s connection with the crime, made credible. The Wisdom opinion, in our judgment, should not be extended. The Taylor pase, 106 S. W. Rep., 366, was reversed upon a charge much the same as in the Wisdom case and consideration thereof would be of no profit. In Oates v. State, 51 Texas Crim. Rep., 449; 103 S. W. Rep., 859, the charge
was he)d bad because the jury were required to find no more than that the accomplice evidence was true and that
it tended
to prove guilt; and so with Newman v. State, 55 Texas Crim. Rep., 273; 116 S. W. Rep., 577, and Tate v. State, 55 Texas Crim. Rep., 397; 116 S. W. Rep., 607, and Barrett v. State, 115 S. W. Rep., 1187, and Maibaum v. State, 59 Texas Crim. Rep., 396; 128 S. W. Rep., 378.
2. Appellant attacks the verdict, claiming that the evidence shows no corroboration of the accomplice as to promise of marriage or intercourse, nor her previous chastity. The testimony is voluminous and abounds in much repetition, and the cross-examination of the prosecutrix exhibits great ingenuity, diligence and ability. To set out the evidence would serve no purpose. Suffice it to say if her evidence is true, she was about 18 years of age, an unmarried virgin when she met defendant in February, 1907. He soon began attendance on her and in April, 1907, they made an engagement to marry, after which she accepted no other man’s company, except occasionally, he having requested her not to do so and told her he had or would quit going with other girls. Defendant continued to often visit and attend her till December. About June 1, 1907, he had carnal intercourse with her by means of his promise to marry, without which she would not have yielded. Frequent acts followed and she bore a child about September 1, 1908, as the result. She never had intercourse with any other. She admits numerous prior engagements to marry, and it seems was not always off with the old love before being on with the new. Says one of her suitors kissed her, without her consent; denies a vast number of acts of indiscretion and worse, implied in cross-examination which went into all but infinite detail covering her life from her 15th year till the time of the trial. The defendant’s witnesses testified to a state of facts which, if true, show her to have been no virgin when she first met defendant, and a most abandoned creature at the time she testified in the case. One Bob Elliott goes into detail and circumstances such as lend strong probability to his assertion that he often dealt with her person. His cross-examination by the State occasions one of the serious questions in this record. The prosecutrix’s testimony was corroborated both as to engagement or promise to marry and intercourse by proof of such association as is usually incident to marriage engagements, of their examination of catalogues of household furnishings, of his remarks about soon having a woman in his house, and quitting the ways of bachelors, and to a justice of the peace indicating he would soon need his services in joining him in matrimony, and that during all such time appellant was going with no other woman, and by proof that he, being a physician, gave her a prescription that other doctors testified was calculated to produce abortion, when he had been told by her father of the stoppage of her menstruation, as he (her father) supposed by a cold, and other circumstances. The cases of Morrow v. State, 26 S. W. Rep., 395; Ceasar v. State, 29 S. W. Rep., 785, and Criner v. State,
53 Texas Crim. Rep., 174; 109 S. W. Rep., 128, all recognize that circumstances no more cogent than these may be sufficient corroboration of an accomplice. The jury having all the witnesses before them, observing their manner and all those impalpable incidents of trial that cannot go into a record, and being not presumed to have put the worse construction when the better was probable, we do not feel justified to h'old the testimony insufficient.
3. Was there error in admitting excerpts from Bob Elliott’s letter to her ? Elliott was defendant’s star witness. The State had the right to show any word or act of his that was in such sense inconsistent with his 'testimony as to throw doubt upon it. If he treated her as a person fit to be seen in his company in a public assembly of ladies and gentlemen, including his own female relatives, and wrote to her such a letter as indicated his wish to go and be with her at such places, the State had the right to show the letter in evidence, though its force for impeachment might be small. One part of the letter objected to is: “I don’t know whether to write like I was writing to my girl or to a doctor’s wife.” It is claimed that this is as if he had said she was engaged to marry the defendant, or that writer of letter had so heard. Suppose it does mean that? Appellant had, without objection, 'allowed other witnesses to testify that prosecutrix spoke to them of her engagement to defendant and we do not think upon fair consideration of all the evidence that fact is in question. True, it might have been more clearly proved, but there is no evidence denying any that was offered to prove it. The other portion of the letter objected to was Bob’s proposal to prosecutrix to attend her to a dance couched in these words: “On the 4th July we are going to have-a big time — build a platform to dance on, and if you will come, •we will sure have a time. I know the doctor will bring you and if he won’t I know who will, if you will just say so.” Do these words in the remotest way refer to an engagement to marry? It is a notorious fact that the doctor was going with her almost to the exclusion of all others, as had been proved before this letter was offered. If any part of these extracts" be objectionable, the defendant failed to ask its exclusion without including in the request other parts that could not' by any ingenuity be made to refer to defendant. “I don’t know whether to write like I was writing to my girl,” and “On the 4th July we are going to have a big time, build a platform to dance on and if you will come we will sure have a time,” are so far complete expressions us to have gone to the jury without the other words, and have conveyed the impression the State sought to make. "We think the opinion or surmise of Bob Elliott that Dr. Beeson, defendant, was engaged to marry Edna Blaclcshear, the prosecutrix, could have had little, if any effect, with the jury in judging of the credibility of his testimony. Since appellant did not sever the parts of the extracts that were objectionable from those that were, and the court so carefully instructed the jury as to the only use they could make of - the
evidence objected to, we will not disturb the verdict and judgment below for the error, if there be error, in admitting the excerpts from Elliott’s letter. If the proof of the engagement to marry was so meager as to make it probable, the jury disobeyed the imperative command of the judge and used these excerpts as proof of the engagement, it might be urged with plausibility that the evidence damaged appellant’s cause.
4. We see no merit in "the criticism of the instruction to the effect that if defendant seduced her he could not escape by proving her subsequent misconduct. One cogent reason for protecting the virtuous young female from the wiles of the seducer is the extreme likelihood that once corrupted there is no more place for repentence and reformation, but that the dreadful fate of the outcast and lost and undone awaits her, who, but for the treachery of him she loved, might be a happy and honored wife. The jury could not have inferred from the charge that her subsequent behavior was not to be considered in testing her credibility as a witness. Counsel says: “Jury may have found her chaste and yet have found, if they had been permitted to consider the evidence as to subsequent acts, that her statements as to such acts were not true.” Concede this, it only strengthens the position of the court. If they found her previously chaste and subsequently unchaste, to the utmost, the court but did his duty to the State in guarding the jury from the error of finding against the State, because of the bad character of its witness or doubt of her truthfulness in immaterial matters while fully believing her as to all material matters. The State, no less than the defendant, was entitled to a fair trial, and having made its case conformably to law, ought not to have been defeated by some misapprehension of the jury as to the proper use of evidence.
5.
The court committed no error in admitting the evidence of the use of ergot by prosecutrix on appellant’s prescription, whether the evidence was in rebuttal or was original, offered after defendant had closed. We understand that a plaintiff does not have to introduce all his testimony before resting, but m'ay reserve that which could properly be used in chief until he shall see wherein and to what extent his adversary has weakened his case, and then fortify as he may deem necessary. At any rate the statute — -Art. 690, Code of Criminal Procedure, gives the court the right to allow the testimony, and we will not presume an abuse of discretion.
6. We think with the judge’s explanation, the refusal of charge: “There is no evidence that defendant is a whoremonger,” was not error. The bill as explained indicates that the reference to whore-mongers was to witnesses, and was in response to an appeal to the jury by defendant’s counsel to protect young men in defendant’s condition.
7. We do not approve the statement attributed to the district attorney in the requested instruction referred to in proposition 6, to
the effect that he was endeavoring to enforce the
laws
and called on the jury to help him. Yet we cannot reverse cases for more breaches of propriety when there is nothing shown to indicate injury. The jury ought, of course, to try the particular case, and not 'allow sentiment to usurp in their minds the province of testimony.
[Motion for rehearing withdrawn October 5, 1910. Reporter.]
8. Under the court’s explanation there was no error in refusing to reprimand the district attorney for using the words: .“Decker & Fires (defendant’s attorneys), you put your arms around whoremongers 'and libertines, but you do not say protect innocent women.”
9. The testimony , regarding defendant’s remarks relative to his engagement to prosecutrix was clearly admissible and relevant.
10. The exception to question put to prosecutrix “Would you have yielded if he had not promised to marry you?” is not shown to be well takem From the bill we cannot tell whether witness had or not already testified as she did in answer to this question.
11. Bill
22
sets up refusal of charge to the effect that the burden of proof rests on the State and never shifts. Of course this is the law, in cases like this at least, but the charges on reasonable doubt and presumption of innocence were entirely sufficient to prevent the jury from erring in the matter, and the jury had been clearly told prosecutrix must be shown to have been a virgin and chaste. The Horn case, 30 Texas Crim. Rep., 541; 17 S. W. Rep., 1094, and Phillips v. State,
26
Texas Crim. App., 228, do not hold to the contrary. In both the evidence was circumstantial wholly.
Taking it all in 'all and after careful consideration of the statement of facts and examination of all the authorities cited by the very diligenj; counsel, as well as others, we find no such error in the proceedings or in the verdict and judgment as would justify a reversal.
In regard to the Simmons case, 54 Texas Crim. Rep., 619; 114 S. W. Rep., 841, referred to in argument of counsel upon the facts, we have to say that case is vastly different from this. While we do not in the least differ from the views therein expressed, we find no application for them to the facts of this case. Defendant was about twice the nge of prosecutrix, a physician in apparent good standing and repute. His conduct in the unfortunate affair has not been explained except as by the State’s testimony. He has been tried and passed upon by a jury free from exception; represented by able and diligent counsel. The court made no ruling that operated to his prejudice. There is nothing left to us but the affirmance of the judgment.
Affirmed.
McCORD, Judge, not sitting.