STEAKLEY, Justice.
John Beck was the owner of a saddle horse named Duke who was pastured on a farm owned by Leonard Boyd. At about dusk on October 17, 1972, a Volkswagen automobile driven by Sylvia Irene Sheppard, in which her daughter llene was a passenger, collided with Duke on U.S. Highway 377, south of Denton, Texas. Mrs. Sheppard and her child suffered physical injuries, the automobile was demolished, and the horse was killed.
The suit at bar was subsequently filed by Mrs. Sheppard on her behalf and that of her daughter against John Beck; later, by amended petition, Leonard Boyd was also sued. Trial before a jury commenced on November 1, 1976. After Mrs. Sheppard rested her case, the trial court instructed a verdict that she take nothing against Beck and Boyd. On appeal, the Court of Civil Appeals affirmed the trial court judgment in favor of Boyd but reversed the judgment as to Beck and remanded the cause to the trial court. 557 S.W.2d 578.
We reverse the judgment of the Court of Civil Appeals and affirm that of the trial court.
Boyd is the owner of a farm in Denton, Texas, part of which borders on U.S. Highway 377. Boyd raises horses on his land and maintains a barn and pastures for that purpose; he also permits friends to stable their horses on the farm. Beck was one of his friends doing so. Under the arrangement between them, Boyd had no responsibility with respect to the care of Duke.
On October 17, 1972, Beck went to the farm to feed Duke. It was Beck’s practice to do so late in the afternoon and normally the horse would be out of the pastures and at the barn. On this occasion Beck went out somewhat earlier than usual because, he said, he felt he was taking the flu. Duke was not waiting for him at the barn. Another horse owner was riding his horse, and Beck asked him to run Duke up to the barn. The friend returned from his ride and reported to Beck that he did not see the horse. The friend then told Beck to go home and that he would feed Duke when he came to the barn. Beck put out feed for the horse and departed at about 6:30 P.M. The collision with Duke occurred later, at about 8:00 P.M. There is no evidence that either Beck or Boyd knew that Duke was out of the pastures.
The propriety of two presumptions is to be considered under the rulings of the Court of Civil Appéals and the argument advanced by Mrs. Sheppard. The Court of Civil Appeals first presumed that
the Boyd premises were of such nature that Beck would have seen Duke from the barn, hence there was a fact issue as to whether Beck was negligent in failing to make a further search. The court applied this presumption notwithstanding its recognition that the record was “substantially silent” as to the nature of the land forming the Boyd pastures, i. e., whether level or hilly and whether or not Duke could have been in the pasture while not visible to Beck at the barn or seen by the friend on his ride. A presumption is “a rule which ‘draws a particular inference as to the existence of one fact, not actually known, arising from its usual connection with other particular facts which are known or proved.’ ”
Lobley v. Gilbert,
149 Tex. 493, 497, 236 S.W.2d 121, 123 (1951). The necessary predicate to a presumption is a fact proved or known, and it was error for the court here to presume that the land on the Boyd farm was of a certain character in the absence of facts upon which to base the presumption. Inferences of fact cannot be drawn from uncertain premises.
Bob’s Candy & Pecan Co. v. McConnell,
140 Tex. 331, 167 S.W.2d 511 (1943).
The presumption particularly urged by Mrs. Sheppard
is that the presence of Duke on the highway established a rebut-table presumption of negligence against Beck and Boyd under Art. 6971a, Tex.Rev.Civ.Stat.Ann. (Supp.1978) [later quoted and legislative history reviewed]. They rely on the case of
Adamcik v. Knight,
170 S.W.2d 521 (Tex.Civ.App.1943, no writ), which was followed with approval in
Dorman v. Cook,
262 S.W.2d 744 (Tex.Civ.App.1953, writ dism’d).
The court in
Adamcik
recited that:
Adamcik sued Knight for damages to an automobile resulting from a collision between the automobile and a horse belonging to Knight allegedly roaming at large unattended, on a fenced designated state highway in violation of Art. 1370a, Vernon’s Ann.P.C., which provides: ‘Any person owning or having control of any horse . . . who permits the same to traverse or roam at large, unattended, on the right-of-way of any designated State Highway in this State where the same is enclosed by fences on both sides shall be guilty of a misdemeanor . . . .’
170 S.W.2d 521.
In holding that proof that Knight was the owner of the horse was sufficient to present a prima facie case of liability against him, the court cited a statement in 45 A.L.R. 505 at 507 (1926) that:
. ‘The weight of authority, however, seems to be that a statute or ordinance forbidding the allowing of domestic animals to run at large on the public ways is designed, inter alia, for the prevention of accidental injuries to persons using the highways for the purpose of travel; and where an accident occurs
as the result of a violation of such a statute
a presumption of negligence on the part of the owner of the animal arises, which is sufficient to carry the case to the jury.’ (Italics added).
170 S.W.2d at 522.
Apart from the question of whether a violation of the statute had actually been shown,
the statutory basis for the ruling in
Adamcik
no longer obtains. The Legislature in 1959 amended the statute considered in
Adamcik
and for the first time defined the criminal offense in terms of “Any person . who
knowingly
permits such animal to traverse or roam at large, unattended” on a highway. Tex.Gen.Laws, ch. 374 § 1, at 835 (1959). The statute now appears in the civil statutes as Art. 6971a, and reads:
Art. 6971a. Animals running at large on State Highways; enforcement notwithstanding other laws
Section 1. Any person owning or having responsibility for the control of any horse, mule, donkey, cow, bull, steer, hog, sheep, or goat, who knowingly permits such animal to traverse or roam at large, unattended, only on the right-of-way of any U.S. Highway, or State Highway in this state but not including numbered farm-to-market roads, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall be fined in any sum not exceeding Two Hundred Dollars ($200.00). Each day that an animal is permitted to roam at large in violation hereof shall constitute a separate of-fence.
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STEAKLEY, Justice.
John Beck was the owner of a saddle horse named Duke who was pastured on a farm owned by Leonard Boyd. At about dusk on October 17, 1972, a Volkswagen automobile driven by Sylvia Irene Sheppard, in which her daughter llene was a passenger, collided with Duke on U.S. Highway 377, south of Denton, Texas. Mrs. Sheppard and her child suffered physical injuries, the automobile was demolished, and the horse was killed.
The suit at bar was subsequently filed by Mrs. Sheppard on her behalf and that of her daughter against John Beck; later, by amended petition, Leonard Boyd was also sued. Trial before a jury commenced on November 1, 1976. After Mrs. Sheppard rested her case, the trial court instructed a verdict that she take nothing against Beck and Boyd. On appeal, the Court of Civil Appeals affirmed the trial court judgment in favor of Boyd but reversed the judgment as to Beck and remanded the cause to the trial court. 557 S.W.2d 578.
We reverse the judgment of the Court of Civil Appeals and affirm that of the trial court.
Boyd is the owner of a farm in Denton, Texas, part of which borders on U.S. Highway 377. Boyd raises horses on his land and maintains a barn and pastures for that purpose; he also permits friends to stable their horses on the farm. Beck was one of his friends doing so. Under the arrangement between them, Boyd had no responsibility with respect to the care of Duke.
On October 17, 1972, Beck went to the farm to feed Duke. It was Beck’s practice to do so late in the afternoon and normally the horse would be out of the pastures and at the barn. On this occasion Beck went out somewhat earlier than usual because, he said, he felt he was taking the flu. Duke was not waiting for him at the barn. Another horse owner was riding his horse, and Beck asked him to run Duke up to the barn. The friend returned from his ride and reported to Beck that he did not see the horse. The friend then told Beck to go home and that he would feed Duke when he came to the barn. Beck put out feed for the horse and departed at about 6:30 P.M. The collision with Duke occurred later, at about 8:00 P.M. There is no evidence that either Beck or Boyd knew that Duke was out of the pastures.
The propriety of two presumptions is to be considered under the rulings of the Court of Civil Appéals and the argument advanced by Mrs. Sheppard. The Court of Civil Appeals first presumed that
the Boyd premises were of such nature that Beck would have seen Duke from the barn, hence there was a fact issue as to whether Beck was negligent in failing to make a further search. The court applied this presumption notwithstanding its recognition that the record was “substantially silent” as to the nature of the land forming the Boyd pastures, i. e., whether level or hilly and whether or not Duke could have been in the pasture while not visible to Beck at the barn or seen by the friend on his ride. A presumption is “a rule which ‘draws a particular inference as to the existence of one fact, not actually known, arising from its usual connection with other particular facts which are known or proved.’ ”
Lobley v. Gilbert,
149 Tex. 493, 497, 236 S.W.2d 121, 123 (1951). The necessary predicate to a presumption is a fact proved or known, and it was error for the court here to presume that the land on the Boyd farm was of a certain character in the absence of facts upon which to base the presumption. Inferences of fact cannot be drawn from uncertain premises.
Bob’s Candy & Pecan Co. v. McConnell,
140 Tex. 331, 167 S.W.2d 511 (1943).
The presumption particularly urged by Mrs. Sheppard
is that the presence of Duke on the highway established a rebut-table presumption of negligence against Beck and Boyd under Art. 6971a, Tex.Rev.Civ.Stat.Ann. (Supp.1978) [later quoted and legislative history reviewed]. They rely on the case of
Adamcik v. Knight,
170 S.W.2d 521 (Tex.Civ.App.1943, no writ), which was followed with approval in
Dorman v. Cook,
262 S.W.2d 744 (Tex.Civ.App.1953, writ dism’d).
The court in
Adamcik
recited that:
Adamcik sued Knight for damages to an automobile resulting from a collision between the automobile and a horse belonging to Knight allegedly roaming at large unattended, on a fenced designated state highway in violation of Art. 1370a, Vernon’s Ann.P.C., which provides: ‘Any person owning or having control of any horse . . . who permits the same to traverse or roam at large, unattended, on the right-of-way of any designated State Highway in this State where the same is enclosed by fences on both sides shall be guilty of a misdemeanor . . . .’
170 S.W.2d 521.
In holding that proof that Knight was the owner of the horse was sufficient to present a prima facie case of liability against him, the court cited a statement in 45 A.L.R. 505 at 507 (1926) that:
. ‘The weight of authority, however, seems to be that a statute or ordinance forbidding the allowing of domestic animals to run at large on the public ways is designed, inter alia, for the prevention of accidental injuries to persons using the highways for the purpose of travel; and where an accident occurs
as the result of a violation of such a statute
a presumption of negligence on the part of the owner of the animal arises, which is sufficient to carry the case to the jury.’ (Italics added).
170 S.W.2d at 522.
Apart from the question of whether a violation of the statute had actually been shown,
the statutory basis for the ruling in
Adamcik
no longer obtains. The Legislature in 1959 amended the statute considered in
Adamcik
and for the first time defined the criminal offense in terms of “Any person . who
knowingly
permits such animal to traverse or roam at large, unattended” on a highway. Tex.Gen.Laws, ch. 374 § 1, at 835 (1959). The statute now appears in the civil statutes as Art. 6971a, and reads:
Art. 6971a. Animals running at large on State Highways; enforcement notwithstanding other laws
Section 1. Any person owning or having responsibility for the control of any horse, mule, donkey, cow, bull, steer, hog, sheep, or goat, who knowingly permits such animal to traverse or roam at large, unattended, only on the right-of-way of any U.S. Highway, or State Highway in this state but not including numbered farm-to-market roads, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall be fined in any sum not exceeding Two Hundred Dollars ($200.00). Each day that an animal is permitted to roam at large in violation hereof shall constitute a separate of-fence.
As shown by the recitation in the opinion quoted above, the 1935 statute before the court in
Adamcik
did not provide that to constitute an offense the owner or custodian must
knowingly
permit the animal to roam. See,
Jackson v. Overby,
185 S.W.2d 765 (Tex.Civ.App.1945, no writ) where in considering Art. 1369 of the Penal Code with its requirement that the animal owner act
willfully,
and Art. 1370 of the Penal Code with its requirement that the animal owner act
knowingly,
the court wrote:
We understand that a necessary element of the offenses defined above is an intention to do the act complained of or such negligence as is tantamount to a wilful act. 39 Tex.Jur. 373. As said by Judge Williams in
Texas & P. Ry. Co. v. Webb,
102 Tex. 210, 114 S.W. 1171, 1173:
‘While the stock law is intended to require owners to confine animals, the running at large of which is prohibited, and one who permits them to run at large violates the law, it is true, nevertheless, that such animals may often escape without fault on the part of their owners, when the latter will be guilty of no offense against the law.’
185 S.W.2d at 766-7. See also
Mundy v. Pirie-Slaughter Motor Co.,
146 Tex. 314, 206 S.W.2d 587 (1948), in which this Court considered a statute making it unlawful for any person
knowingly
to permit a motor vehicle under his control to be driven by any person not licensed to operate a motor vehicle. There we said:
The statute, as we construe it, prohibits the lending of an automobile only where the owner knows that the driver does not have a license. We do not think, therefore, that the mere proof, in the absence of actual knowledge, that the defendant’s agents in the exercise of reasonable care should have known that Dickson did not have a license would show a violation of the statute.
146 Tex. at 320-21, 206 S.W.2d at 590.
Accordingly, we hold that neither Beck’s ownership of Duke, nor Boyd’s ownership of the premises, create a rebuttable presumption under Art. 6971a that Duke’s presence on the highway was due to the negligence of either.
As to common law negligence, we hold that there was no more than a scintilla of evidence that either Beck or Boyd was negligent. As to Beck, we have heretofore noted the absence of any evidence establishing the topography of the Boyd pastures and whether or not the horses in the pastures could be seen from the barn. There was no evidence that any of the fences were down or gates open, or that Duke had ever gotten out of the pastures or that he had any propensity for doing so. There was no evidence of the nature, extent or duration of the ride taken by the friend whom Beck requested to chase Duke to the barn. Such being the state of the record, there were no facts or circumstances that can be said to have reasonably alerted Beck to the possibility that the horse had escaped the fences or gates, or that would show that Beck did not exercise due care. Indeed, it is clear from its opinion that the ruling of the Court of Civil Appeals that there was a fact issue with respect to the question of Beck’s negligence rested on the unsupported presumption heretofore discussed regarding the nature of the Boyd premises. The trial court therefore properly instructed a verdict in favor of Beck.
As noted in the forepart of this opinion, the Court of Civil Appeals affirmed the action of the trial court in instructing a verdict in favor of Boyd, the landowner. We agree. Mrs. Sheppard contends that because there was some testimony concerning prior escapes by horses, a fact issue as to Boyd’s negligent failure to keep a proper lookout over Duke, the fences and the gates was raised. The evidence relied upon by Mrs. Sheppard established only that at unspecified and infrequent times in the past, Boyd had found horses which had escaped their enclosures. There was no evidence of the cause of the past instances, or that there had been any of recent occurrence involving either Duke or any of the other horses that were stabled on the Boyd farm.
The judgment of the Court of Civil Appeals is reversed and that of the trial court is affirmed.