Beall v. The City of Morgantown

• Court: District Court, N.D. West Virginia
• Decided: May 4, 2023
• Docket: 1:22-cv-00095
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF WEST VIRGINIA

MITCHELL BEALL et al.,

Plaintiffs,

v. Civil Action No. 1:22-CV-95 Judge Kleeh

THE CITY OF MORGANTOWN,

Defendant.

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER GRANTING PLAINTIFFS’ MOTION TO REMAND [ECF NO. 12]

Pending before the Court is Plaintiffs’ Motion to Remand [ECF No. 12]. For the reasons discussed herein, that motion is GRANTED and this matter is hereby remanded to the Circuit Court of Monongalia County, West Virginia, for any further proceedings. I. PROCEDURAL HISTORY Plaintiffs filed their Complaint in the Circuit Court of Monongalia County, West Virginia, on September 7, 2022. ECF No. 1 at ¶ 1. In their Complaint, Plaintiffs, members of the City of Morgantown Fire Department, allege several causes of action including violations of the West Virginia Constitution, retaliation, violations of the West Virginia Wage Payment and Collection Act (“WPCA”), W. Va. Code § 21-5-3, violations of the West Virginia Whistle-Blower Law, W. Va. Code § 6C-1-1, and violations of public policy. ECF No. 1-1. On September 9, 2022, MEMORANDUM OPINION ANRDE MOARNDDE R[ EGCRFA NNTOI.N G1 2P]L AINTIFFS’ MOTION TO Defendant removed the matter to this Court claiming jurisdiction existed under 28 U.S.C. § 1331. Id. at ¶7. Before responding to the Complaint, Defendant filed its

Motion for Preliminary Injunction. ECF No. 3. The Court scheduled oral argument on that motion for September 27, 2022. Plaintiffs filed their response before that hearing. ECF No. 7. During that oral argument, the Court ordered Defendant to respond to the Complaint asserting all counterclaims and invited the parties to submit any supplemental briefing after that responsive pleading on an abbreviated schedule given an October 17, 2022, civil service commission hearing made subject of the instant motion. ECF Nos. 9, 10 and 11. Also, during that same hearing, Plaintiffs’ counsel repeatedly advised the Court a motion to remand would be

forthcoming and urged the Court to consider the forthcoming jurisdictional challenge before considering any injunctive relief. Plaintiffs filed their Motion to Remand on October 13, 2022. ECF No. 12. That motion has been fully briefed. ECF Nos. 15 and 17. On October 20, 2022, Plaintiffs filed their Motion to Dismiss. ECF No. 13. That motion has also been fully briefed. ECF Nos. 16 and 19. MEMORANDUM OPINION ANRDE MOARNDDE R[ EGCRFA NNTOI.N G1 2P]L AINTIFFS’ MOTION TO II. FACTUAL BACKGROUND Plaintiff Mitchell Beall is a Lieutenant with the Morgantown Fire Department and serves as President of IAFF Local 313

(Morgantown). He works as a professional fire fighter for the Defendant City of Morgantown. His fellow plaintiffs also work for Defendant as professional fire fighters at varying ranks. They are: 1. Bailey, Brandon (Apprentice II), Individually, 2. Borzik, John (Apprentice I), Individually, 3. Bragg, Joseph R. (Firefighter First Class), Individually, 4. Campbell, Charles D. (Lieutenant), Individually, 5. Chisler, Matthew (Firefighter First Class), Individually, 6. Close, Michael (Apprentice I), Individually, 7. Connery, Klint (Firefighter First Class), Individually, 8. Dalton, Tanner (Firefighter First Class), Individually, 9. Dalton, Thadius (Firefighter First Class), Individually, 10. Daniels Douglas A. Jr., (Firefighter First Class), Individually, 11. Davis, Bryan (Firefighter First Class), Individually, 12. DeBerry, Christopher (Firefighter First Class), Individually, MEMORANDUM OPINION ANRDE MOARNDDE R[ EGCRFA NNTOI.N G1 2P]L AINTIFFS’ MOTION TO 13. Fobare, Philip (Firefighter Apprentice II), Individually, 14. Freshour, Gary (Captain), Individually, 15. Ganoe, Jason (Lieutenant), Individually, 16. Giles, Aaron (Firefighter First Class), Individually, 17. Hagedorn, Larry (Firefighter First Class), Individually, 18. Horbachewski, Dan (Apprentice II), Individually, 19. Izzo, Brian (Lieutenant), Individually, 20. Jenkins, Ashley (Lieutenant), Individually, 21. Laskody, Chad (Firefighter First Class), Individually, 22. Lemley, John D. (Captain), Individually, 23. Lyons, William (Firefighter First Class), Individually, 24. Martin, Anthony (Apprentice I), Individually, 25. McClain, Bailey (Firefighter First Class), Individually, 26. Mergenthaler, Brent (Firefighter First Class), Individually, 27. Moore, John (Lieutenant), Individually, 28. Morgan, Joshua (Firefighter First Class), Individually, 29. Morris, Nicholas L. (Firefighter First Class), Individually, 30. Nicewarner, Jayson (Lieutenant), Individually, 31. Nickelson, Eric (Lieutenant), Individually, MEMORANDUM OPINION ANRDE MOARNDDE R[ EGCRFA NNTOI.N G1 2P]L AINTIFFS’ MOTION TO 32. Olszewski, Roman (Firefighter First Class), Individually, 33. Pantalo, Marco (Apprentice I), Individually, 34. Peery, Matt (Firefighter First Class), Individually, 35. Porter, Derek (Firefighter First Class), Individually, 36. Sharpe, Douglas (Lieutenant), Individually, 37. Stake, Anthony (Firefighter First Class), Individually, 38. Thalman, Mark (Captain), Individually, 39. Thomas, Travis (Apprentice II), Individually, 40. Turner, Lucas (Firefighter First Class), Individually 41. Ware, Colby (Firefighter First Class), Individually, 42. Watson, Keith (Firefighter First Class), Individually, 43. Waxman, Andrew (Firefighter Apprentice II), Individually, 44. Whiten, Sean R. (Firefighter First Class), Individually, 45. Wolfe, Robert (Firefighter First Class), Individually, 46. Wright, Nicholas (Firefighter First Class), Individually, and 47. Zaroda, Devon J. (Firefighter First Class), Individually. In their Complaint, Plaintiffs allege they work as municipal employees of Defendant. They further allege both Defendant and they collectively are covered under the WPCA. MEMORANDUM OPINION ANRDE MOARNDDE R[ EGCRFA NNTOI.N G1 2P]L AINTIFFS’ MOTION TO Plaintiffs and Defendant have been embroiled in litigation in various forums and before various tribunals for years now. In 2019, the Morgantown Professional Firefighters asserted claims,

inter alia, under the WPCA with respect to holiday pay issues. In April 2021, they filed a Demand for a public hearing with the Civil Service Commission alleging unlawful reduction in pay. Plaintiffs take issue with Defendant’s employee handbook revisions of July 1, 2022, alleging retaliation in altering wage and benefits. On September 7, 2022, Plaintiffs filed this matter. On the same day, they filed a Demand with the Firefighter Civil Service Commission of the City of Morgantown for a public hearing on the allegedly unlawful “new pay and compensation scheme” enacted by Defendant. ECF No. 12 at 9. Here, Plaintiffs allege Defendant violated West Virginia Constitution Article III, Section 16 in

allegedly reducing firefighter pay in retaliation for seeking redress of grievances in court. ECF No. 1-1 at ¶¶ 74-80. Plaintiffs further claim Defendant violated West Virginia Code § 55-7E-2 by retaliating against them. Id. at ¶¶ 81-84. Plaintiffs further allege Defendant violated the WPCA, West Virginia Code § 21-5-1 et seq., by changing paid time off and other benefits. Id. at ¶¶ 85-96. Plaintiffs also allege violations of the West Virginia Whistleblower Law, West Virginia Code § 6C-1-1 et seq. Id. at ¶¶ 97-108. Plaintiffs allege violations of public MEMORANDUM OPINION ANRDE MOARNDDE R[ EGCRFA NNTOI.N G1 2P]L AINTIFFS’ MOTION TO policy and the West Virginia Constitution’s Takings Clause, Article 3, Section 9. Id. at ¶¶ 124. They seek an array of damages for these claims. Nowhere does Plaintiffs’ Complaint cite

or even mention any federal law – constitutional, statutory, or otherwise. III. DISCUSSION A. Removal Jurisdiction Defendants in civil actions may remove a matter from state to federal court if the latter forum has original subject matter jurisdiction. This requirement can be based upon diversity jurisdiction or federal question jurisdiction. See 28 U.S.C. § 1441. A federal district court has diversity jurisdiction over cases between citizens of different states where the amount in controversy exceeds $75,000.00, exclusive of interest and costs.

See 28 U.S.C. § 1332.1 Further, a federal district court has federal question jurisdiction over all civil actions arising under the Constitution, laws, or treaties of the United States. See 28 U.S.C. § 1331. This jurisdiction must inhere in the plaintiff’s claim, rather than be based on a defense or counterclaim. See Louisville & Nashville R.R. v. Mottley, 211 U.S. 149 (1908).

1 Defendant does not suggest diversity jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1332 exists here; therefore, the Court will not address that potential jurisdictional basis. Defendant must therefore demonstrate federal question jurisdiction is present. MEMORANDUM OPINION ANRDE MOARNDDE R[ EGCRFA NNTOI.N G1 2P]L AINTIFFS’ MOTION TO The burden of demonstrating jurisdiction generally resides with the defendant. See Wilson v. Republic Iron & Steel Co., 257 U.S. 92 (1921). Likewise, the plaintiff’s role in the context of

disputes about removability is also clearly defined: the plaintiff is the master of his or her claim. See Oklahoma Tax Comm’n v. Graham, 489 U.S. 838 (1989). This means that “if [the plaintiff] chooses not to assert a federal claim . . . or properly joins a nondiverse party, defendants cannot remove the action to federal court on the ground that an alternative course of conduct available to the plaintiff would have permitted removal of the case.” 14B Charles Wright, Federal Practice and Procedure, § 3721, p. 59 (2009). Moreover, as the Fourth Circuit has indicated, if federal jurisdiction is doubtful, the case must be remanded. See Mulcahey v. Columbia Organic Chems. Co., 29 F.3d 148, 151 (4th Cir. 1994).

Federal question jurisdiction exists if “a federal question is presented on the face of the plaintiff’s properly pleaded complaint.” Caterpillar, Inc. v. Williams, 482 U.S. 386, 392 (1987); see also W. Va. State Univ. Bd. of Governors v. Dow Chem. Co., 23 F.4th 288, 297 (4th Cir. 2022) (referencing “the well- pleaded complaint rule, which, absent diversity, prohibits removal unless a federal question appears on the face of the complaint”). As such, a defendant may not rely on a federal defense to a state law claim as a basis for removal. See Topeka Housing Authority v. MEMORANDUM OPINION ANRDE MOARNDDE R[ EGCRFA NNTOI.N G1 2P]L AINTIFFS’ MOTION TO Johnson, 404 F.3d 1245, 1247 (10th Cir. 2005). Thus, the well- pleaded complaint rule makes the plaintiff “the master of the claim; he or she may avoid federal jurisdiction by exclusive

reliance on state law.” Caterpillar, Inc., 482 U.S. at 392. Even a cursory reading of Plaintiffs’ complaint reveals the complete absence of any semblance of a federal claim on that pleading’s face. In the Complaint, Plaintiffs assert a multitude of causes of action against their employer under West Virginia law: violation of Article 3, § 16 of the West Virginia Constitution; violation of the WPCA, W. Va. Code § 21-5-1 et seq.; violation of the state’s Whistleblower Law, W. Va. Code § 6C-1-1, et seq.; violation of Article 9 of the West Virginia Constitution; and common law claims for retaliation and violation of public policy as defined under West Virginia law. See generally Compl. B. Embedded Federal Question

As Plaintiffs accurately state in their pending motion, Defendant fails to cite any provision of the Complaint to support its claim a federal question exists here. Instead, Defendant argues it “must rely on” the Fair Labor Standards Act (“FLSA”), 29 U.S.C. § 203, to defend the matter. ECF No. 15 at p.3. The City goes on to argue its “defense to these claims necessarily involves a detailed discussion of its pay policies and demonstration of how those comport with the FLSA, which applies to how Plaintiffs’ MEMORANDUM OPINION ANRDE MOARNDDE R[ EGCRFA NNTOI.N G1 2P]L AINTIFFS’ MOTION TO hourly wage and overtime rate is determined.” Id. at p.7. Presumably recognizing such defenses cannot establish the basis for proper removal,2 Defendant urges this Court to find an

“embedded federal question” in Plaintiffs’ state law claims and assert jurisdiction in this matter. “[W]hen a claim finds its origins in state rather than federal law, federal courts have identified a ‘special and small category’ of cases in which arising under [federal question] jurisdiction still lies.” W. Va. State Univ. Bd. of Governors, 23 F.4th at 307 (citing Empire Healthchoice Assurance, Inc. v. McVeigh, 547 U.S. 677, 699 (2006)). Exceptions to the well-established “arising under” standard of federal law are “extremely rare.” Gunn v. Minton, 568 U.S. 251, 257 (2013). Defendant claims one such exception – under Grable & Sons Metal Products, Inc. v. Darue

Engineering & Mfg., 545 U.S. 308 (2005) — applies here. ECF No. 1 at ¶¶ 8-9.

2 “[I]t is now settled law that a case may not be removed to federal court on the basis of a federal defense, including the defense of pre-emption, even if the defense is anticipated in the plaintiff’s complaint, and even if both parties concede that the federal defense is the only question truly at issue.” Caterpillar, 482 U.S. at 393 (citing Franchise Tax Board of Cal. v. Construction Laborers Vacation Trust for Southern Cal., 463 U.S. 1, 12 (1983)); see also Burrell v. Bayer Corporation, 918 F.3d 372, 381-82 (4th Cir. 2019). MEMORANDUM OPINION ANRDE MOARNDDE R[ EGCRFA NNTOI.N G1 2P]L AINTIFFS’ MOTION TO Under that limited exception, courts must assess whether the “state-law claim necessarily raises a stated federal issue, actually disputed and substantial, which a federal forum may

entertain without disturbing any congressionally approved balance of federal and state judicial responsibilities.” Grable, 545 U.S. at 314. “[F]ederal jurisdiction over a state law claim will lie if a federal issue is: (1) necessarily raised, (2) actually disputed, (3) substantial, and (4) capable of resolution in federal court without disrupting the federal-state balance approved by Congress.” Gunn, 568 U.S. at 258. If all four of these requirements are met, then jurisdiction is proper because there is a “‘serious federal interest in claiming the advantages thought to be inherent in a federal forum,’ which can be vindicated without disrupting Congress’s intended division of labor between state and

federal courts.” Id. (quoting Grable, 545 U.S. at 313–314). However, “[t]he mere presence of a federal issue in a state cause of action does not automatically confer federal-question jurisdiction.” Merrell Dow Pharms., Inc. v. Thompson, 478 U.S. 804, 813 (1986). Likewise, “the mere assertion of a federal interest [is] not enough to confer federal jurisdiction.” Empire Healthchoice, 547 U.S. at 701. MEMORANDUM OPINION ANRDE MOARNDDE R[ EGCRFA NNTOI.N G1 2P]L AINTIFFS’ MOTION TO The Fourth Circuit has also provided guidance on this limited exception to the well-pleaded complaint rule. Even if state law creates the claims asserted by the plaintiff, federal question

jurisdiction nonetheless is proper in cases in which “the plaintiff’s right to relief necessarily depends on resolution of a substantial question of federal law, in that federal law is a necessary element of one of the well-pleaded . . . claims.” Pinney v. Nokia, Inc., 402 F.3d 430, 442 (4th Cir. 2005). To remove a case in which state law creates the plaintiff’s cause of action, a defendant “must establish two elements: (1) that the plaintiff's right to relief necessarily depends on a question of federal law, and (2) that the question of federal law is substantial.” Dixon v. Coburg Daily, Inc., 369 F.3d 811, 816 (4th Cir. 2004). 1. Necessarily Raised

Turning to the Grable factors, the first prong of the analysis requires the court to consider whether the “state-law claim necessarily raise[s] a stated federal issue.” 545 U.S. at 314 (emphasis added). This is satisfied when “it appears that some . . . disputed question of federal law is a necessary element of one of the well-pleaded state claims.” Franchise Tax Bd., 463 U.S. at 13. Here, this factor weighs against finding an embedded federal question sufficient to confer federal jurisdiction in the MEMORANDUM OPINION ANRDE MOARNDDE R[ EGCRFA NNTOI.N G1 2P]L AINTIFFS’ MOTION TO absence of a federal claim on the Complaint’s face. Specifically, resolution of questions arising under the FLSA may – but do not necessarily – impact aspects of Plaintiffs’ claims. Defendant

cites the “common” allegation in each of Plaintiffs’ claims that their pay has been reduced. ECF No. 1 at ¶ 11. The mere mention of changes or reductions in pay or other compensation, however, does not make FLSA issues “necessarily raised.” Defendant’s best chance at satisfying the “necessarily raised” factor lies in Plaintiffs’ WPCA claim. In Count 3, Plaintiffs allege Defendant violated the WPCA in not timely or properly paying wages and benefits, including paid time off and holiday pay. ECF No. 1-1. West Virginia Code § 21-5-1(c) defines wages to include fringe benefits that are capable of calculation and payable directly to the employee. The terms of employment

determine if such benefits qualify as wages under the WPCA. See Syl. Pt. 5, Meadows v. Wal-Mart, Inc., 530 S.E.2d 676, 679 (W. Va. 1999). “The determination as to whether “wages,” as defined in West Virginia Code § 21–5–1(c), are payable pursuant to the requirements of West Virginia Code § 21–5–1 et seq. is governed by the terms of the employment agreement, whether written or in the form of a consistently applied unwritten policy.” Syl. Pt. 5, Adkins v. Am. Mine Rsch., Inc., 765 S.E.2d 217, 218 (W. Va. 2014). MEMORANDUM OPINION ANRDE MOARNDDE R[ EGCRFA NNTOI.N G1 2P]L AINTIFFS’ MOTION TO The terms and conditions of employment can arise from a variety of sources. Over time, the Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia has turned to employee handbooks, policy manuals and

unwritten but consistently applied payroll practices to determine the terms and conditions of employment for WPCA purposes. See, e.g., Gress v. Petersburg Foods, LLC, 592 S.E.2d 811, 815 (W. Va. 2003) (citing employment policies) and Ingram v. City of Princeton, 540 S.E.2d 569 (W. Va. 2000) (citing consistently applied, unwritten payroll practices). Nothing in either West Virginia Code § 21-5C-1(c) or cases interpreting that definition necessarily requires consideration of FLSA definitions or requirements. While it is possible FLSA issues could inform or even decide the determination of wages, as defined under the WPCA, it is not a necessary component of any statutory definition

implicated in Plaintiffs’ Complaint. The parties spend significant time discussing the impact of Harper v. Massey Coal Services, Inc., No. 2:10-0894, 2011 WL 322558 (S.D.W. Va. Feb. 2, 2011), on this matter. In Harper, Judge Copenhaver addressed whether an employee’s claims under the West Virginia Minimum Wage and Maximum Hour Standards, W. Va. Code § 21- 5C-1 et seq., presented an embedded federal question such that removal, despite the absence of a federal claim on the complaint’s face, was proper. He reasoned that because the plaintiffs’ claim MEMORANDUM OPINION ANRDE MOARNDDE R[ EGCRFA NNTOI.N G1 2P]L AINTIFFS’ MOTION TO depended upon their ability to satisfy the statutory definition of “employer,” which expressly relies upon federal wage and hour law, the Grable-Pinney factors were satisfied such that the Southern

District of West Virginia had “arising under” jurisdiction.3 Specifically, Judge Copenhaver noted the plaintiffs bore the burden to prove they brought their claim against a “covered employer” triggering the statute’s application and, should the plaintiffs fail there, no claim under the Minimum Wage and Maximum Hour Standards would lie. He found that definition so dependent upon federal law that its determination was necessary, disputed, and substantial and that exercising jurisdiction would not disturb the balance between federal-state judicial responsibilities.4 Contrary to Defendant’s position, this case presents quite a different scenario from Harper. The statutory definitions

applicable to Plaintiffs’ WPCA claims, unlike the definitions at issue in Harper, do not reference or rely upon any federal

3 In Harper, the relevant statutory definition specifically excluded any “employer . . . if 80 percent of the persons employed by him are subject to any federal act relating to minimum wage, maximum hours and overtime compensation.” West Virginia Code § 21- 5C-1(e). The WPCA contains no similar reference to federal law in either its definitions or otherwise. 4 Plaintiffs dedicate significant effort to assailing Judge Copenhaver’s reasoning and conclusion including citation to other district court decisions reaching a contrary result. As the specific question presented in Harper is not present here, this Court need not address that issue. MEMORANDUM OPINION ANRDE MOARNDDE R[ EGCRFA NNTOI.N G1 2P]L AINTIFFS’ MOTION TO statutory scheme. As noted, questions of federal wage and hour law may not even be relevant to Plaintiffs’ WPCA claims. This is not to say the FLSA will have no bearing upon whether Plaintiffs

state viable WPCA claims. Instead, the Court cannot conclude that adjudication of any federal question including the FLSA is so necessary to Plaintiffs’ claims that exercise of this “rare” form of jurisdiction would be proper. See Empire Healthcare, 547 U.S. at 701 (“In sum, Grable emphasized that it takes more than a federal element ‘to open the “arising under” door.’” (citing Grable, 545 U.S. at 313)); Eller v. Jackson Kelly PLLC, 2011 WL 672054, at *9 (S.D.W. Va. Feb. 14, 2011) (Johnston, J.) (“Not one element of Plaintiffs’ claims requires resolution of this, or any other, federal question.”). Plaintiffs’ other claims do not offer any better support for

Defendant’s position. The remaining claims, although referencing changes or reduction in pay or benefits, allege improper motives for doing so and appear to largely be adverse action employment claims. Certainly, no essential element of any of those causes of action specifically incorporates or relies upon any federal question, FLSA or otherwise. Like the WPCA claim asserted in Count 3, the remaining claims may – but do not necessarily – require MEMORANDUM OPINION ANRDE MOARNDDE R[ EGCRFA NNTOI.N G1 2P]L AINTIFFS’ MOTION TO adjudication of federal questions.5 Defendant has failed to demonstrate Plaintiffs’ claims necessarily raise federal issues creating federal jurisdiction. See Ryan Env't, Inc. v. Hess Oil

Co., 718 F. Supp. 2d 719, 722 (N.D.W. Va. 2010) (Keeley, J.) (“Removal statutes are strictly construed against the party seeking removal, and the burden of establishing jurisdiction rests on that party.”). 2. Substantial Federal Issue Turning to the “substantial” factor, the Court finds Defendant fails to satisfy this Grable element as well. As Judge Goodwin of the Southern District of West Virginia summarized, the Supreme Court in Empire Healthchoice outlined the factors “that affect the ‘substantiality’ [i.e., the second Grable prong] of a federal interest in that case or issue: (1) whether the case includes a federal agency, and particularly, whether that agency’s compliance with the federal statute is in dispute; (2) whether the federal

5 For the same reasons discussed infra, the Court finds that any potential federal question implicated by Plaintiffs’ other claims is not sufficiently substantial to warrant assertion of “arising under” jurisdiction. The issues raised, in particular Defendant’s motive in allegedly altering the terms and conditions of Plaintiffs’ employment, are so fact-specific that they limit the applicability of the claimed federal dispute here to this case alone. Conjuring “arising under” jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1331 here would also disrupt the Congressionally-sought balance between federal and state courts. Plaintiffs’ claims against their employer are not uncommon and, by and large, are litigated in West Virginia courts every day. There is nothing apparent in this record justifying let alone requiring federal adjudication of such claims as Defendant urges. MEMORANDUM OPINION ANRDE MOARNDDE R[ EGCRFA NNTOI.N G1 2P]L AINTIFFS’ MOTION TO question is important (i.e., not trivial); (3) whether a decision on the federal issue will resolve the case (i.e., the federal question is not merely incidental to the outcome); and (4) whether a decision as to the federal question will control numerous other cases (i.e., the issue is not anomalous or isolated).

Craddock v. Adon Network, Inc., No. 2:10-CV-01401, 2011 WL 1601331, at *4 (S.D.W. Va. Apr. 27, 2011) (citing Mikulski v. Centerior Energy Corp., 501 F.3d 555, 570 (6th Cir. 2007)). No federal agency is party to this litigation nor is any such agency’s compliance with federal law at issue. As discussed above, the potential federal question is just that – potentially at issue. At this juncture, it is difficult to define what federal question may possibly be implicated in Plaintiffs’ claims. Neither of the first two factors counsel in favor of finding a substantial federal issue at play here. With respect to the last two factors, this Court has also previously considered the expansion of removal jurisdiction under the Grable rubric. As Judge Bailey summarized, The Supreme Court of the United States has distinguished cases that involve “nearly ‘pure issue[s] of law’ . . . ‘that [can] be settled once and for all’” from those that are “fact- bound and situation specific.” Id. at 700– 01. Or, as Justice Cardozo put it, a “common- sense accommodation of judgment to [the] kaleidoscopic situations” that present a federal issue, in “a selective process which picks the substantial causes out of the web MEMORANDUM OPINION ANRDE MOARNDDE R[ EGCRFA NNTOI.N G1 2P]L AINTIFFS’ MOTION TO and lays the other ones aside.” Gully v. First Nat. Bank in Meridian, 299 U.S. 109, 117–18 (1936).

Adkins Energy, Inc. v. Dominion Transmission Inc., No. 5:16-CV- 151, 2017 WL 462009, at *3 (N.D.W. Va. Feb. 2, 2017) (Bailey, J.). The final factor “requires the court to determine whether resolution of the alleged federal issue would control numerous other cases, not whether resolution of the question of federal subject-matter jurisdiction will govern numerous other cases.” Craddock, 2011 WL 1601331, at *6 n.1. This case, like many wage and hour claims, whether brought expressly under the FLSA or state law like the WPCA, is quite “fact-bound and situation-specific.” Empire Healthcare, 547 U.S. at 700. The Complaint sets out a lengthy and detailed factual chronology upon which Plaintiffs rely here. The non-wage and hour claims focus on Defendant’s state of mind and motivation. Claims involving such elements are often fact-intensive jury questions. See Magill v. Gulf & W. Indus., Inc., 736 F.2d 976, 979 (4th Cir. 1984) (“Summary judgment is seldom appropriate in cases in which particular states of mind are decisive elements of claim or defense, because state of mind is so often proved by inferences from circumstantial evidence and by self-serving direct evidence.”). There is no “pure” question of federal law that would resolve not only this dispute but others in the future. These factors likewise weigh against finding a MEMORANDUM OPINION ANRDE MOARNDDE R[ EGCRFA NNTOI.N G1 2P]L AINTIFFS’ MOTION TO substantial federal question here that requires exercise of jurisdiction under Grable-Pinney. 3. Federal-State Judicial Balance

Lastly, the Court must consider whether Defendant can satisfy the final prong: “that removal of this state-law case and the multitude of cases just like it would be consistent with the congressionally approved balance of federal and state judicial responsibilities.” Burrell, 918 F.3d at 386 (citing Grable, 545 U.S. at 314). “The Supreme Court has ‘consistently emphasized that, in exploring the outer reaches of [section] 1331, determinations about federal jurisdiction require sensitive judgments about congressional intent, judicial power, and the federal system.’” Rose Acre Farms, Inc. v. N. Carolina Dep’t of Env’t & Nat. Res., 131 F. Supp. 3d 496, 504 (E.D.N.C. 2015)

(quoting Merrell Dow, 478 U.S. at 810). Defendant’s proposed exercise of jurisdiction here would inappropriately upset the balance between federal and state courts. Plaintiffs arguably could have asserted certain of their grievances under the auspices of the FLSA. They consciously chose a different path.6 Here, Defendant seeks to usurp that choice via

6 Plaintiffs, of course, do so at their own potential peril. The WPCA “does not establish a particular rate of pay, . . . [but] instead, it controls the manner in which employees in West Virginia

MEMORANDUM OPINION ANRDE MOARNDDE R[ EGCRFA NNTOI.N G1 2P]L AINTIFFS’ MOTION TO an “extremely rare” gambit – injecting a federal question into a complaint devoid of any such issue but overflowing with state law causes of action. To sanction this procedural maneuver would be

to “federalize” any claim under the WPCA. See, e.g., Hanna v. CFL Pizza, LLC, No. 6:11-CV-1837-ORL-22, 2012 WL 515875, at *6 (M.D. Fla. Jan. 30, 2012); Fabro v. Aqua-Aston Hospitality, LLC, No. CV 16-00467 DKW-RLP, 2017 WL 449587, at *4 (D. Haw. Feb. 2, 2017). This would offend any concept of federalism and potentially prompt a flood of state-law WPCA and garden-variety employment claims being removed to a federal forum in the absence of express federal question jurisdiction when the circuit courts of West Virginia are more than capable of adjudicating such disputes. See Empire Healthchoice, 547 U.S. at 701 (“The state court in which the . . . suit was lodged is competent to apply federal law, to

the extent it is relevant . . .”). This factor likewise requires remand here. Courts “are obliged to construe removal jurisdiction strictly because of the “significant federalism concerns”

are paid wages, and it imposes on employers an obligation to pay employees’ wages in a timely manner.” Gregory v. Forest River, Inc., 369 F. App’x 464, 465 (4th Cir. 2010) (internal citations and quotations omitted). Regardless, Plaintiffs, as masters of their Complaint, are free to assert claims of their choosing and to forego claims that may subject them to undesired forums. Defendant cannot so easily substitute its choice for Plaintiffs’. MEMORANDUM OPINION ANRDE MOARNDDE R[ EGCRFA NNTOI.N G1 2P]L AINTIFFS’ MOTION TO implicated. . . . Therefore, if federal jurisdiction is doubtful, a remand to state court is necessary.” Maryland Stadium Auth. v. Ellerbe Becket Inc., 407 F.3d 255, 260 (4th Cir. 2005) (internal

quotations and citations omitted). There is no doubt here after assessing the relevant factors. The Court finds Defendant has failed to satisfy the Grable factors demonstrating an embedded federal question exists in Plaintiffs’ Complaint investing this Court with jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1331. Plaintiffs’ claims do not necessarily raise a disputed and substantial federal issue. Moreover, asserting jurisdiction over Plaintiffs’ state law claims would inappropriately affect the balance between federal and state courts. Therefore, this Court lacks subject matter jurisdiction and remand is necessary. C. Attorneys’ Fees

In addition to their request for remand, Plaintiffs also ask this Court to award them their attorneys’ fees. “An award of attorneys’ fees under § 1447 is not automatic but should only be awarded where ‘the removing party lacked an objectively reasonable basis.’” Henry v. Kingwood Mining Co., LLC, No. 1:09CV16, 2009 WL 10676866, at *1 (N.D.W. Va. June 15, 2009) (Keeley, J.) (quoting Martin v. Franklin Capital Corp., 546 U.S. 132, 140 (2005)). Although the Court granted Plaintiffs’ remand motion, the Court does not believe that Defendant so lacked an objectively reasonable MEMORANDUM OPINION ANRDE MOARNDDE R[ EGCRFA NNTOI.N G1 2P]L AINTIFFS’ MOTION TO basis in seeking removal that an award of fees and costs is warranted here. Very little, if any, authority addressing the WPCA’s potential for satisfying embedded federal question

jurisdiction exits. The same can be said of Plaintiffs’ other claims. In fact, most of the cases cited by the parties and discussed herein by the Court deal with other wage and hour statutes. Among those, there exists a divergence of thought on whether other West Virginia statutes present sufficiently substantial federal questions to constitute “arising under” jurisdiction. Compare Harper, 2011 WL 322558, with Craddock, 2011 WL 1601331. Considering all relevant circumstances, Defendant’s removal does not satisfy the lofty standard required to impose an award of attorneys’ fees and costs despite the Court’s remanding the matter to the Circuit Court of Monongalia County. Plaintiffs’

request for attorneys’ fees is DENIED. D. Other Pending Motions Defendant, shortly after removing to this Court, filed its Motion for Preliminary Injunction. ECF No. 3. Plaintiffs also filed a Motion to Dismiss Defendant’s counterclaims. ECF No. 13. This Court has no authority to consider either of these motions. “Unfortunately, however, without either diversity or federal question jurisdiction, any judgment rendered by this Court would be immediately vacated on appeal for lack of subject matter Beall et al. v. Morgantown 1:22-CV-95 MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER GRANTING PLAINTIFFS’ MOTION TO REMAND [ECF NO. 12] jurisdiction.” Inkrote v. Prot. Strategies Inc., No. 3:09-CV-51, 2009 WL 3295042, at *8 (N.D.W. Va. Oct. 13, 2009). Thus, the Court directs the Clerk to TERMINATE these motions from the Court’s docket.

Iv. CONCLUSION

For the reasons discussed above, the Motion to Remand [ECF No. 12] is GRANTED. This action is hereby REMANDED to the Circuit Court of Monongalia County, West Virginia and STRICKEN from the Court’s active docket. The Clerk shall TERMINATE Defendant’s Motion for Preliminary Injunction [ECF No. 3] and Plaintiffs’ Motion to Dismiss [ECF No. 13] from the Court’s docket as the Court lacks subject-matter jurisdiction to decide them. It is so ORDERED. The Clerk is directed to transmit copies of this Memorandum Opinion and Order to counsel of record and the Circuit Clerk of Monongalia County, West Virginia. DATED: May 4, 2023 Ton Blt THOMAS S. KLEEH, CHIEF JUDGE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF WEST VIRGINIA