Mr. Justice Barnes
delivered the opinion of the court.
This appeal is from a judgment for $20,000 in an action to recover for personal injuries received by appellee in the course of his employment as inspector for appellant in its switching yards at Lafayette, Indiana, while the work of making up trains was going on. In the order of his duties appellee was required to inspect cars, make light repairs and couple up air hose. In doing the last he had to step between the cars, stoop down and reach under the couplers for the end of the hose. While he was thus engaged a “string” of cars, in the course of switching, was pushed down upon a “string” of cars between which he was connecting hose, causing him to be knocked down and run over, and resulting in the loss of his legs.
The application of the Federal Employers’ Liability Act is recognized, it not being questioned that the work engaged in at the time of the injury came within the scope of interstate commerce.
The negligence charged to appellant principally relied on was the kicking or pushing of the cars together with unusual and unnecessary violence. Evidence was adduced for plaintiff tending to show that after the inspectors made repairs the kicking or pushing movements and.the coupling process usually went on at the same time without any rule or custom as to giving any special notice to those engaged in either operation; that the cars were brought together under such circumstances “without hardly moving them,” or with so little force as not to endanger the inspector while thus connecting the air hose; that the impact on the occasion in question was unusual and so violent as to move the string of- eight cars appellee was so connecting some 65 feet before they stopped, dragging him about 25 feet before he Was run over.
Appellant contends, however, that plaintiff was injured while performing his work under ordinary and usual conditions, and that the cause of the injury was solely his negligence in not taking precautionary measures against being so caught in a switching movement, and that he assumed the risk incident to such movements. To support such contention evidence was adduced tending to show that plaintiff could and should have seen or heard, the engine and cars before stepping between the cars; that he knew cars were to be pushed down to connect with the string of cars he was working on, and that the degree of force with which the cars came together at the time varied little, if any, from what ordinarily takes place in such a movement.
The jury were instructed with reference to both theories, and accordingly must have found that the direct and proximate cause of plaintiff’s injury was the unusual and unnecessary force with which the cars were brought together. Such a finding necessarily excluded the theory that the accident was due solely to plaintiff’s negligence. While the evidence was thus conflicting, yet the jury might reasonably reach such a conclusion, and, leaving its credibility to them, we are not prepared to say that such conclusión was manifestly against the weight of the evidence. The jury may also have found that plaintiff was negligent, and under the instructions have apportioned the damages.
But it is urged that plaintiff assumed the risk in coupling air hose under such conditions. As the fellow-servant doctrine is not available under the Federal Liability Act, if the jury found that the injury was caused by negligence in the method by which the cars were brought together by plaintiff’s fellow employees, then plaintiff did not assume the risk of such negligence. (Devine v. Chicago, R. I. & P. Ry. Co., 266 Ill. 248, affirmed in 239 U. S. 52.) In considering the doctrine of assumed risk in cases of this character, the United States Supreme Court has made a distinction between methods employed and negligence in pursuing them. In Chesapeake & O. Ry. Co. v. Profit, 241 U. S. 462, a case presenting very similar circumstances and claims, the court said:
“Even if plaintiff knew and assumed the risks of an inherently dangerous method of doing the work, he did not assume the increased risk attributable not to the method, but to negligence in pursuing it.”
In other cases under the Federal Employers’ Liability Act where, as a result of cars being brought together with sudden and unusual violence, an employee was thrown from the top of a car and injured, it was held that while he assumed all ordinary risks of the employment he did not assume the risks of negligence in bringing the cars together with sudden and unnecessary violence. (Lancette v. Great Northern Ry. Co., 140 Minn. 488, 168 N. W. 634; Kenney v. Seaboard Air Line Ry. Co., 165 N. C. 99, 167 N. C. 14, affirmed in 240 U. S. 489; Chesapeake & O. Ry. Co. v. DeAtley, 241 U. S. 310.) The burden lay with defendant to prove the assumption of risk, and the evidence being such as to require its submission to the jury (DeAtley ease, supra, and Kanawha & M. Ry. Co. v. Kerse, 239 U. S. 576, 581), we should not disturb their finding on that question unless it is manifestly against the weight of the evidence bearing on it, which we are not disposed to hold.
Appellant cites Boldt v. Pennsylvania Ry. Co., 245 U. S. 441, affirming the trial court in refusing to charge the jury that “the risk the employee now assumes, since the passage of the Federal Employers’ Liability Act, is the ordinary dangers incident to his employment, which does not now include the assumption of risk incident to the negligence of the carrier’s officers, agents or employees.” The court said that the request did not “accurately state any applicable rule of law,” and that the common-law rule was well settled, “that a servant assumes extraordinary risks incident to his employment, or risks caused by the master’s negligence which are obvious or fully known and appreciated by him,” citing among other cases the DeAtley case, supra. In the latter case the employee was required on proper occasion to board a moving train, and was injured while so doing. As the train was usually operated with a rate of speed that would enable' him to do so without undue peril, the court held that he had a right to presume that the engineer would exercise reasonable care for his safety, and could not be held to have assumed the risk attributable to the operation of the train at an unusually high and dangerous rate of speed, “until made aware of the danger, unless the speed and consequent danger were so obvious that an ordinarily careful person in his situation would have observed the one and appreciated the other,” and that it was, therefore, a question for the jury whether he assumed the risk. We think there is no inconsistency in this statement of the law, which seems applicable to the instant case, and the rule as stated in the Boldt case, supra.
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Mr. Justice Barnes
delivered the opinion of the court.
This appeal is from a judgment for $20,000 in an action to recover for personal injuries received by appellee in the course of his employment as inspector for appellant in its switching yards at Lafayette, Indiana, while the work of making up trains was going on. In the order of his duties appellee was required to inspect cars, make light repairs and couple up air hose. In doing the last he had to step between the cars, stoop down and reach under the couplers for the end of the hose. While he was thus engaged a “string” of cars, in the course of switching, was pushed down upon a “string” of cars between which he was connecting hose, causing him to be knocked down and run over, and resulting in the loss of his legs.
The application of the Federal Employers’ Liability Act is recognized, it not being questioned that the work engaged in at the time of the injury came within the scope of interstate commerce.
The negligence charged to appellant principally relied on was the kicking or pushing of the cars together with unusual and unnecessary violence. Evidence was adduced for plaintiff tending to show that after the inspectors made repairs the kicking or pushing movements and.the coupling process usually went on at the same time without any rule or custom as to giving any special notice to those engaged in either operation; that the cars were brought together under such circumstances “without hardly moving them,” or with so little force as not to endanger the inspector while thus connecting the air hose; that the impact on the occasion in question was unusual and so violent as to move the string of- eight cars appellee was so connecting some 65 feet before they stopped, dragging him about 25 feet before he Was run over.
Appellant contends, however, that plaintiff was injured while performing his work under ordinary and usual conditions, and that the cause of the injury was solely his negligence in not taking precautionary measures against being so caught in a switching movement, and that he assumed the risk incident to such movements. To support such contention evidence was adduced tending to show that plaintiff could and should have seen or heard, the engine and cars before stepping between the cars; that he knew cars were to be pushed down to connect with the string of cars he was working on, and that the degree of force with which the cars came together at the time varied little, if any, from what ordinarily takes place in such a movement.
The jury were instructed with reference to both theories, and accordingly must have found that the direct and proximate cause of plaintiff’s injury was the unusual and unnecessary force with which the cars were brought together. Such a finding necessarily excluded the theory that the accident was due solely to plaintiff’s negligence. While the evidence was thus conflicting, yet the jury might reasonably reach such a conclusion, and, leaving its credibility to them, we are not prepared to say that such conclusión was manifestly against the weight of the evidence. The jury may also have found that plaintiff was negligent, and under the instructions have apportioned the damages.
But it is urged that plaintiff assumed the risk in coupling air hose under such conditions. As the fellow-servant doctrine is not available under the Federal Liability Act, if the jury found that the injury was caused by negligence in the method by which the cars were brought together by plaintiff’s fellow employees, then plaintiff did not assume the risk of such negligence. (Devine v. Chicago, R. I. & P. Ry. Co., 266 Ill. 248, affirmed in 239 U. S. 52.) In considering the doctrine of assumed risk in cases of this character, the United States Supreme Court has made a distinction between methods employed and negligence in pursuing them. In Chesapeake & O. Ry. Co. v. Profit, 241 U. S. 462, a case presenting very similar circumstances and claims, the court said:
“Even if plaintiff knew and assumed the risks of an inherently dangerous method of doing the work, he did not assume the increased risk attributable not to the method, but to negligence in pursuing it.”
In other cases under the Federal Employers’ Liability Act where, as a result of cars being brought together with sudden and unusual violence, an employee was thrown from the top of a car and injured, it was held that while he assumed all ordinary risks of the employment he did not assume the risks of negligence in bringing the cars together with sudden and unnecessary violence. (Lancette v. Great Northern Ry. Co., 140 Minn. 488, 168 N. W. 634; Kenney v. Seaboard Air Line Ry. Co., 165 N. C. 99, 167 N. C. 14, affirmed in 240 U. S. 489; Chesapeake & O. Ry. Co. v. DeAtley, 241 U. S. 310.) The burden lay with defendant to prove the assumption of risk, and the evidence being such as to require its submission to the jury (DeAtley ease, supra, and Kanawha & M. Ry. Co. v. Kerse, 239 U. S. 576, 581), we should not disturb their finding on that question unless it is manifestly against the weight of the evidence bearing on it, which we are not disposed to hold.
Appellant cites Boldt v. Pennsylvania Ry. Co., 245 U. S. 441, affirming the trial court in refusing to charge the jury that “the risk the employee now assumes, since the passage of the Federal Employers’ Liability Act, is the ordinary dangers incident to his employment, which does not now include the assumption of risk incident to the negligence of the carrier’s officers, agents or employees.” The court said that the request did not “accurately state any applicable rule of law,” and that the common-law rule was well settled, “that a servant assumes extraordinary risks incident to his employment, or risks caused by the master’s negligence which are obvious or fully known and appreciated by him,” citing among other cases the DeAtley case, supra. In the latter case the employee was required on proper occasion to board a moving train, and was injured while so doing. As the train was usually operated with a rate of speed that would enable' him to do so without undue peril, the court held that he had a right to presume that the engineer would exercise reasonable care for his safety, and could not be held to have assumed the risk attributable to the operation of the train at an unusually high and dangerous rate of speed, “until made aware of the danger, unless the speed and consequent danger were so obvious that an ordinarily careful person in his situation would have observed the one and appreciated the other,” and that it was, therefore, a question for the jury whether he assumed the risk. We think there is no inconsistency in this statement of the law, which seems applicable to the instant case, and the rule as stated in the Boldt case, supra. If the jury found, as they may have done from the evidence adduced on the subject, that it was the custom to bring the “strings” of cars together while the inspectors were connecting the air hose, but with so little force as not to subject the inspectors to undue peril while so connecting, and that the foreman of the switch crew knew plaintiff was coupling the cars while the cars were being so switched, then according to the rule laid down in the DeAtley case, supra, the plaintiff had the right to presume that the engineer would exercise reasonable care for his safety, and the jury might well find that he did not assume the risk of such a sudden and violent impact of the cars as endangered his life and limb, unless in the exercise of ordinary care he became aware of the danger. While we cannot say from this record that either party was free from negligence, and there is a serious controversy whether any of the switching crew knew that plaintiff was connecting hose at the time of the movement in question, and whether plaintiff exercised due care as to the switching movements, yet the evidence is such that we feel that the facts as found by the jury must be left undisturbed.
Errors are assigned in the giving and refusing of instructions. It is urged that instruction No. 3, given at plaintiff’s request, is inconsistent with the rule on negligence as laid down in the Boldt case, supra, and is misleading. It told the jury that if plaintiff did not assume the risk as defined in the instructions given in the case, recovery would not be barred by the fact, if so found, that he was injured through the negligence of appellant’s servant. As the jury were told that the instructions should be regarded as one connected body and series, and as other instructions properly presented the doctrine of assumed risk, we think there is little ground for appellant’s contention.
It is urged that plaintiff’s instruction No. 5 is subject to the criticism that the court assumed that the manner of doing the switching was extraordinary and unusual. We think not. It merely stated the law practically as held in the DeAtley case, supra, with regard to the assumption of extraordinary or unusual risk due to the master’s negligence, where the employee does not know, and in the exercise of ordinary care could not know, of such extraordinary and unusual risk.
An instruction tendered by defendant conditioned if plaintiff “failed in the slightest degree to exercise reasonable and ordinary care,” etc., was modified by the court by striking out the words “in the slightest degree.” We find no error in such modification.
It is also contended that the court erroneously refused to give appellant’s instructions Nos. 4, 6, 7, 8 and 9. Without undertaking to state them at length, we think it sufficient to say that No. 6 was covered by given instruction No. 11, and No. 7 by given instruction No. 25.
Instruction No. 4 told the jury that they were to take into consideration what would have been done by an ordinarily prudent person, situated as plaintiff was/at and just before the moment of his injuries, etc., and added:
“If the jury believe from the evidence that an ordinarily prudent person situated as he was would not have put himself in the position Bassham was in at the moment the cars moved, and if you further believe that his act in putting himself in that position contributed in any manner to his injuries, then you must take this fact into consideration in arriving at your verdict.”
It is urged by appellee, and we think correctly, that the final words “in arriving at your verdict” might give the jury the idea that if plaintiff was guilty of any negligence the jury might take that fact into consideration in determining whether defendant was liable for its negligence, even though other instructions correctly instructed the jury with reference to the apportionment of damages in case plaintiff was found guilty of contributory negligence. Had the instruction in question read, “in arriving at the amount of damages, in case you find the defendant guilty,” then the instruction would have been free from ambiguity and could properly have been given. But in the form tendered we think there is good ground for the contention that it was misleading.
Refused instruction No. 8 told the jury that plaintiff assumed the risk occasioned by the failure of defendant to ring the bell or sound the whistle as warnings, etc. Specific negligence for such failure was not charged but was included in the general charge of negligent operation in the switching movements. Bnt inasmuch as it was testified that bell and whistle signals were not given “in ordinary switching movements,” and three other instructions, given at appellant’s request, told the jury that the risk of injury on account of the “ordinary and usual switching” was assumed, we think the ground was so covered as not to require reversal for refusing to give such instruction.
Nor do we think it was error to refuse instruction No. 9, which sought to bring before the jury as a material element in determining the amount of damages the fact that plaintiff resided in Lafayette, Indiana.
Objection was made to certain remarks of plaintiff’s counsel to the jury, but we do not think their impropriety or prejudicial character, if either, was such as to justify reversal.
We think none of the errors assigned calls for reversal of the judgment, and accordingly it will be affirmed.
Affirmed.