HUNSTEIN, Presiding Justice.
We granted a writ of certiorari to address whether the Court of Appeals correctly analyzed the ineffective assistance of counsel claim made by appellant Ronald Bass based on defense counsel’s failure to object when the trial court allowed the county sheriff, who was the lead investigative officer and witness for the State, to serve as bailiff during Bass’s trial. Bass v. State, 288 Ga. App. 690 (2) (a) (655 SE2d 303) (2007). We conclude that defense counsel performed deficiently [90]*90by failing to object and that Bass’s right to a fair trial was prejudiced when the sheriff, after providing key testimony on behalf of the State, assumed the duties of bailiff. We accordingly reverse.
A review of the record establishes that appellant was charged in a 24-count indictment with arson, robbery, simple battery, criminal damage to property and criminal trespass committed against persons who had participated in a nuisance lawsuit regarding appellant’s dogs. Gary Wilson, who had been the elected sheriff of Randolph County since 1985, was one of many witnesses called by the State in appellant’s first trial. Wilson testified, inter alia, about how he investigated the damage to one victim’s truck; uncovered on his own the damage to another victim’s car; summoned the GBI and a tracking dog; followed the dog as she tracked a scent to appellant’s house; and repeated to the jury how a witness he questioned had declined to implicate appellant out of fear that appellant would burn down the witness’s house. Although the jury convicted appellant of simple battery, the jury hung on the remaining 23 charges. One year later, a second trial was convened. Wilson was again included on the witness list. Nevertheless, he was administered the bailiff oath at the start of the proceedings, along with a deputy sheriff who initially assumed the active duties of bailiff. See OCGA § 15-12-140.1 While sworn in as a bailiff, Wilson took the oath as a witness, joined the other witnesses in sequestration, was called to the stand as a prosecution witness on two different occasions and gave essentially the same testimony as at the first trial. The record then reveals that, at some point in the proceedings, Wilson advised the trial court that the acting bailiff was “going to be running out of hours” and would be “running to comp time” if kept on as bailiff. At the close of the State’s evidence, the trial judge, with defense counsel’s express agreement, authorized Wilson to assume the active duties of bailiff.2 Wilson so acted for the final two days of the four-day trial, from the beginning of appellant’s presentation of evidence until the jury finished deliberating and rendered a verdict, in which it convicted appellant of the remaining 23 counts.
Bass’s trial counsel died before the hearing on his motion for new trial, in which conflict-free counsel asserted a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel based on Wilson’s service as bailiff. The [91]*91trial court denied appellant’s motion without explanation and, on appeal, after assessing the claim under the two-prong test in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U. S. 668 (104 SC 2052, 80 LE2d 674) (1984) (defendant must show both that counsel performed deficiently and that counsel’s deficient performance prejudiced the defense in order to prove ineffective assistance), a majority of the Court of Appeals affirmed. Bass v. State, supra, 288 Ga. App. at 697 (2) (a). As to the deficient performance prong based on trial counsel’s failure to object, the court held that “[t]he circumstances are always local, and such matters are usually best left to the experienced trial judge presiding and to the judgment and instincts of the adversarial trial counsel.” (Footnote omitted.) Id. at 696 (2) (a). As to the prejudice prong of the Strickland test, the Court of Appeals, citing the “cold record and distance from the scene,” stated it was unable to “discern whether [Bass] in fact was prejudiced or not by the allowing of the elected sheriff to serve as bailiff.” (Footnote omitted). Id. After finding significant differences between Wilson’s contact with the jury and those contacts in issue in two United States Supreme Court cases,3 and acknowledging that Wilson’s contacts with the jury “could have rendered his service as bailiff improper if objection had been made,” id. at 697 (2) (a), the Court of Appeals concluded that, because trial counsel expressly agreed with the appointment of Wilson as bailiff, it could not “say that, as a matter of law, such consent automatically equals to ineffective assistance of counsel.” Id. The Court of Appeals erred by so holding.
Our adversary system of criminal justice demands that the respective roles of prosecution and defense and the neutral role of the court be kept separate and distinct in a criminal trial. When a key witness against a defendant doubles as the officer of the court specifically charged with the care and protection of the jurors, associating with them on both a personal and an official basis while simultaneously testifying for the prosecution, the adversary system of justice is perverted. [Cit.]
Radford v. State, 263 Ga. 47, 49-50 (6) (426 SE2d 868) (1993). Thus, in Radford, consistent with Turner v. Louisiana, 379 U. S. 466 (85 SC 546, 13 LE2d 424) (1965), we recognized that a criminal defendant’s right to an impartial jury cannot be reconciled with a practice in which the trial court permits a substantial witness for the State to [92]*92have a custodial relationship with the members of the jury during trial.
In regard to the deficient performance prong of appellant’s ineffectiveness claim, the record reflects that defense counsel personally heard the critical testimony Wilson provided at trial to establish appellant’s guilt. Based on this testimony, defense counsel could not reasonably have thought Wilson’s testimony was ‘““confined to some uncontroverted or merely formal aspect of the case for the prosecution.”’” Radford v. State, supra, 263 Ga. at 48 (1). Nevertheless, in flagrant violation of appellant’s fundamental right to a fair trial, see Turner v. Louisiana, supra, 379 U. S. at 472-473, Wilson was sworn in as a bailiff at the very start of the proceedings, and, after giving key testimony on behalf of the State, was then allowed to have active custodial contact with the jury with defense counsel’s express agreement. Under the circumstances in this case, no competent attorney could reasonably have believed that Wilson’s service as bailiff would not compromise appellant’s constitutional right to a fair jury. Regardless of the speculative “local” circumstances on which the Court of Appeals relied, defense counsel’s decision not to object to Wilson serving as bailiff was an unreasonable one no competent attorney would have made in the same situation. The trial court clearly erred by failing to find that defense counsel’s performance was deficient in this regard.
In assessing the prejudice prong of appellant’s ineffective claim, the Court of Appeals focused on the type and duration of the contact Wilson had with the jurors. See Bishop v. State, 268 Ga. 286, 293 (10) (486 SE2d 887) (1997).
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HUNSTEIN, Presiding Justice.
We granted a writ of certiorari to address whether the Court of Appeals correctly analyzed the ineffective assistance of counsel claim made by appellant Ronald Bass based on defense counsel’s failure to object when the trial court allowed the county sheriff, who was the lead investigative officer and witness for the State, to serve as bailiff during Bass’s trial. Bass v. State, 288 Ga. App. 690 (2) (a) (655 SE2d 303) (2007). We conclude that defense counsel performed deficiently [90]*90by failing to object and that Bass’s right to a fair trial was prejudiced when the sheriff, after providing key testimony on behalf of the State, assumed the duties of bailiff. We accordingly reverse.
A review of the record establishes that appellant was charged in a 24-count indictment with arson, robbery, simple battery, criminal damage to property and criminal trespass committed against persons who had participated in a nuisance lawsuit regarding appellant’s dogs. Gary Wilson, who had been the elected sheriff of Randolph County since 1985, was one of many witnesses called by the State in appellant’s first trial. Wilson testified, inter alia, about how he investigated the damage to one victim’s truck; uncovered on his own the damage to another victim’s car; summoned the GBI and a tracking dog; followed the dog as she tracked a scent to appellant’s house; and repeated to the jury how a witness he questioned had declined to implicate appellant out of fear that appellant would burn down the witness’s house. Although the jury convicted appellant of simple battery, the jury hung on the remaining 23 charges. One year later, a second trial was convened. Wilson was again included on the witness list. Nevertheless, he was administered the bailiff oath at the start of the proceedings, along with a deputy sheriff who initially assumed the active duties of bailiff. See OCGA § 15-12-140.1 While sworn in as a bailiff, Wilson took the oath as a witness, joined the other witnesses in sequestration, was called to the stand as a prosecution witness on two different occasions and gave essentially the same testimony as at the first trial. The record then reveals that, at some point in the proceedings, Wilson advised the trial court that the acting bailiff was “going to be running out of hours” and would be “running to comp time” if kept on as bailiff. At the close of the State’s evidence, the trial judge, with defense counsel’s express agreement, authorized Wilson to assume the active duties of bailiff.2 Wilson so acted for the final two days of the four-day trial, from the beginning of appellant’s presentation of evidence until the jury finished deliberating and rendered a verdict, in which it convicted appellant of the remaining 23 counts.
Bass’s trial counsel died before the hearing on his motion for new trial, in which conflict-free counsel asserted a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel based on Wilson’s service as bailiff. The [91]*91trial court denied appellant’s motion without explanation and, on appeal, after assessing the claim under the two-prong test in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U. S. 668 (104 SC 2052, 80 LE2d 674) (1984) (defendant must show both that counsel performed deficiently and that counsel’s deficient performance prejudiced the defense in order to prove ineffective assistance), a majority of the Court of Appeals affirmed. Bass v. State, supra, 288 Ga. App. at 697 (2) (a). As to the deficient performance prong based on trial counsel’s failure to object, the court held that “[t]he circumstances are always local, and such matters are usually best left to the experienced trial judge presiding and to the judgment and instincts of the adversarial trial counsel.” (Footnote omitted.) Id. at 696 (2) (a). As to the prejudice prong of the Strickland test, the Court of Appeals, citing the “cold record and distance from the scene,” stated it was unable to “discern whether [Bass] in fact was prejudiced or not by the allowing of the elected sheriff to serve as bailiff.” (Footnote omitted). Id. After finding significant differences between Wilson’s contact with the jury and those contacts in issue in two United States Supreme Court cases,3 and acknowledging that Wilson’s contacts with the jury “could have rendered his service as bailiff improper if objection had been made,” id. at 697 (2) (a), the Court of Appeals concluded that, because trial counsel expressly agreed with the appointment of Wilson as bailiff, it could not “say that, as a matter of law, such consent automatically equals to ineffective assistance of counsel.” Id. The Court of Appeals erred by so holding.
Our adversary system of criminal justice demands that the respective roles of prosecution and defense and the neutral role of the court be kept separate and distinct in a criminal trial. When a key witness against a defendant doubles as the officer of the court specifically charged with the care and protection of the jurors, associating with them on both a personal and an official basis while simultaneously testifying for the prosecution, the adversary system of justice is perverted. [Cit.]
Radford v. State, 263 Ga. 47, 49-50 (6) (426 SE2d 868) (1993). Thus, in Radford, consistent with Turner v. Louisiana, 379 U. S. 466 (85 SC 546, 13 LE2d 424) (1965), we recognized that a criminal defendant’s right to an impartial jury cannot be reconciled with a practice in which the trial court permits a substantial witness for the State to [92]*92have a custodial relationship with the members of the jury during trial.
In regard to the deficient performance prong of appellant’s ineffectiveness claim, the record reflects that defense counsel personally heard the critical testimony Wilson provided at trial to establish appellant’s guilt. Based on this testimony, defense counsel could not reasonably have thought Wilson’s testimony was ‘““confined to some uncontroverted or merely formal aspect of the case for the prosecution.”’” Radford v. State, supra, 263 Ga. at 48 (1). Nevertheless, in flagrant violation of appellant’s fundamental right to a fair trial, see Turner v. Louisiana, supra, 379 U. S. at 472-473, Wilson was sworn in as a bailiff at the very start of the proceedings, and, after giving key testimony on behalf of the State, was then allowed to have active custodial contact with the jury with defense counsel’s express agreement. Under the circumstances in this case, no competent attorney could reasonably have believed that Wilson’s service as bailiff would not compromise appellant’s constitutional right to a fair jury. Regardless of the speculative “local” circumstances on which the Court of Appeals relied, defense counsel’s decision not to object to Wilson serving as bailiff was an unreasonable one no competent attorney would have made in the same situation. The trial court clearly erred by failing to find that defense counsel’s performance was deficient in this regard.
In assessing the prejudice prong of appellant’s ineffective claim, the Court of Appeals focused on the type and duration of the contact Wilson had with the jurors. See Bishop v. State, 268 Ga. 286, 293 (10) (486 SE2d 887) (1997). Although, as the Court of Appeals correctly noted, Wilson’s contact with the jury did not involve eating with them or conversing with them in private, neither did his association with the jury consist of a “mere ‘brief encounter’” or “chance contacts . . . while passing in the hall or crowded together in an elevator.” Gonzales v. Beto, 405 U. S. 1052, 1054, 1055 (92 SC 1503, 31 LE2d 787) (1972) (Stewart, J., concurring). Wilson served as bailiff continuously for half of the four-day trial, from the start of the presentation of evidence by the defense until the verdict was rendered, during which the record indicates that he would have overseen the jurors when they took breaks for snacks and restroom visits, handled a note sent to the court by the deliberating jury and possibly also provided the jurors with food.
[Ejven if it could be assumed that [Wilson] never did discuss the case directly with any members of the jury, it would be blinking reality not to recognize the extreme prejudice inherent in this continual association throughout [half of] [93]*93the trial between the jurors and th[is] key witness [ ] for the prosecution.
Turner v. Louisiana, supra, 379 U. S. at 473.
Moreover, the Court of Appeals failed to give due weight to the nature and significance of Wilson’s testimony. Bishop v. State, supra, 268 Ga. at 293 (10) (in determining whether reversible error occurred when prosecution witness served as bailiff, appellate courts must look to “the type and duration of the contact and the significance of the testimony”). The details of Wilson’s testimony, discussed above, are more fully set forth in the dissent in Bass v. State, supra, 288 Ga. App. at 704-705. We need only state, as in Radford, supra, 263 Ga. at 49 (4), that “we do not agree that [Wilson] was a ‘minor’ witness. In any event, his testimony clearly was not ‘confined to some uncontroverted or merely formal aspect of the case for the prosecution.’ [Cit.]”
To show that defense counsel’s deficient performance so prejudiced him that the outcome of the trial would have been different but for counsel’s error, appellant’s burden is to show only a reasonable probability of a different outcome, not that a different outcome would have been certain or even “more likely than not.” See Cobb v. State, 283 Ga. 388, 391 (2) (658 SE2d 750) (2008). Based upon our review of the trial transcript, we agree with the dissent in Bass v. State, supra, 288 Ga. App. at 704, that “[w]hile the evidence in this case was sufficient to support Bass’s convictions, it was not overwhelming. The case was largely circumstantial and hinged on the credibility of the prosecution witnesses, one of whom was Wilson.” (Footnote omitted.) The first jury that heard the evidence against appellant was unable to render a verdict on 23 of the 24 counts against him. A prior hung jury is a factor this Court has recognized in addressing the prejudice prong of an ineffectiveness claim. Cobb v. State, supra at 392 (2). Our review of the complete record of appellant’s first trial does not reflect that the prosecution’s evidence was significantly stronger in appellant’s second trial so as to eliminate any possibility that, without Wilson’s improper service as bailiff, the jury would have convicted Bass. Under the circumstances in this case, we conclude there is a reasonable probability that the outcome of the trial would have been different if defense counsel had objected to the trial court’s decision to allow Wilson, a key prosecution witness, to serve as bailiff. It follows that the Court of Appeals erred by affirming the trial court’s denial of appellant’s motion for new trial on the basis of ineffective assistance of counsel.
We reiterate that the right of trial by jury means the right of trial by a fair and impartial jury. See Turner v. Louisiana, supra, 379 U. S. at 471; see also Brooks v. State, 244 Ga. 574 (II) (1) (261 SE2d 379) [94]*94(1979), vacated and remanded on other grounds, 446 U. S. 961 (100 SC 2937, 64 LE2d 821) (1980). To preserve that right, we have repeatedly disapproved the practice of allowing an officer who is a key prosecution witness in a criminal case to serve as bailiff in charge of the jury. The right to an impartial jury cannot be reconciled with a practice that, by permitting such witnesses to maintain during trial a custodial relationship with the jury, lends itself to the presence of influences extraneous to a proper determination of guilt or innocence. See Turner v. Louisiana, supra, 379 U. S. at 474 (custodial relationship “could not but foster the jurors’ confidence in those who were their official guardians”). While we acknowledge our precedents in which we have declined, absent objection, to presume prejudice in such cases, see, e.g., Hudson v. State, 250 Ga. 479 (5) (299 SE2d 531) (1983); Bishop v. State, supra, 268 Ga. at 293 (10), continuation of this practice of allowing key prosecution witnesses to serve as bailiffs in violation of the well-established precedents in the United States Supreme Court and this Court may well force us to reconsider the efficacy of those decisions.
Judgment reversed.
All the Justices concur, except Carley, J., who dissents.