COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Elder, Felton and Senior Judge Willis
BASIM MICHEL SAWWAN MEMORANDUM OPINION* v. Record No. 0469-05-4 PER CURIAM SEPTEMBER 13, 2005 ANGELINE HOOI TEEN HUANG
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF FAIRFAX COUNTY Jane Marum Roush, Judge
(Phillip B. Leiser; Leiser & Associates, PLLC, on briefs), for appellant.
(MaryEllen Craig; Julia T. Boone; Craig & Hirsch, P.C., on brief), for appellee.
Basim Michel Sawwan, father, appeals a decision of the trial court modifying his visitation
rights with his daughter. On appeal, appellant contends the trial court abused its discretion by:
(1) effectively terminating his parental rights to his daughter; (2) finding him in contempt of court
for violating the terms of prior court orders; and (3) awarding attorney’s fees to Angeline Hooi Teen
Huang, mother. Mother requests attorney’s fees incurred by her in defense of this appeal. Upon
reviewing the record and briefs, we conclude that this appeal is without merit. Accordingly, we
summarily affirm the decision of the trial court. See Rule 5A:27.
Background
On appeal, “we view the evidence and all reasonable inferences in the light most
favorable to the prevailing party below . . . .” Lutes v. Alexander, 14 Va. App. 1075, 1077, 421
S.E.2d 857, 859 (1992).
* Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. The parties had one daughter during the marriage, and their final divorce decree was entered
on December 26, 2001. Father acknowledges that he had bad feelings toward mother which he
expressed to daughter and, as daughter reached her pre-teenage years, she began to withdraw from
father. On September 12, 2003, the parties entered into an agreed order concerning father’s
visitation rights with daughter. In that order the parties agreed that father’s visitation rights were
suspended, including any direct or indirect contact with daughter in any way except as provided in
the order. The order further provided that father had to meet certain conditions in order to reinstate
contact with his daughter. These conditions required father to submit to a comprehensive
psychological evaluation, follow the recommendations of that evaluation, and complete no less than
twenty clinical sessions with a clinical psychologist. After completion of these conditions, father
was to contact Dr. Arnold Small, a licensed child psychologist who worked with the family,
indicating his desire to engage in therapeutic counseling concerning his relationship with daughter.
In September 2004, father filed a motion to modify visitation, asserting that he had not seen
or spoken with daughter for one year. He also contended there had been a material change in
circumstances because he had substantially complied with the requirements of the September 12,
2003 consent order. In response, mother requested a finding that father was in contempt for his
non-compliance with the September 12, 2003 order. Mother also requested a modification in the
visitation terms so that there would be no further contact between daughter and father unless
initiated by daughter.
The trial court held a two-day hearing on the issues. After hearing testimony from the
parties, daughter, and several therapists, the trial court found that father failed to comply with the
terms of the consent order because he failed to obtain a comprehensive psychological evaluation
until after he contacted Dr. Small about resuming visitation rights. Although father attended
psychological sessions, he did so before getting the psychological evaluation, thus the therapist did
-2- not have the benefit of the evaluation during or before the sessions. Furthermore, father did not
comply with the recommendations of the psychological evaluation because he disagreed with them.
The evidence also showed that father contacted daughter indirectly via e-mail sent by a friend and
he contacted daughter directly in October 2004.
The trial court analyzed the factors of Code § 20-124.3 in detail, finding that daughter, who
was sixteen years old at the time of the hearing, was “extremely mature,” “very articulate,” and “old
beyond her years.” The trial court found daughter to be of sufficient intelligence and maturity to be
able to express a rational preference concerning visitation with father. The court gave a “great deal
of consideration” to her desire not to see father at all. Daughter indicated that she felt emotionally
abused by father. She also stated that father constantly disparaged mother and he showed little
interest in daughter’s activities.
Based on a psychological assessment performed by Dr. Farber, the trial court found that
father has serious mental and anger issues that need to be addressed. The court further stated that
father rarely takes responsibility for his own behavior and actions and had extremely weak
child-rearing skills. Dr. Farber’s report also stated that father has little knowledge of child
development and his actions could be destructive to a child. Dr. Farber recommended intensive
psychotherapy and exploration of the possibility of psychiatric medication, and he stated that there
was little to show that father had gained much from his twenty sessions with a therapist. Indeed, the
court noted that father’s direct and indirect attempts to contact daughter occurred concurrent with or
after his twenty therapy sessions.
The court found that father had a positive relationship with daughter for about the first ten
years of her life, but noted that Dr. Farber gave father extremely low marks for his ability to
accurately assess and meet daughter’s emotional, intellectual, and physical needs. The court found
that father had “nonexistent” dispute resolution skills, citing testimony that the parties had been
-3- terminated from using the services of the Child Access Center based on father’s inability to comply
with the center’s rules. In addition, father once struck mother’s car and blocked her car when the
parties were transferring custody of daughter.
Based on the above factors, the court granted mother’s motion and terminated father’s
visitation rights with daughter until daughter chooses to reinitiate the visitation through Dr. Small.
The trial court denied father’s motion for reunification therapy with daughter, finding that it could
be detrimental to daughter. The trial court further found father in contempt of court for failing to
follow the recommendations of the psychological evaluation and for contacting daughter directly
and indirectly in violation of the September 12, 2003 consent decree. Mother requested $18,400 in
attorney’s fees, and the court awarded her $10,000 of the fees.
Analysis
Visitation/Parental Rights
Father contends the trial court’s decision “effectively” terminated his parental rights with
respect to daughter. However, father’s assertion is clearly without merit. “When a court orders
termination of parental rights, the ties between the parent and child are severed forever, and the
parent becomes ‘a legal stranger to the child.’” Lowe v. Dep’t of Pub. Welfare, 231 Va. 277,
280, 343 S.E.2d 70, 72 (1986) (citation omitted). The termination of visitation does not render
father a legal stranger to daughter. Furthermore, an order concerning visitation can be modified
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COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Elder, Felton and Senior Judge Willis
BASIM MICHEL SAWWAN MEMORANDUM OPINION* v. Record No. 0469-05-4 PER CURIAM SEPTEMBER 13, 2005 ANGELINE HOOI TEEN HUANG
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF FAIRFAX COUNTY Jane Marum Roush, Judge
(Phillip B. Leiser; Leiser & Associates, PLLC, on briefs), for appellant.
(MaryEllen Craig; Julia T. Boone; Craig & Hirsch, P.C., on brief), for appellee.
Basim Michel Sawwan, father, appeals a decision of the trial court modifying his visitation
rights with his daughter. On appeal, appellant contends the trial court abused its discretion by:
(1) effectively terminating his parental rights to his daughter; (2) finding him in contempt of court
for violating the terms of prior court orders; and (3) awarding attorney’s fees to Angeline Hooi Teen
Huang, mother. Mother requests attorney’s fees incurred by her in defense of this appeal. Upon
reviewing the record and briefs, we conclude that this appeal is without merit. Accordingly, we
summarily affirm the decision of the trial court. See Rule 5A:27.
Background
On appeal, “we view the evidence and all reasonable inferences in the light most
favorable to the prevailing party below . . . .” Lutes v. Alexander, 14 Va. App. 1075, 1077, 421
S.E.2d 857, 859 (1992).
* Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. The parties had one daughter during the marriage, and their final divorce decree was entered
on December 26, 2001. Father acknowledges that he had bad feelings toward mother which he
expressed to daughter and, as daughter reached her pre-teenage years, she began to withdraw from
father. On September 12, 2003, the parties entered into an agreed order concerning father’s
visitation rights with daughter. In that order the parties agreed that father’s visitation rights were
suspended, including any direct or indirect contact with daughter in any way except as provided in
the order. The order further provided that father had to meet certain conditions in order to reinstate
contact with his daughter. These conditions required father to submit to a comprehensive
psychological evaluation, follow the recommendations of that evaluation, and complete no less than
twenty clinical sessions with a clinical psychologist. After completion of these conditions, father
was to contact Dr. Arnold Small, a licensed child psychologist who worked with the family,
indicating his desire to engage in therapeutic counseling concerning his relationship with daughter.
In September 2004, father filed a motion to modify visitation, asserting that he had not seen
or spoken with daughter for one year. He also contended there had been a material change in
circumstances because he had substantially complied with the requirements of the September 12,
2003 consent order. In response, mother requested a finding that father was in contempt for his
non-compliance with the September 12, 2003 order. Mother also requested a modification in the
visitation terms so that there would be no further contact between daughter and father unless
initiated by daughter.
The trial court held a two-day hearing on the issues. After hearing testimony from the
parties, daughter, and several therapists, the trial court found that father failed to comply with the
terms of the consent order because he failed to obtain a comprehensive psychological evaluation
until after he contacted Dr. Small about resuming visitation rights. Although father attended
psychological sessions, he did so before getting the psychological evaluation, thus the therapist did
-2- not have the benefit of the evaluation during or before the sessions. Furthermore, father did not
comply with the recommendations of the psychological evaluation because he disagreed with them.
The evidence also showed that father contacted daughter indirectly via e-mail sent by a friend and
he contacted daughter directly in October 2004.
The trial court analyzed the factors of Code § 20-124.3 in detail, finding that daughter, who
was sixteen years old at the time of the hearing, was “extremely mature,” “very articulate,” and “old
beyond her years.” The trial court found daughter to be of sufficient intelligence and maturity to be
able to express a rational preference concerning visitation with father. The court gave a “great deal
of consideration” to her desire not to see father at all. Daughter indicated that she felt emotionally
abused by father. She also stated that father constantly disparaged mother and he showed little
interest in daughter’s activities.
Based on a psychological assessment performed by Dr. Farber, the trial court found that
father has serious mental and anger issues that need to be addressed. The court further stated that
father rarely takes responsibility for his own behavior and actions and had extremely weak
child-rearing skills. Dr. Farber’s report also stated that father has little knowledge of child
development and his actions could be destructive to a child. Dr. Farber recommended intensive
psychotherapy and exploration of the possibility of psychiatric medication, and he stated that there
was little to show that father had gained much from his twenty sessions with a therapist. Indeed, the
court noted that father’s direct and indirect attempts to contact daughter occurred concurrent with or
after his twenty therapy sessions.
The court found that father had a positive relationship with daughter for about the first ten
years of her life, but noted that Dr. Farber gave father extremely low marks for his ability to
accurately assess and meet daughter’s emotional, intellectual, and physical needs. The court found
that father had “nonexistent” dispute resolution skills, citing testimony that the parties had been
-3- terminated from using the services of the Child Access Center based on father’s inability to comply
with the center’s rules. In addition, father once struck mother’s car and blocked her car when the
parties were transferring custody of daughter.
Based on the above factors, the court granted mother’s motion and terminated father’s
visitation rights with daughter until daughter chooses to reinitiate the visitation through Dr. Small.
The trial court denied father’s motion for reunification therapy with daughter, finding that it could
be detrimental to daughter. The trial court further found father in contempt of court for failing to
follow the recommendations of the psychological evaluation and for contacting daughter directly
and indirectly in violation of the September 12, 2003 consent decree. Mother requested $18,400 in
attorney’s fees, and the court awarded her $10,000 of the fees.
Analysis
Visitation/Parental Rights
Father contends the trial court’s decision “effectively” terminated his parental rights with
respect to daughter. However, father’s assertion is clearly without merit. “When a court orders
termination of parental rights, the ties between the parent and child are severed forever, and the
parent becomes ‘a legal stranger to the child.’” Lowe v. Dep’t of Pub. Welfare, 231 Va. 277,
280, 343 S.E.2d 70, 72 (1986) (citation omitted). The termination of visitation does not render
father a legal stranger to daughter. Furthermore, an order concerning visitation can be modified
where there is “a showing of changed circumstances under Code § 20-108 and . . . proof that the
child’s best interests under Code § 20-124.3 will be served by the modification.” Petry v. Petry,
41 Va. App. 782, 789, 589 S.E.2d 458, 462 (2003). Upon a satisfactory showing that father’s
detrimental conduct has been curbed and will not recur, father may seek review of his visitation
rights. In addition, the order specifies that visitation may be renewed should daughter decide to
pursue visitation through Dr. Small.
-4- Father essentially argues that the trial court abused its discretion by terminating his
visitation with daughter. Determination of visitation rights is a matter of judicial discretion.
Eichelberger v. Eichelberger, 2 Va. App. 409, 412, 345 S.E.2d 10, 11 (1986). We will not set
aside a trial court’s visitation decision unless that decision is plainly wrong or without evidence
to support it. Farley v. Farley, 9 Va. App. 326, 328, 387 S.E.2d 794, 795 (1990). The record
supports the trial court’s determination that continued visitation with father is contrary to
daughter’s best interests.
As discussed in detail above, the record demonstrates that the trial court carefully
weighed the evidence and considered the factors set forth in Code § 20-124.3, as required by
Code § 20-124.2. Its decision properly focused on the best interests and welfare of daughter.
The evidence supports the trial court’s finding that father’s conduct caused psychological and
emotional injury to daughter resulting in her request to terminate his visitation. In addition,
father alienated daughter through his repeated condemnation of mother. Furthermore,
concerning the trial court’s acceptance of the expert witnesses’ testimony, “[i]t is well
established that the trier of fact ascertains [an expert] witness’ credibility, determines the weight
to be given to their testimony, and has the discretion to accept or reject any of the witness’
testimony.” Piatt v. Piatt, 27 Va. App. 426, 435, 499 S.E.2d 567, 571 (1998). The termination
of father’s visitation was a necessary and appropriate remedy for father’s conduct. The trial
court’s determination reflects a sound exercise of judicial discretion.
Contempt
Father argues the trial court abused its discretion by finding him in contempt of the
September 12, 2003 consent order.
“Willful disobedience to any lawful . . . order of court is contempt and . . . punishable as
such.” Board of Supervisors v. Bazile, 195 Va. 739, 745, 80 S.E.2d 566, 571 (1954). “A trial
-5- court ‘has the authority to hold [an] offending party in contempt for acting in bad faith or for
willful disobedience of its order.’” Alexander v. Alexander, 12 Va. App. 691, 696, 406 S.E.2d
666, 669 (1991) (citation omitted). Whether to grant a motion for contempt is a matter left to the
discretion of the trial court which will not be reversed on appeal in the absence of an abuse of
that discretion. See Wells v. Wells, 12 Va. App. 31, 36, 401 S.E.2d 891, 894 (1991).
Here, the evidence showed that father willfully disobeyed the requirements of the consent
decree, which provided in clear and definite terms that, among other things, father was required
to undergo a comprehensive psychological evaluation and follow its recommendations before
visitation with daughter would resume. Yet father refused to accept the recommendations of the
psychological evaluation. In addition, the consent decree also clearly specified that father was to
have no direct or indirect contact with daughter, and the evidence showed that he violated both
of these conditions. Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by finding father in
contempt.
Attorney’s Fees
Father argues the trial court abused its discretion by awarding mother $10,000 in
attorney’s fees. However, father cites no authority for this argument. “Statements unsupported
by argument, authority, or citations to the record do not merit appellate consideration. We will
not search the record for errors in order to interpret appellant’s contention and correct
deficiencies in a brief.” Buchanan v. Buchanan, 14 Va. App. 53, 56, 415 S.E.2d 237, 239
(1992).
Mother requests an award of attorney’s fees and costs for this appeal. Father’s appeal is
without merit. Therefore, we find that mother is entitled to recover reasonable attorney’s fees
and costs incurred by her in defending this appeal. We remand this matter to the trial judge for a
-6- determination of those costs and fees. See O’Loughlin v. O’Loughlin, 23 Va. App. 690, 479
S.E.2d 98 (1996).
Based on the foregoing, we affirm the judgment of the trial court, but remand for an
award of attorney’s fees.
Affirmed and remanded.
-7-