Basilica v. Harris

• Court: District Court, E.D. Virginia
• Decided: February 27, 2023
• Docket: 3:22-cv-00382
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

INT HEU NITSETDA TDEISS TRCIOCUTR T FORT HEE ASTEDRNI STROIFVC ITR GINIA RichmDoinvdi sion MARBKA SILeIatCl A.,, Plaintiffs, CivAicltN ioo3.n: 22cv382 V. SHERRIOFGFE LR.H ARReIatSl ,. , Defendants. OPINION OnA ugu3s02t,0 2T0h,e rMeasraBi aes i(l"iBcaas wielnittcot a h"ee)m ergency departamMtea nrWtya shinHgotsopnsi eteakhlie,dnl ugpr aim negn hteaalcl rtihEs iigsh.t een houlrasts ehdrei, oe afds elf-giunnflswihhcoititletn edh d ee fendcaunsttMsoa'dr aykn.R d o berta Basialsti hcaead ,m iniosfttr haedtiaorur gshe tsetfiral'tseseud ,ai gta Sipnostts yClovuanntiya SheRroigffLe .Hr a r(r"iHsa rRraicsVhe"eg)(la," Veagna1Jd "a)sM,oo nr (r"iMso rIrnti hse"i)r. amencdoemdp ltahpieln ati,sn utteihd ffees fe ndfoarwn rtosn dgefuaultn hdV eirr gliancwii,av il rigvhitosl pautrisotun4oas2 Un .tS §.1 C9.8an 3dv, i oloaftt hiAeom nesr iwciaDtnihss abiliti Ac(t" ADaAn"Rd)e habiAlcitTt.had ete ifeonndm aonvttedos i smailcslo su nts. Thciasps ree suennutsfasuc atElss .s entthpiela alilsnyatt,yhi B affatss iploisacke and o wn riossfk u ictihsdahethe, ah di dadp einsi thnoe blrr t ah,ta hdtee psuhteydr iindffoc sth ehcefokrr weapanodnt sh,ta htfe aiirtl oduo sr oer esuilnht ekerid l hleirnwsgie ttlhhfhe i dgduenSn.h e satyhsta htai mso utnoat )gs r oosrws i lnlefugll iugnedVneicrre g lianbwi)a,a n u nreasonabl seiuznudrteehFr eo uArmtehn dmaencndd)t e ,l iibnedriafftteeohr eemrne cdein ceaeuldn sd er thFeo urtAemeenntdhmT ehneatyl. s ot htsahaSteyh eirlsii ffafo brfal iel tutorr eta hioenffi cers tpor esvueincti des. Att hsitsab geefo,tr hepe a rflteisoehust t hfa ec ttshC,eo umrutsv ti etwha el legiant ions the mloisfagtvh otr tatobh lpeel aintiffs. iAfsla frtroh moc ulgethahp rell, ai iahnbativileffi sty assefarctsteusdp poawr rtoinndggefu alt ha ncddle aliimib,ne driafftceelr aeainnmacdfa, e i lure ttor calianTi hmCe.o ufirntdt shn aoFt o uArmtehn dvmieonltoa ctciuobrner ceatduh,dse ee p uties dindos te itzhBeea sidluirtciharne eg l etviamnet. Couwritgl rlat nhmteo tiipnoa nar ntdd i smCiosuTsnw tosF, i vaenS,di 1x T.hCeo urt

widlelnt yhm eo taisot not hree maicnoiubnnegtc sat uhpsele a ihnatvsietff asct leadui pmosn whircehlm iabeyfeg ranted. IF.ACTASL LEGIENDT HEA MENDECDOM PLAINT A.FacAtsll egaestdB o as ilica OnA ug3u0s2,t0 2a0r,o 7u1:n7a d . mB.a,s iwleitnctotah e em ergdeenpcayra tMtma ernyt

WashiHnogstpoiinnFt raeld eri(cEkCNsFob1 .u5,I r3 g1..S )hr ee poerxtpeedr imeannicai ng anpda raanloowiniag"t, aph a msetd ihciasnlto otrfoayrb a ltet ednetfiidcoiinst o orbdseers,s ive­ compudlissioavrnedbd ei rp,1od liars o(rId,ide3 .r3 .T."h)h e o spsittaaasffls iBganseitdlao i ca rooamn,adh ospsietcauolrffi ic"tesyre aarrcohBueandsd i wlaiicbsaunt'to sh t eb rr eaarsaetsa hew anso cto mfortasbhlweea fe sms ailn(ecI.e,id4" .8 .) Thaet tepnhdyisnoigrc dieaarnm e edn hteaalel vtahl uDautriiotnnheg.ev aluation Basi"leincdaoa rusdeiadtn ovdryi shuaalll uc.i.nt.aa tlaikboeondhus et dr i strfourls atw enforcesmteanstthi'[enh, ga]c t oep.ss.[ '.aw nad's t]e rortfih fiee(mdI.',id",i 3. 83 ,9 T.h)se o cial workTeersL,sa an (g"eL a"n)wg,he oc ondutcheteve adl u"arteicoonm mpesnydcehdi atri

hospitfoarlB iazastidiluoitenco h a i gshu icriidspeka ,r arneocikasl,"se a snsrdne equested

1T hpel aicnotnictffehsCda oetu Fnitavsne Sd i axrt ei me-badronr ooetpd p toahsneedi r dismi(sEsCNaFo2l .1. . ) "sec1u: r1i.(t"I1y d .41 7 4,9 .S)h dei ndo bte liBeavseih laitdch caea patcoci otnyst eon t treatmetnhtae.p plUipocofaaRn ta ipopna hAarneCnaoo mmcukn ity SBeoramvreidmc beesr , MagisJtarnEae.tT eo mieknot earnee mde rgencyo rdc(eu"rsE tCofoOdr"By )a si2lica. SpotsyClovuanSnthiyea rO iffifcf(es" SCSDOe"p)uK tayi tHleyrn(z "iHge rszeirgtv"he)ed ECOo nB asialtwi hciapc,oh iB nats ielnitcetarhS eeCd S Oc'uss t(oEdCyNF.o 1 .5 1 6 6.) Throutghdheao Byua,ts icloincdawi'otsri soenAn tse edv.pe oriadnlut rsti hndegaH ye rlzeiftg

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2 PurstuVoaa Cn.ot §d 3 e7 .2a- 808,

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CarIen,2c 6.V8,a 4.8 428,670,S3. E9.1296d1, (82 00"4[)cA)l].a foirgm r onsesg limguesntc e faialsa m atotfle arww h etnhe ev idsehnoctwehs ta htde e fendeaxnetrssc oimsdeee dg orfe e carEel.l"vi .Co atrtt2 e9Vr2a, 6. 1 86,2 729,S1 . E7.3207d,3 ( 22 01E6v)e.in n effeocrt ual inadeeqfufoamrtateysm eetthr ee qudiergeordfec ea rper,o vtihdeeeff do rtsn o"stwo e re insufafistc coio ennsttt hiitenu dtieff aenrudet ntdcieesr r oefpg raurddte hnwacoteu ld taom ount ac ompletfoer [ naienng dlievcistda ufeatIlyda'..6ts" 2 ] 73 3,3 ".T hieasrd ee qeuvaitdete on ce suppafio nrdtio nfgg r onsesg liwgheeannd c eefe ndiaaswn ator faed anbguefatri tltosa akney precatuogt uiaoarngdsa tihndasattn gCearr.a"mv iC.lo lrorC eacrSteo lLsL.CN,,o 2 .1: 9 cv362, 202WL0 4 747a7*t87 6 ,( VEa.F.De .2b 8.2, 0 2(0c)i VtoilnvpgC.e i otyfL exin7g0tS8o. nE,. 2d 824, 829 (Va. 2011); Chapman v. City of Va. Beach, 475 S.E.2d 798, 801 (Va. 1996)). Indeed, ““sross negligence does not require a finding that a defendant knew of a substantial risk,’ ‘[i]t is enough that the defendant should have been aware of that risk.’” Jd. (first emphasis added) (quoting Hixson v. Hutcheson, Nos. 5:17¢v32; 5:18¢cv1, 2019 WL 302516, at *7 (W.D. Va. Jan. 23, 2019)). But see Reid v. Newton, No. 3:13-CV-572, 2014 WL 1493569, (E.D. Va. Apr. 14, 2014) at *7 (“In the case of failure to act, deliberate conduct necessarily implies actual knowledge of facts that create a choice to act or abstain.”). “Willful and wanton negligence, unlike gross or ordinary negligence, requires an actual or constructive consciousness that injury will result from the act done or omitted.” Curtis v. Highfill, 298 Va. 499, 505-06, 840 S.E.2d. 321, 324 (2020) (quoting Alfonso v. Robinson, 257 Va. 540, 545, 514 S.E.2d 615 (1999)). “Willful and wanton negligence is acting consciously in disregard of another person’s rights or acting with reckless indifference to the consequences, with the defendant aware, from his knowledge of existing circumstances and conditions, that his conduct probably would cause injury to another.” /d. at 505, 324 (quoting Infant C. v. Boy Scouts of Am., Inc., 239 Va. 572, 581, 391 S.E.2d 322 (1990)). If a tortfeasor “realizes or, from facts which he knows, should realize that there is a strong probability that harm may result” from his actions, the tortfeasor may be found to have acted in a willful and wanton or reckless manner “even though he hopes or even expects that his conduct will prove harmless.” Id, at 506, 324 (quoting /nfant C., 239 Va. at 582-83, 391 S.E.2d at 322). In their wrongful death claim, the plaintiffs assert different theories of liability for the two deputies (Vega and Morris) and the sheriff (Harris). Starting with the deputies, the plaintiffs argue that, by virtue of the TDO, Vega and Morris had notice of Basilica’s risk of harm to herself and others. Neither officer spoke with hospital staff to understand whether Basilica had access to weapons or had been left unsupervised. Neither officer conducted a pat down nor interviewed her

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Indeceodut,re tntsdoc onsainad rerre msetdeienc'ease!il d n ts hceo ntoeftx hEtei gohrth FourteAemnetnhd maenntdth sde e libienrdaitffees rteannrcdaeat rthdhe,atr nh F eo urth AmendmSeeneet,.. gK .r,ev l.Bl r aigh8t2mF8ee ydAe.pr p,' x1 51(954 5Ct,ih 2r 0.2 0) (unpubMliitschvhAe.eld lu)l8i; 7s F2i. ,52 7d57 8,(0 4 Ctih1r 9.8 9) (ctohaners riedsetreien'g denoifma eld iccaltaaiisaomp n o teFnotuiratle enthv iAomlaeanntrddie momenan nttdto ih neg disctoruirctt) . Thpel aimnatkaien ff osva erlg umTehneatys. st ehrVatet ga anM do rknreiwsB asilica posase udb straionsfhtk ai rtamhol e rosoret lhf(e hrmeser d inceaealdn fa)di ltesode ahrefocrrh weap(ao nnu sn reasroensaptbooBln aess ei mleidcianc'easel dA sc)c.o rdtihnaegrylg tyuh,ea t Vegaan Mdo rris's ruensrpetoaonsB soaens aiblsliueci acr'iisdms eak d teh esieri zure unreasonable. ThCeo urdte cltihininesvs i tteoax tpiiaotinnsnd t erportfeh Fteoa utArimtoehnn dfomre nt twroe asFoinrsts.htd e,e aorftc ha setlosa uwp ptohraitrs g udmeemnotn sittlrsea gtaels insufficSieecnotcnhypde.l, a ihnatveiesff tsa btlhiBasaths eiedln itceSarC eScdOu stmoudcyh eariltnih deearw y h etnhm ea gisitsrstauhEteeCed O (.E CNFo1 .5,r 6 6V.e)g aanM do rdriids

noste iBzaes ial1ti2 1c:8aa . omnA. u g3u1s2,t0 2fo0rt, hs ei mfapcltteh s ahthe ab de ieSnnC SO custsoidn1:yc 1 ep1 . omn.A ug3u0s2,t0 2(0I.,rd 6,r.6 9 ,5 O.)n lasy e izuret hFetro iugrgtehr s Amendmreenqtu'isor ofeb mjeenrctet aisvoen aanbtdlhs eeen iewzsauscsr,o e m plleobtneegfod r e Basisluiiccai'dse . Thpel aihnatvnieoffp tsl eaacd leadui pmow nh ircehlm iaebyfe g ranAtcecdo.r dingly thCeo urtw iglrlat nhdtee fendmaontttisdoo'i n s mCiosuTsnw too tf h aem encdoemdp laint. C.DelibIenrdaifftee(r CeonTuclinert e e) FarmBerre nvn.a n tehstetw aob-lpfrirasomhneegwfod ord r ekl iibnedriafftee5r 1e1n ce.

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Fotrhs ee condt h"pepr rooinfsgfio,mcn ui hsaatlav ' es ufficciuelnpstatlboaylmft ei e n d."' Farm5e1rU1,. aSt8. 3 (4q uoWtiilnvsgS.o e ni 5t0eU1r. ,2S 9.24 9,(7 1 991")[)D.] elibera indiffienrt ehcniocsne t leisxeotsm ewbheetrwene eegnl iagnepdnu crepo orks neo wledge: namerleyc,k loefts hssenu ebsjset cyutpsieiev ncde r imlianwMa.al"kd evsF.si ie 7l8dF9s. ,3 d 12163,(3 4 tChi2 r0.1 (5q)u oBtriinvcg.Vie r giBneiaaCc ohr Crt.r5 .8F, . 31d0 110,(5 4 th Cir.1A9 p9l5a)i)n.pt rioffthv eoec f afinc sitaaolftm' eis nw di ctihr cumesvtiadneItndic.ae l. "Accorpdriinosgffiolcnyi m,aa lnyso s ti mbpulrtyyh ehierai dnts h sea nadnt dh ersekbiyr t liabiIldi.Ot ffiyc.i"ma alryse btuhpter esuomfpr teicoknl beusatsb,ns eaess nsut c cessful rebu"ttaaclkt,nu oawll ceabdnesg heo bwycn i rcumesvtiadtnehtntaichrtaeei l w s akss oo bvious thtah[ted ]efehnadtdako nn toiswt I .da".1t 3 143,5" .[fa Ac]t fimnadcyeo rn ctlhuaapd tre i son

offikcnieaowlfas ubstraifrnsotkmti havele ryt hfatachrtte i wsakos b vioRuaysn.voP".ru gh, 81F7. 132d13 2,(8 4 Ctih2r 0.1( 6q)uoFtairnm5ge1 Ur1., aS 8t.4 2). Thpel aisnattitiffhsfisefyr p srto inFnga rmbeyar l letghBiaantsg i hlaaids c uab stantia riossfku icHiodseps.it teaavffla lBuaastiaelhsdia cvaai" nhgis guhi rciisdmkea; g"i sitsrsauteeds anE COa nTdDO b asoentd hs eu bstraionshftka i rBamal s iploistcehoade rasneodlt fh( eErCsF. No1.51 4 7.B)a siullitciasm'uasit icenci udset boedaoyrub sto tthhse u bstraiansntktdi h ael serhiaorums. Thpel aisnattitiffhsssefy e cpornodin nFg a rmbeyar l letghitanhtrge i osfhk a rwma s obviFoiurtssh.pte l, a ianltliteffhgVsaee t ga anM do rkrniesiw n dividutaaolT sD Ops ousbejde ct as ubstrainostfhki arm a tlot hemsoerol tvheeAsrs ps a.or ftt h sep edciivailws iitoShnCi SnO thtarta nsTpDoOdr etteadiV neegaeanMs do, rr hiasrd e cesipveetcdri aailon nEi CnOag n TdD O. Secotnhdpe,l aianltliVeffegsge aa n Mdo rrkinse- wfo llowtihHneog w airndc i-dtehnet imporotfea nnscuetr hisanutgi cidald iindnoh dtai vaveci cdteuofisa rsle sa rmiscn u wshtioldey .

Thdee fendaarngttuhsehe aynd od irkencotw ltehdBagates iploisacenaid m mirniesnkt ofs uiocrti hdsaeht ce o ublead rm edN.e itdheefern rdeaBanadts ilicoark' nseh wehc rih satrotr y. Viewtihnfaegc tisnt hlei gmhotsfa tv ortaotb hlpeel aitnhtheiaffyvps el, a uaslilbelgye d thBaats i(l1hi)ac adas ubstrainostfski u ailca in(dd2e t),hr ei wsakos b viVoeugsaa.nM do rris knebwyv, i rotftu heTe D Ot,h Baats iploisaces adu bstrainostfhki a arelmv eintf h deiynd o t knotwhp ea rtiocfhu eplrsa yrcsh iatric hitshCteoo urwryitd.l e lnt Ayhcd ece ofernddianngtlsy', mottiodo ins mCiosuTsnh tr ee. D.SuperLviisaobry(ili Ctyo Fuonutr ) Municoiffipcailia ntl hseo,iffi rc icaalp amcaiyfat cyle,i abfoirtl hiaetc yt iooftn hse ir

subordwihnetanht osesuseb ordviinoaalfe tadeteserr iaglMh otn.ve D.le lpS to.Sc v.c 4s3U.6., S . 65(81 97A8l)t.h roeusgpho snudpeedarotien osocr tr e§a1 t9e8l 3i abaic loiumtraytfiy, n adn officialw hle"inea xbelcoeuaf gt oivoenrnm epnotlo'icrsc u ys twohme,tm haedbreyi tlsa wmakers orb y twhhoosesede i ocrat csmt asfay i rblesy a tirode proeffisceipnaotll i incflyti,hc ietn sj ury." Ida.6t 9 629,4 ".[ Ti]nhaed eoqfpu oalctiyrc aeim naisyne gra vste hb ea sfoir§s 1 98l3i ability onlwyh etrhefae i ltuotr rea aimno utnodt esl ibienrdaitffete orth eern icgeoh fpt esr swointsh whotmh peo lciocmieen ctoon tCaciottyCf. a "n vtH.oa nr 4r8iU9s. ,3S 7.38 8,(81 98"9O)n.l y whearm eu nicifapialltuiotrrt aeyii 'ntes sm ploiynaer eesl erveasneptve icdte a'n dceelsi berat indifference’ to the rights of its inhabitants can such a shortcoming be properly thought of as a city ‘policy or custom’ that is actionable under § 1983.” Jd. at 389. Absent an official policy, an official may face supervisory liability for the constitutional violations their subordinates committed when the evidence shows: (1) that the supervisor had actual or constructive knowledge that his subordinate was engaged in conduct that posed a pervasive and unreasonable risk of constitutional injury to citizens like the plaintiff; (2) that the supervisor’s response to that knowledge was so inadequate as to show deliberate indifference to or tacit authorization of the alleged offensive practices; and (3) that there was an affirmative causal link between the supervisor’s inaction and the particular constitutional injury suffered by the plaintiff. Shaw v. Stroud, 13 F.3d 791, 799 (4th Cir. 1994) (internal quotations omitted). Because supervisory liability as an “issue is ordinarily one of fact, not law,” the Court may require further factual development before deciding this issue. Jd. The plaintiffs make two arguments in support of Harris’s supervisory liability. First, Harris and the SCSO had a custom of failing to properly handle individuals with mental health conditions. Second, Harris and the SCSO “had a custom or practice of failing to train personnel on how to properly hand, search, seize, detain, and transport individuals with mental and/ or behavioral health conditions in order to ensure such individuals do not have access to weapons.” (ECF No. 15 4192.) The plaintiffs argue that, after Howard’s attempted suicide in SCSO custody in 2018, Harris had actual knowledge of the risks involved in transporting mentally ill individuals and the importance of restricting their access to firearms. They assert Harris’s inadequate response to Howard’s attempted suicide amounted to deliberate indifference to the risks, noting that the SCSO does not have “a policy addressing suicide prevention.” (Jd. { 197.) Finally, the plaintiffs directly attribute Basilica’s death in custody to Harris’s actions and decisions. Had Vega and Morris searched Basilica prior to transport, they would have discovered the gun and prevented her suicide.

The defendants argue that the plaintiffs may not rely on a single incident to satisfy their burden. (ECF No. 18, at 22.) The defendants misconstrue the plaintiffs’ burden at this stage. (/d. citing Shaw, 13 F.3d at 805 (both parties appealing summary judgment); Slakan v. Porter, 737 F.2d 368, 370 (4th Cir. 1984) (defendants appealing jury verdict)). On a motion to dismiss, the Court considers the allegations and facts in the light most favorable to the plaintiffs, who are not required to prove their case in the complaint. Accordingly, when viewed in the light most favorable to the plaintiffs, the amended complaint adequately pleads supervisory liability. The Court will deny the motion to dismiss Count Four. E. ADA and Rehabilitation Act Claims (Counts Five and Six) As noted above, the defendants move to dismiss Counts Five and Six, which are time- barred. The plaintiffs do not oppose this. Accordingly, the Court will grant the defendants’ motion to dismiss Counts Five and Six. F. Qualified Immunity The Court may consider affirmative “defenses on a 12(b)(6) motion only ‘when the face of the complaint clearly reveals the existence of a meritorious affirmative defense.’” Shore Mkts., Inc. v. J.D. Assocs. Ltd. P’ship, 213 F.3d 175, 185 (4th Cir. 2000) (quoting Brooks v. City of Winston-Salem, 85 F.3d 178, 181 (4th Cir. 1996)). The Supreme Court urges lower courts to resolve qualified immunity questions “at the earliest stage possible in litigation.” Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 232 (2009) (internal quotation omitted). The Fourth Circuit recognizes, however, that “[o]rdinarily, the question of qualified immunity should be decided at the summary judgment stage.” Willingham v. Crooke, 412 F.3d 553, 558 (4th Cir. 2005) (noting that a court must reserve for trial the question of material fact concerning whether the alleged conduct occurred).

Because further factual development will assist the Court in deciding whether to grant qualified immunity at summary judgment, the Court will not consider the affirmative defense at this time. IV. CONCLUSION The defendants move the Court to dismiss the complaint. For the reasons discussed above, the Court will grant in part the motion and will dismiss Counts Two, Five, and Six. The Court will deny the motion as to the remaining counts. The Court will issue an appropriate Order Let the Clerk send a copy of this Opinion to all counsel of record.

mato ohn A. Gibney, Jr. Date: UFebeuary 2023 Senior United States istrict Judge