Bartko v. United States Department of Justice

Opinion

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

GREGORY BARTKO,

Plaintiff, v. Civil Action No. 13-1135 (JEB) UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, et al.,

Defendants.

MEMORANDUM OPINION

In an effort to recover from federal agencies documents that he believes may help him

overturn his convictions for conspiracy, mail fraud, and selling unregistered securities – for

which he is presently serving a 23-year sentence – pro se Plaintiff Gregory Bartko has filed a

slew of Freedom of Information Act requests with, inter alia, the Department of Justice, the

Federal Bureau of Investigation, the United States Postal Inspection Service, and the Securities

and Exchange Commission. A compendium of the Court’s previous Opinions related to these

requests would number in the hundreds of pages; this Opinion, like the seventh novel in the

Harry Potter series, brings a much-anticipated end to a many-layered saga.

The only extant request is one Bartko filed with the Securities and Exchange

Commission. Although, in an earlier round of briefing, the Court granted summary judgment to

the SEC on a number of issues – including the propriety of some of the FOIA exemptions it had

invoked – it also held that material factual disputes remained as to the adequacy of the agency’s

search for responsive records. The SEC now contends in its renewed Motion for Summary

Judgment that its most recent search is sufficiently comprehensive. Bartko, on the other hand,

1 continues to believe that the SEC has not searched for all records responsive to his narrowed

request, that the agency is not interpreting that request in good faith, and that it must search other

files to satisfy its obligations under FOIA. Concurring that the Commission has demonstrated

that its search was reasonable and adequate, the Court will grant its Motion and deny Bartko’s

Cross-Motion.

I. Background

As mentioned, the Court has issued numerous Opinions about Bartko’s multiple requests

to myriad agencies. See, e.g., Bartko v. Dep’t of Justice, 2016 WL 829967 (D.D.C. Mar. 3,

2016); Bartko v. Dep’t of Justice, 2015 WL 9272833 (D.D.C. Dec. 18, 2015). As only his SEC

request is at issue here, the Court will limit its factual recitation to that agency. In addition, since

a previous Opinion recounted in detail the facts related to the SEC request, see ECF No. 107

(Memorandum Opinion of October 8, 2014), the Court will only summarize them here.

Bartko filed his first FOIA request with the SEC on May 11, 2011, seeking records in six

different categories. Id. at 5. The request was aimed at discovering evidence that would lend

credence to his belief that SEC attorney J. Alex Rue had improperly colluded with Assistant

United States Attorney Clay Wheeler in Bartko’s criminal prosecution. Id. at 6. The SEC’s

Office of FOIA Services (OFS) searched records in its Name Recognition Search Index for

responsive materials and identified two matters in the SEC’s Atlanta Regional Office (ARO) as

possibly responsive: one file labeled In the matter of Mobile Billboards of America (termed by

both parties “the MBA file”) containing materials related to an investigation initiated in 2004,

and another labeled In the matter of Bartko (“the Bartko file”) containing materials related to an

administrative enforcement proceeding against Plaintiff. Id. at 6-7. The Regional Office

confirmed that these were the only potentially responsive files in existence. Id. at 7.

2 In June 2011, the SEC informed Bartko that it had identified potentially responsive

materials in the MBA file, but that the file was voluminous. At the urging of the agency and to

expedite the processing, Plaintiff narrowed his FOIA request to “any record that relates to the

SEC’s inquiry of Capstone Private Equity Bridge & Mezzanine Fund, LLC, a Delaware limited

liability company between January 1, 2005 and the present date, conducted by any staff member

of the Atlanta, GA Regional Office of the SEC.” Id. at 7-8 (citation omitted). OFS then

searched for the term “Capstone” and found potentially responsive records. Id. at 8. The agency

was, however, somewhat contradictory about whether these records were in the Bartko file or the

MBA file. Id.

After some time, Bartko learned that his FOIA request had stalled there. Id. at 8-9. He

thus filed suit in November 2013, challenging the SEC’s response. Id. at 2. Bartko then moved

for summary judgment, and the agency cross-moved while simultaneously completing its

processing of Plaintiff’s FOIA request and transmitting to him 1290 pages of records found

within the MBA file. Id. The dueling motions focused on two issues: whether the SEC had

properly invoked certain exemptions in withholding other documents and whether it had

adequately conducted its search.

While the Court found that Bartko’s first contention was without merit, it did concur with

him that the Commission had not yet carried its burden to demonstrate that its search had been

adequate. See id. at 9. More specifically, the Court directed the SEC to “demonstrate[] why the

Bartko file was not searched for records responsive to Plaintiff’s narrowed request.” Id. at 13.

At the same time, the Court rejected Bartko’s argument that the Office of FOIA Services should

have looked outside of the Atlanta Office for responsive records, including by searching other

regional offices. Id. at 12. It also found unavailing Plaintiff’s assertion that his knowledge of

3 “1,000 pages of records” that he had delivered to the Atlanta Office himself – but which were not

released as part of the agency’s production – indicated that the SEC’s search was inadequate. Id.

at 11-12.

Having now searched the Bartko file, as instructed, the SEC has renewed its Motion for

Summary Judgment. See ECF No. 252. Plaintiff, again, has cross-moved for the same. See

ECF No. 254.

II. Legal Standard

Summary judgment may be granted if “the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute

as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P.

56(a); see also Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247-48 (1986); Holcomb v.

Powell, 433 F.3d 889, 895 (D.C. Cir. 2006). A fact is “material” if it is capable of affecting the

substantive outcome of the litigation. See Liberty Lobby, 477 U.S. at 248; Holcomb, 433 F.3d at

895. A dispute is “genuine” if the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict

for the nonmoving party. See Scott v. Harris, 550 U.S. 372, 380 (2007); Liberty Lobby, 477

U.S. at 248; Holcomb, 433 F.3d at 895. “A party asserting that a fact cannot be or is genuinely

disputed must support the assertion” by “citing to particular parts of materials in the record” or

“showing that the materials cited do not establish the absence or presence of a genuine dispute,

or that an adverse party cannot produce admissible evidence to support the fact.” Fed. R. Civ. P.

56(c)(1). The moving party bears the burden of demonstrating the absence of a genuine issue of

material fact. See Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986).

Congress enacted FOIA “to pierce the veil of administrative secrecy and to open agency

action to the light of public scrutiny.” Dep’t of Air Force v. Rose, 425 U.S. 352, 361 (1976)

(citation omitted). “The basic purpose of FOIA is to ensure an informed citizenry, vital to the

4 functioning of a democratic society, needed to check against corruption and to hold the

governors accountable to the governed.” John Doe Agency v. John Doe Corp., 493 U.S. 146,

152 (1989) (citation omitted). The statute provides that “each agency, upon any request for

records which (i) reasonably describes such records and (ii) is made in accordance with

published rules . . . shall make the records promptly available to any person.” 5 U.S.C.

§ 552(a)(3)(A). Consistent with this statutory mandate, federal courts have jurisdiction to order

the production of records that an agency improperly withholds. See 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(B);

Dep’t of Justice v. Reporters Comm. for Freedom of the Press, 489 U.S. 749, 755 (1989).

FOIA cases typically and appropriately are decided on motions for summary judgment.

See Brayton v. Office of U.S. Trade Rep., 641 F.3d 521, 527 (D.C. Cir. 2011). In a FOIA case, a

court may grant summary judgment based solely on information provided in an agency’s

affidavits or declarations, which “are accorded a presumption of good faith, which cannot be

rebutted by purely speculative claims about the existence and discoverability of other

documents.” SafeCard Servs., Inc. v. SEC, 926 F.2d 1197, 1200 (D.C. Cir. 1991) (internal

quotation marks omitted).

“Unlike the review of other agency action that must be upheld if supported by substantial

evidence and not arbitrary or capricious, the FOIA expressly places the burden ‘on the agency to

sustain its action’ and directs the district courts to ‘determine the matter de novo.’” Dep’t of

Justice v. Reporters Comm. for Freedom of the Press, 489 U.S. 749, 755 (1989) (quoting 5

U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(B)). “At all times courts must bear in mind that FOIA mandates a ‘strong

presumption in favor of disclosure’ . . . .” Nat’l Ass’n of Home Builders v. Norton, 309 F.3d 26,

32 (D.C. Cir. 2002) (quoting Dep’t of State v. Ray, 502 U.S. 164, 173 (1991)).

5 III. Analysis

In their Cross-Motions, the parties disagree about precisely what steps the SEC took in

processing Bartko’s request and searching for responsive records, facts central to the remaining

issue – viz., the adequacy of the agency’s search. They do not, however, disagree that the

adequacy-of-the-search question is the only remaining one for the Court to decide, nor do they

part ways about the legal standards governing that search. For it is well settled in this Circuit

that “[a]n agency fulfills its obligations under FOIA if it can demonstrate beyond material doubt

that its search was ‘reasonably calculated to uncover all relevant documents.’” Valencia-Lucena

v. Coast Guard, 180 F.3d 321, 325 (D.C. Cir. 1999) (quoting Truitt v. Dep’t of State, 897 F.2d

540, 542 (D.C. Cir. 1990)); see also Steinberg v. Dep’t of Justice, 23 F.3d 548, 551 (D.C. Cir.

1994). It bears noting that the adequacy of an agency’s search for documents requested under

FOIA “is judged by a standard of reasonableness and depends, not surprisingly, upon the facts of

each case.” Weisberg v. Dep’t of Justice, 745 F.2d 1476, 1485 (D.C. Cir. 1984).

To meet its burden, the agency may submit affidavits or declarations that explain the

scope and method of its search “in reasonable detail.” Perry v. Block, 684 F.2d 121, 127 (D.C.

Cir. 1982). Absent contrary evidence, such affidavits or declarations are sufficient to show that

an agency complied with FOIA. See id. On the other hand, if the record “leaves substantial

doubt as to the sufficiency of the search, summary judgment for the agency is not proper.”

Truitt, 897 F.2d at 542. Most importantly, “the issue to be resolved is not whether there might

exist any other documents possibly responsive to the request, but rather whether the search for

those documents was adequate.” Weisberg, 745 F.2d at 1485.

6 The Court begins its adequate-search inquiry where it left off in its last Opinion –

namely, with the SEC’s decision not to search the Bartko file – and then examines the parties’

additional dispute about whether the agency should have looked elsewhere.

A. The Bartko File

By way of reminder, the Court’s earlier concern with the SEC’s search had arisen from

the agency’s shifting position about the location of potentially responsive materials. More

specifically, the Commission’s Office of FOIA Services (OFS) had first determined that the only

files responsive to Plaintiff’s narrowed request would be found in the Bartko file, but later the

Office of the General Counsel came to the opposite conclusion, determining that the only

responsive files were contained in the MBA file. See Mem. Op. at 9. While many documents in

the MBA file were released, the Court required the Commission to explain why the Bartko file

was not searched. Id. at 13.

The SEC’s position concerning the Bartko file in its present Motion is more tortured than

necessary; “Because the Bartko file was not compiled in connection with an investigation of

Capstone and in fact did not contain any documents from an investigation of Capstone, the SEC

did not need to search the Bartko file to conduct an adequate search.” MSJ at 7. Such an

argument conflates two separate points: (1) there was no need to look in the Bartko file because

it was unlikely to contain responsive materials and (2) an actual review of the file revealed no

responsive materials.

Fortunately, the Court need not tease this apart, as a supporting declaration explains that

the agency wisely went ahead and reviewed the Bartko file, eventually confirming that it does

not contain records relating to an inquiry of Capstone. Specifically, the Atlanta Regional Office

attorney responsible for the Bartko matter, Robert Gordon, avers that he himself conducted the

7 search: “I have reviewed ARO files for In re Bartko. From that effort, I can confirm that they do

not contain documents relating to an SEC inquiry or investigation into whether Capstone was

violating the law.” Declaration of Robert K. Gordon (ECF No. 252, Attach. 2), ¶ 8. He further

states that the ARO’s file in the Bartko matter “is limited to certain records that were publicly

filed in the criminal action that led to Mr. Bartko’s conviction.” Id., ¶ 7.

This is enough to carry the agency’s adequate-search burden. As the D.C. Circuit has

explained, “In adjudicating the adequacy of the agency’s identification and retrieval efforts, the

trial court may be warranted in relying upon agency affidavits.” Morley v. CIA, 508 F.3d 1108,

1116 (D.C. Cir. 2007) (quoting Founding Church of Scientology of Washington, D.C., Inc. v.

Nat’l Sec. Agency, 610 F.2d 824, 836 (D.C. Cir. 1979)). The Court may thus rely on Gordon’s

declaration, so long as it is “‘relatively detailed’ and nonconclusory and . . . submitted in good

faith.” Id. (quoting Goland v. CIA, 607 F.2d 339, 352 (D.C. Cir. 1978)). Typically, “[a]gency

declarations in this regard are afforded a presumption of good faith.” Defs. of Wildlife v. U.S.

Dep’t of Interior, 314 F. Supp. 2d 1, 8 (D.D.C. 2004) (citing SafeCard Services, Inc. v. Sec. &

Exch. Comm’n, 926 F.2d 1197, 1200 (D.C. Cir. 1991)). “An adequate affidavit can be rebutted

only ‘with evidence that the agency’s search was not made in good faith.’” Id. (quoting Trans

Union LLC v. Fed. Trade Comm’n, 141 F.Supp.2d 62, 69 (D.D.C. 2001)). Because Plaintiff has

not suggested that Gordon’s declaration – and specifically his statement that he searched the

Bartko file and determined that it did not contain materials responsive to the FOIA request – was

made in bad faith, the Court is entitled to defer to it. Regardless of whether the SEC’s decision

not to search the Bartko file would have been justified in the first instance, the agency’s

submissions now demonstrate that it has adequately searched that file and that no responsive

materials exist therein.

8 B. Files Not Produced

Although Plaintiff does not challenge the agency’s search of the Bartko file, he

nevertheless maintains that the SEC’s overall search was inadequate because it failed to produce

a number of responsive records that he claims were in Defendant’s possession at the time of the

search. See Cross-Mot. at 8-9. To be sure, “[i]f the requester produces countervailing evidence

placing the sufficiency of the identification or retrieval procedures genuinely in issue, summary

judgment is inappropriate.” Penny v. Dep’t of Justice, 712 F. Supp. 2d 18, 20-21 (D.D.C. 2010)

(citing Founding Church of Scientology, 610 F.2d at 836). “By now, however, Bartko is well

aware that identifying a handful of documents that an agency failed to uncover does not, in itself,

demonstrate that a search was inadequate.” Bartko, 2016 WL 829967, at *5 (citing Boyd v.

Criminal Div. of Dep’t of Justice, 475 F.3d 381, 391 (D.C. Cir. 2007) (“[T]he fact that a

particular document was not found does not demonstrate the inadequacy of a search.”); Espino v.

Dep’t of Justice, 869 F. Supp. 2d 25, 28 (D.D.C. 2012) (“[A] search is not inadequate simply

because it failed to turn up a document that [plaintiff] believes must exist, or even a document he

knows to exist.”) (citation omitted)).

In his Response to Defendant’s Statement of Material Facts, Bartko has included a table

listing what he believes to be responsive, non-exempt documents that “have never been

identified or released to Bartko in this FOIA action.” Pl. Resp. SOF (ECF No. 254, Attach. 7),

¶ 9 (Table 1). These materials, he asserts, were previously produced to him by Celia Jacoby,

Senior Counsel at the SEC, in response to a subpoena related to his sentencing hearing in his

criminal case. See id., ¶ 8.

Bartko, however, tells the Court nothing about how the documents listed in his table are

or might be responsive to his narrowed FOIA request. That modified request, in case the reader

9 has forgotten, sought “any record that relates to the SEC’s inquiry of Capstone Private Equity

Bridge & Mezzanine Fund, LLC, a Delaware limited liability company between January 1, 2005

and the present date, conducted by any staff member of the Atlanta, GA Regional Office of the

SEC.” Mem. Op. at 8.

The SEC, in fact, did not believe any of the documents he now points to were related to

“an inquiry citing Capstone [Fund].” March 29, 2012, Letter from Celia Jacoby in Response to

Subpoena (ECF No. 254, Attach. 1) at 1. Rather, Jacoby described the materials she disclosed to

Bartko in connection with his criminal case as being “materials that mention Capstone [Fund] or

were obtained from Mr. Bartko or other representatives on his or Capstone [Fund]’s behalf.” Id.

This indicates that the documents are not responsive to Bartko’s narrowed FOIA request, and

Plaintiff’s description of them lends further support to that conclusion. For instance, it is

unclear, and Plaintiff never even attempts to explain, how the sixth item in his table, described as

“$30,000 refund letter to Sharon Glover, including check, FED X shipping label and signed

Subscription Documents,” Table 1, is responsive to his request concerning the “SEC’s inquiry of

Capstone [Fund].” Mem. Op. at 8. The other items in the table are similarly untethered to the

narrow terms of the request.

That Bartko has identified other information of interest to him that the SEC did not

produce does not render the agency’s FOIA search inadequate, especially where he has not

shown that such material is responsive to his request. After all, the agency’s obligation was not

to search for records related to Capstone Fund generally, but rather to locate a smaller subset of

those records, as specified by Bartko’s own request. The Court, therefore, is not persuaded that

Bartko has identified any responsive documents the SEC should have located and produced;

10 even if he had, such documents alone would not necessarily render the SEC’s search inadequate.

See Boyd, 475 F.3d at 391.

C. Third File

Bartko’s next, related contention is that responsive materials may exist outside of the

MBA file or the Bartko file in “some other storage file moniker.” Cross-Mot. at 9. More

specifically, he believes that “responsive records repose in the SEC’s file associated with

Bartko’s broker-dealer, Capstone Partners, L.C.” Id. at 19. He asserts that the SEC investigated

Capstone Partners from June 28 to September 29, 2005, and that the agency maintained a

separate file and file number for that investigation. See id. Yet the SEC emphasizes that he also

acknowledges, see id., that Capstone Partners is not the entity that is the subject of Bartko’s

narrowed request. Nevertheless, because Capstone Fund “was a related party to” Capstone

Partners, Bartko believes that there must be records related to the SEC’s investigation of the

Fund in its file for the Partners. Id. at 19-20.

As Bartko well knows, however, “[t]here is no requirement that an agency search every

record system.” Oglesby v. Dep’t of Army, 920 F.2d 57, 68 (D.C. Cir. 1990). Instead, the

agency is merely “required to explain in its affidavit[s or declaration] that no other record system

was likely to produce responsive documents.” Id.; see also id. (“A reasonably detailed affidavit

. . . averring that all files likely to contain responsive materials (if such records exist) were

searched, is necessary to afford a FOIA requester an opportunity to challenge the adequacy of the

search and to allow the district court to determine if the search was adequate in order to grant

summary judgment.”).

In his original declaration, Jeffery Ovall of the SEC’s OFS did precisely that, averring

that

11 OFS staff determined that all of the requests sought information relating to SEC investigations of possible violations of the federal securities laws. Using the names and other search criteria in the May 11 Request, OFS searched records in its Name Recognition Search Index (NRSI). From that effort, OFS identified records of two matters in the SEC’s Atlanta Regional Office (ARO) as potentially responsive to the request. After consulting with ARO Staff, OFS concluded that no other potentially responsive files existed.

June 17, 2014, Declaration of Jeffery Ovall (ECF No. 71, Attach. 3), ¶ 6 (emphasis added). The

Court previously required the SEC simply to ensure that both of the files the agency had

identified as responsive – i.e., Bartko and MBA – were, in fact, searched. The Court did not then

and does not now find Ovall’s declaration to be insufficient, as it clearly describes the agency’s

search process and identifies all the locations of potentially responsive materials. See Oglesby,

920 F.2d at 68; see also, e.g., Toolasprashad v. Bureau of Prisons, 474 F. Supp. 2d 14, 15

(D.D.C. 2007) (FOIA search was adequate where agency representatives “have adequately

described the searches and have averred that all files likely to contain responsive records have

now been searched”); Hart v. Dep’t of Justice, 648 F. Supp. 2d 113, 117 (D.D.C. 2009) (granting

summary judgment to agency based on declaration averring that “the most likely, and only, place

where [responsive] records” could be located was searched).

Although Bartko hypothesizes that another file might contain responsive records, he

offers no evidence, beyond his suppositions, that the Atlanta Regional Office even had a file on

Capstone Partners during the relevant time period and presents only the barest of explanations as

to why he believes such a file, if it did exist, might contain material related to an inquiry of

Capstone Fund. More importantly, he does not challenge the agency’s methodology – either the

use of the NRSI or the specific search terms employed – or offer a more appropriate alternative

approach to the search. The SEC is simply not obligated to search every file that Plaintiff

12 believes may contain responsive materials after it has already demonstrated that its search

methodology was reasonable. In fact, in Bartko’s previous briefing he argued that the SEC

ought to have searched the files of its regional offices outside of Atlanta as well, based on a

similarly speculative hypothesis that responsive materials might be contained therein. The Court

found that such a hypothesis was “not enough to render OFS’s search inadequate. . . . An agency

‘need pursue only a lead it cannot in good faith ignore, i.e., a lead that is both clear and certain.’”

Mem. Op. at 12 (quoting Kowalczyk v. Dep’t of Justice, 73 F.3d 386, 389 (D.C. Cir. 1996)).

Bartko’s proffer of additional locations where responsive materials may reside has again failed to

clear this threshold.

D. Other Arguments

Bartko raises two additional contentions the Court must briefly address before this matter

is put to bed. First, he engages in a lengthy digression about the testimony of various witnesses

at his criminal trial. See Cross-Mot. at 21-28. This, he asserts, includes testimony from at least

one SEC attorney who “admitted at trial that he began investigating Bartko and the Capstone

Fund.” Id. at 23. In essence, Bartko would like the Court to parse this and other testimony from

his criminal trial to determine whether the SEC is hiding an investigation or inquiry into

Capstone Fund, and, if so, to compel the production of documents related to that investigation.

But this is a far cry from the Court’s role in determining whether the agency’s search was

adequate.

At best, Plaintiff’s position amounts to an argument that the SEC conducted its search in

bad faith. To advance such a stance, however, Bartko must “present some evidence of bad faith

on the part of the Government – or non-speculative evidence regarding the existence of

documents – in order to defeat the Government’s motion for summary judgment as to the

13 search.” Garcia v. Dep’t of Justice, Office of Info. & Privacy, 181 F. Supp. 2d 356, 367

(S.D.N.Y. 2002) (emphasis added). Bartko’s brief is riddled with speculative assertions –

bordering on conspiracy theories – unsupported by record citations. See, e.g., Cross-Mot. at 25

(“Bartko’s counsel asked [SEC attorney] Rue directly if he was trying to set Bartko up in some

way, and although Rue did not use those exact words in his answer, the implication was made.

Rue ended his testimony by validating the sheer volume of records he compiled during his

inquiry of the Capstone Fund.”). Such statements, without any support, hardly satisfy Plaintiff’s

burden of production with regard to a showing of bad faith by the SEC.

That Bartko believes the interactions he had with Rue constitute an “inquiry” of Capstone

Fund does not mean that the SEC considers or should consider those interactions such an inquiry

within the meaning of the narrowed FOIA request, or that they generated materials responsive to

that request. For the SEC was not required to interpret the word “inquiry” in Bartko’s request to

include all informal interactions by SEC attorneys that may have touched on Capstone Fund, as

Bartko now urges. “Though an agency has a duty to construe a FOIA request liberally, there is

no requirement that the agency must interpret a request more broadly “than the description

reasonably contained in the request[ ].” Hooker v. U.S. Dep’t of Health & Human Servs., 887 F.

Supp. 2d 40, 52 n.11 (D.D.C. 2012), aff’d, 2014 WL 3014213 (D.C. Cir. May 13, 2014) (internal

quotation marks and citations omitted). Absent some evidence that corroborates Bartko’s

musings that Rue’s interactions with him were “a ruse that enabled the [SEC] ARO to conduct an

inquiry/investigation of the Capstone Fund” that the agency is now seeking to hide, see Cross-

Mot. at 26, the Court cannot conclude that the SEC’s representations in its Motion were made in

bad faith or that its search here was inadequate.

14 Finally, Bartko offers one final hypothetical argument. He posits that once OFS properly

reprocesses his FOIA request in accordance with his suggestions, it will identify other responsive

materials and thus may seek to claim that Exemption 8 authorizes their withholding. Hoping to

head the agency off at the pass, he presents a rebuttal as to that exemption’s applicability. See

Cross-Mot. at 28. Of course, this issue is both legally premature and practically impossible for

the Court to resolve, given that no materials that might fall under Exemption 8 have been

identified, nor has the SEC offered any justification for any potential invocation of such

exemption. The Court therefore declines to speculate as to whether the SEC might properly

withhold under Exemption 8 – or any other exemption – records that have not been produced and

may not exist.

IV. Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, the Court will grant Defendant’s Motion for Summary

Judgment, deny Plaintiff’s Cross-Motion for Partial Summary Judgment, and enter judgment for

the Securities and Exchange Commission. A separate Order to that effect will issue this day.

/s/ James E. Boasberg JAMES E. BOASBERG United States District Judge

Date: August 26, 2016