Barrett, J.
Upon the case, and the points made by the excepting party in the argument, no question is made,nor is it claimed,but that the cattle, at the time the defendant found and took control of them in his father’s lot, were lawfully impoundable. So we assume that they were, and start with the question, whether the defendant was so acting for, and as the servant of his father, as to be entitled to the same immunity as his father would have been, if he had personally been doing, and had received at the hands of the plaintiff just what the defendant did, in the transaction which constitutes the alleged cause of action, and defence thereto in this case.
We think that the facts stated in the report show and constitute the relation of servant, with full warrant, on the part of the defendant, -to proceed in a lawful manner for and in behalf of his father, to the impounding of the cattle. This results from the reported history of the matter of the trespasses of the cattle upon the lands of the defendant’s father, and of what transpired between the defendant and his father in relation thereto, consummated by the act of the defendant in taking the cattle in custody for the purpose, and starting to drive them to the pound “ with the approbation of the father, and with the assistance of a boy sent by the father for that purpose.”
The defendant then had the lawful custody of the cattle at the time the plaintiff came out, and made the attempt to deprive him of that custody by a forcible rescue. The question then is, whether the defendant had the right to defend his possession of the cattle for the purpose for which he had taken them in charge. Upon this point the application of common principles seems to be decisive.
If his custody and possession were lawful, of course his right to maintain it continued until he should accomplish the purpose for which he had assumed and was exercising it; and any designed interference with it, or any attempt to wrest it from him was wrongful, whether it was done by the owner of the cattle, or by any other person.
It is not questioned indeed, that the defendant might, with a reasonable degree of force, defend his possession, provided it was [629]*629a lawful possession. There is no need of discussing the subject of the official, or quasi official character in which a person may be regarded, when acting in the lawful attempt to impound cattle taken damage feasant; for it is the same principle that accords the right to a known officer of the law, who has possession by virtue of his office, to defend his possession, as to the owner of the property, viz: that he has, and is lawfully entitled to maintain his possession of the property. It is the right itself, and not the means or mode by which it is derived that gives immunity to the party having such possession.
But it is claimed that the plaintiff had accomplished a rescue of the cattle, and having so done, the only right left to the defendant was to proceed by suit or prosecution for such act of the plaintiff — that is ; having been forcibly deprived of the possession, he had no right to attempt by force to resume it.
We do not find occasion to discuss the subject of his rights and remedies in case a rescue had been fully consummated ;• for, upon the case as shown by the report, we do not regard the defendant as having yielded his possession, or as having been deprived of it by the attempted rescue. It is true indeed, that the plaintiff, by superior force, had impeded the defendant in the process of impounding the cattle, and had got them headed the other way and was temporarily successful in driving them back. But the defendant kept along with the cattle, insisting on his lawful possession, and in the persevering endeavor to maintain it; with what success the plaintiff had rather an impressive experience as the result of the contest.
It was in the attempt of the defendant to maintain his possession, that the act of force was committed, which constitutes the trespass for which this suit was brought. The only question then, in respect to the act itself, is, whether it involved an excess of force. The report shows that the plaintiff, in the process of attempting to dispossess the defendant of the cattle, committed an act of violence upon the defendant’s person, and that the blow inflicted by the defendant was for the double purpose of defending his person from violence, and preventing the consummation of the attempted forcible rescue of the cattle. It also finds that, [630]*630if the defendant had the legal right to defend his possession by force to the same extent that a sheriff, or other law-officer has, then the defendant used no greater force than was justifiable and necessary for the protection of his possession and in self-defence.
By this measure of right, we uuderstand the referees to mean, the right on the part of such officer personally, and by himself, to use force in defending his possession ; and in this respect we think the extent of right is the same.
The defendant, therefore, did not subject himself to liability in this case, by reason of the manner, or amount of force with which he repelled the aggressions of the plaintiff.
But it is insisted that, because the defendant, after he had got the control of the cattle against the interference of the plaintiff, did not proceed to impound them, but instead thereof, turned them into another enclosure of the plaintiff, he became a ‘trespasser ab initio, and cannot justify his acts in defence of his possession. All the cases cited upon this point were actions of trespass for the taking of the property, and the justification attempted was of the trespass in the taking of the property.
It was held in those cases that, if the party taking the property pursued a course with it, without warrantable cause, different from that prescribed by the law, he was to be regarded a trespasser ab initio, and of course could not invoke the law as furnishing the shield of right in the original taking.
We have no occasion to determine whether in like cases we should hold in the same manner as was held in those cases or not.
It is well understood that this doctrine of converting an act, which was lawful at the time it was done, into a trespass by relation, in consequence of some subsequent omission or impro - priety, is a technical rule, and, when abstractly considered, seems quite difficult of comprehension upon any obvious ground of reason. In several of the cases cited its technical and arbi-, trary character, as well as the incomprehensibleness of the reason on which it stands, is strongly illustrated. Those cases stand in marked contrast in this respect to several cases in our own reports, in which the doctrine has bgpp applied and [631]*631illustrated. In Paul v. Slason et al., 22 Vt. 231, it is said that, “ in Lamb v. Day et al., 8 Vt. 407, it was held that the defendants, who had attached the plaintiff’s mare and worked her for several weeks without the plaintiff’s consent, became trespassers ab initio. The doctrine has, to our own knowledge, never been extended to any case except where there has been a clear, substantial violation of the plaintiff’s rights, and of such a character as to show a wanton disregard of duty on the part of the defendants.”
In Stoughton v. Mott, 25 Vt. 668, Judge Redeield collates and reviews the leading cases upon the subject of trespass ab initio.
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Barrett, J.
Upon the case, and the points made by the excepting party in the argument, no question is made,nor is it claimed,but that the cattle, at the time the defendant found and took control of them in his father’s lot, were lawfully impoundable. So we assume that they were, and start with the question, whether the defendant was so acting for, and as the servant of his father, as to be entitled to the same immunity as his father would have been, if he had personally been doing, and had received at the hands of the plaintiff just what the defendant did, in the transaction which constitutes the alleged cause of action, and defence thereto in this case.
We think that the facts stated in the report show and constitute the relation of servant, with full warrant, on the part of the defendant, -to proceed in a lawful manner for and in behalf of his father, to the impounding of the cattle. This results from the reported history of the matter of the trespasses of the cattle upon the lands of the defendant’s father, and of what transpired between the defendant and his father in relation thereto, consummated by the act of the defendant in taking the cattle in custody for the purpose, and starting to drive them to the pound “ with the approbation of the father, and with the assistance of a boy sent by the father for that purpose.”
The defendant then had the lawful custody of the cattle at the time the plaintiff came out, and made the attempt to deprive him of that custody by a forcible rescue. The question then is, whether the defendant had the right to defend his possession of the cattle for the purpose for which he had taken them in charge. Upon this point the application of common principles seems to be decisive.
If his custody and possession were lawful, of course his right to maintain it continued until he should accomplish the purpose for which he had assumed and was exercising it; and any designed interference with it, or any attempt to wrest it from him was wrongful, whether it was done by the owner of the cattle, or by any other person.
It is not questioned indeed, that the defendant might, with a reasonable degree of force, defend his possession, provided it was [629]*629a lawful possession. There is no need of discussing the subject of the official, or quasi official character in which a person may be regarded, when acting in the lawful attempt to impound cattle taken damage feasant; for it is the same principle that accords the right to a known officer of the law, who has possession by virtue of his office, to defend his possession, as to the owner of the property, viz: that he has, and is lawfully entitled to maintain his possession of the property. It is the right itself, and not the means or mode by which it is derived that gives immunity to the party having such possession.
But it is claimed that the plaintiff had accomplished a rescue of the cattle, and having so done, the only right left to the defendant was to proceed by suit or prosecution for such act of the plaintiff — that is ; having been forcibly deprived of the possession, he had no right to attempt by force to resume it.
We do not find occasion to discuss the subject of his rights and remedies in case a rescue had been fully consummated ;• for, upon the case as shown by the report, we do not regard the defendant as having yielded his possession, or as having been deprived of it by the attempted rescue. It is true indeed, that the plaintiff, by superior force, had impeded the defendant in the process of impounding the cattle, and had got them headed the other way and was temporarily successful in driving them back. But the defendant kept along with the cattle, insisting on his lawful possession, and in the persevering endeavor to maintain it; with what success the plaintiff had rather an impressive experience as the result of the contest.
It was in the attempt of the defendant to maintain his possession, that the act of force was committed, which constitutes the trespass for which this suit was brought. The only question then, in respect to the act itself, is, whether it involved an excess of force. The report shows that the plaintiff, in the process of attempting to dispossess the defendant of the cattle, committed an act of violence upon the defendant’s person, and that the blow inflicted by the defendant was for the double purpose of defending his person from violence, and preventing the consummation of the attempted forcible rescue of the cattle. It also finds that, [630]*630if the defendant had the legal right to defend his possession by force to the same extent that a sheriff, or other law-officer has, then the defendant used no greater force than was justifiable and necessary for the protection of his possession and in self-defence.
By this measure of right, we uuderstand the referees to mean, the right on the part of such officer personally, and by himself, to use force in defending his possession ; and in this respect we think the extent of right is the same.
The defendant, therefore, did not subject himself to liability in this case, by reason of the manner, or amount of force with which he repelled the aggressions of the plaintiff.
But it is insisted that, because the defendant, after he had got the control of the cattle against the interference of the plaintiff, did not proceed to impound them, but instead thereof, turned them into another enclosure of the plaintiff, he became a ‘trespasser ab initio, and cannot justify his acts in defence of his possession. All the cases cited upon this point were actions of trespass for the taking of the property, and the justification attempted was of the trespass in the taking of the property.
It was held in those cases that, if the party taking the property pursued a course with it, without warrantable cause, different from that prescribed by the law, he was to be regarded a trespasser ab initio, and of course could not invoke the law as furnishing the shield of right in the original taking.
We have no occasion to determine whether in like cases we should hold in the same manner as was held in those cases or not.
It is well understood that this doctrine of converting an act, which was lawful at the time it was done, into a trespass by relation, in consequence of some subsequent omission or impro - priety, is a technical rule, and, when abstractly considered, seems quite difficult of comprehension upon any obvious ground of reason. In several of the cases cited its technical and arbi-, trary character, as well as the incomprehensibleness of the reason on which it stands, is strongly illustrated. Those cases stand in marked contrast in this respect to several cases in our own reports, in which the doctrine has bgpp applied and [631]*631illustrated. In Paul v. Slason et al., 22 Vt. 231, it is said that, “ in Lamb v. Day et al., 8 Vt. 407, it was held that the defendants, who had attached the plaintiff’s mare and worked her for several weeks without the plaintiff’s consent, became trespassers ab initio. The doctrine has, to our own knowledge, never been extended to any case except where there has been a clear, substantial violation of the plaintiff’s rights, and of such a character as to show a wanton disregard of duty on the part of the defendants.”
In Stoughton v. Mott, 25 Vt. 668, Judge Redeield collates and reviews the leading cases upon the subject of trespass ab initio. After citing- the points and language of many English and American cases, he says : “ Cases of this general character, all tending to support the same general proposition, that one will not be made a trespasser ab initio except by doing some positive wrongful act, giving character to the original act, might be multiplied almost indefinitely.” He then cites the language of Littledale in Shorland v. Govitt, 11 E. C. L. R. 279, in regard to this whole subject, as taking its chief origin from the Six Carpenter’s Case, viz: “whether there is much good sense in that case, it is unnecessary to say;” and adds, “we should' certainly not feel disposed to extend the doctrine beyond its present somewhat circumscribed limits.”
In Briggs v. Gleason, 29 Vt. 78, the same view of the subject is presented, and in that view the law was applied in that case.
In the light of these cases, we feel free from any hesitation in holding that this doctrine cannot be invoked against the defence in this suit. Here was no abuse of the property, and nothing indicating that, up to the time of regaining his control of the cattle, the defendant had taken, or was holding them for any other than the lawful purpose of impounding them.
But in another veiw, we think we should be extending the application of the doctrine even beyond any of the cases cited in the argument, if we should hold it applicable to the present case. At the time of the commission of the act complained of, it was the lawful exertion of force in self defence, and in defence of a lawful possession. This act was not upon the property [632]*632itself, nor is this suit brought to enforce any right in reference to said property. It is brought for violence to the person of the plaintiff. The plaintiff does not, by his suit, assert any right in virtue of the course taken by the defendant with the cattle, after the violence was inflicted upon him; but invokes collaterally the aid of a technical rule, in an application, and for a purpose, beyond the scope and purpose hitherto assigned to it.
There is no sensible reason for the application of the rule to this case; and we think there is no lino of decision which would either require or justify our giving it the application claimed.
If this were an action of trespass for the taking of the cattle, it would then present the question of the effect of the course ultimately taken with the cattle by the defendant, as rendering the original lawful taking an unlawful trespass, and would present that question substantially in the same category of facts, as it is presented in the cases cited by the counsel for the plaintiff.
But as this case counts upon a trespass to the person of the plaintiff, and not upon his cattle, the matter of the taking and holding possession of the cattle is collateral to, and does not constitute, nor is involved in, the cause of action. We think, therefore, that for the purposes of this suit, the respective rights and liabilities of the parties must stand upon the state of facts as they had transpired up to, and including the act which constitutes the trespass for which this suit was brought. This result seems consonant to the leading principle announced in the cases referred to in our own reports, and does not conflict with the decisions referred to in the reports of other states,
The judgment for the defendant is affirmed,