F I L E D United States Court of Appeals Tenth Circuit
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS MAY 20 1999
TENTH CIRCUIT PATRICK FISHER Clerk
T. LESLIE BARR,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v. No. 98-6216 (W. Dist. Oklahoma) NATIONAL CONFERENCE OF BAR (D.C. No. CIV-97-1159-M) EXAMINERS,
Defendant-Appellee.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
Before ANDERSON, BARRETT, and HENRY, Circuit Judges.
T. Leslie Barr (Barr) appeals the district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of the
National Conference of Bar Examiners (NCBE) on his Title III Americans with Disabilities Act
(ADA) claim, 42 U.S.C. § 12189, and the district court’s taxation of $1,182.47 in costs against him.
Background
NCBE is a private nonprofit corporation whose purposes include research and development
regarding the professional licensing of attorneys throughout the United States. NCBE funds its
research and development through the sale of licensing tests, including the Multistate Professional
* This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3. Responsibility Examination (MPRE) and the Multistate Bar Examination (MBE). NCBE makes its
tests available to the visually impaired in Braille or large print, on cassette tape, and through the use
of a qualified reader, with additional time in which to take the test.
In October, 1995, while a student at the University of Oklahoma Law School, Barr, who is
blind, requested to take the November, 1995, MPRE on a personal computer, outfitted with a voice
synthesizer and screen access software, with a computer diskette of the MPRE questions and
proposed answers, and double time to take the test. NCBE denied his request and offered him its
standard accommodations, i.e., Braille or large print, on cassette tape, or through the use of a
qualified reader, with additional time. Barr chose to take the test via cassette tape with double time.
He did not obtain a scaled score sufficient to meet Oklahoma’s requirements.
After graduating from law school, Barr requested to take the July, 1997, MBE, which is part
of the Oklahoma Bar Examination, using the same computer accommodations. NCBE denied his
request. Barr chose to take the test with the use of a qualified reader and passed. Barr repeated his
accommodation request for the November, 1997, MPRE. NCBE again denied his request. Barr took
the MPRE with the aid of a qualified reader, but failed to obtain a sufficient score for licensing in
Oklahoma.
On July, 14, 1997, Barr filed this action against the NCBE, claiming, inter alia, that “[o]n
or about October 15, 1995, Defendants NCBE et al [sic] engaged in unlawful testing practices in
violation of the ADA [42 U.S.C. § 12189]. . ., [by] refusing to make reasonable accommodations
to the known disability of the Plaintiff, and required Plaintiff to take the MPRE Exam under adverse
conditions, and as a proximate cause of the refusal for the accommodation, Plaintiff was unable to
obtain a sufficient score which caused Defendant BARR [sic] humiliation, emotional and physical
-2- distress, and economic loss.” (App. at 45 ¶10.) Barr prayed for compensatory, consequential, and
punitive damages, as well as declaratory and injunctive relief. Id. at 46.
In early 1998, NCBE denied Barr’s computer accommodation request for the March, 1998,
MPRE. Barr took the exam with a qualified reader and received a sufficient score for admission to
the Oklahoma bar.
On April 8, 1998, the district court granted NCBE’s motion for summary judgment. Id. at
180-91. The district court rejected Barr’s argument that NCBE must provide his preferred method
of accommodation. Id. at 188. On May 8, 1998, Barr filed his notice of appeal, appealing the
“above captioned proceeding on the 8th day of April, 1998.” Id. at 192.
On April 22, 1998, NCBE filed its Bill of Costs in the amount of $1,182.47. Barr did not
object and the court clerk taxed costs against him on May 21, 1998. Barr then filed a motion to
review the clerk’s taxation of costs. On June 10, 1998, the district court affirmed the court clerk’s
taxation of costs against Barr. Id. at 212-14 The court found that although Barr was allowed to
proceed in forma pauperis on July 21, 1997, during the course of the proceedings he became fully
eligible for licensing to practice law in Oklahoma, paid certain fees to become eligible to practice
law, and was employed as a law clerk with the Department of Labor in the fall of 1997. Id. at 214.
Barr did not file a notice of appeal regarding this order.
On appeal, Barr contends that: (1) the district court erred in granting summary judgment in
favor of NCBE, and (2) the district court erred in taxing costs against him in view of his in forma
pauperis status. Barr argues that NCBE was not entitled to summary judgment because it utilized
predetermined methods of accommodation, without individualized assessment or an orderly
deductive process, which is not sufficient under the ADA as a matter of law. In regard to costs, Barr
-3- claims that the district court erred in allowing the taxation of costs because no credible evidence was
offered concerning his financial worth.
We review the district court’s order granting summary judgment de novo, applying the same
legal standard as the district court. Thomas v. International Bus. Machs., 48 F.3d 478, 484 (10th Cir.
1995). Summary judgment is appropriate only “if the pleadings, depositions, answers to
interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no
genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter
of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). “We examine the factual record and reasonable inferences therefrom
in the light most favorable to [the non-movants], who opposed summary judgment.” Thomas, 48
F.3d at 484. We review the district court’s Order upholding the clerk’s taxation of costs for abuse
of discretion. Lockard v. Pizza Hut, Inc., 162 F.3d 1062, 1076 (10th Cir. 1998). “We will reverse
the district court’s factual findings only if we have a definite and firm conviction that the [district]
court made a clear error of judgment or exceeded the bounds of permissible choice in the
circumstances.” Brandau v. State of Kansas, 168 F.3d 1179, 1181 (10th Cir. 1999) (internal
quotations omitted), petition for cert. filed, ___ U.S.L.W. ___ (U.S. Apr. 26, 1999) (No. 98-1705).
Discussion
I. ADA
This court may only adjudicate live controversies. Bauchman v. West High Sch., 132 F.3d
542, 548 (10th Cir. 1997), cert. denied, 118 S.Ct. 2370 (1998). Thus, as a preliminary matter, we
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
F I L E D United States Court of Appeals Tenth Circuit
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS MAY 20 1999
TENTH CIRCUIT PATRICK FISHER Clerk
T. LESLIE BARR,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v. No. 98-6216 (W. Dist. Oklahoma) NATIONAL CONFERENCE OF BAR (D.C. No. CIV-97-1159-M) EXAMINERS,
Defendant-Appellee.
ORDER AND JUDGMENT*
Before ANDERSON, BARRETT, and HENRY, Circuit Judges.
T. Leslie Barr (Barr) appeals the district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of the
National Conference of Bar Examiners (NCBE) on his Title III Americans with Disabilities Act
(ADA) claim, 42 U.S.C. § 12189, and the district court’s taxation of $1,182.47 in costs against him.
Background
NCBE is a private nonprofit corporation whose purposes include research and development
regarding the professional licensing of attorneys throughout the United States. NCBE funds its
research and development through the sale of licensing tests, including the Multistate Professional
* This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3. Responsibility Examination (MPRE) and the Multistate Bar Examination (MBE). NCBE makes its
tests available to the visually impaired in Braille or large print, on cassette tape, and through the use
of a qualified reader, with additional time in which to take the test.
In October, 1995, while a student at the University of Oklahoma Law School, Barr, who is
blind, requested to take the November, 1995, MPRE on a personal computer, outfitted with a voice
synthesizer and screen access software, with a computer diskette of the MPRE questions and
proposed answers, and double time to take the test. NCBE denied his request and offered him its
standard accommodations, i.e., Braille or large print, on cassette tape, or through the use of a
qualified reader, with additional time. Barr chose to take the test via cassette tape with double time.
He did not obtain a scaled score sufficient to meet Oklahoma’s requirements.
After graduating from law school, Barr requested to take the July, 1997, MBE, which is part
of the Oklahoma Bar Examination, using the same computer accommodations. NCBE denied his
request. Barr chose to take the test with the use of a qualified reader and passed. Barr repeated his
accommodation request for the November, 1997, MPRE. NCBE again denied his request. Barr took
the MPRE with the aid of a qualified reader, but failed to obtain a sufficient score for licensing in
Oklahoma.
On July, 14, 1997, Barr filed this action against the NCBE, claiming, inter alia, that “[o]n
or about October 15, 1995, Defendants NCBE et al [sic] engaged in unlawful testing practices in
violation of the ADA [42 U.S.C. § 12189]. . ., [by] refusing to make reasonable accommodations
to the known disability of the Plaintiff, and required Plaintiff to take the MPRE Exam under adverse
conditions, and as a proximate cause of the refusal for the accommodation, Plaintiff was unable to
obtain a sufficient score which caused Defendant BARR [sic] humiliation, emotional and physical
-2- distress, and economic loss.” (App. at 45 ¶10.) Barr prayed for compensatory, consequential, and
punitive damages, as well as declaratory and injunctive relief. Id. at 46.
In early 1998, NCBE denied Barr’s computer accommodation request for the March, 1998,
MPRE. Barr took the exam with a qualified reader and received a sufficient score for admission to
the Oklahoma bar.
On April 8, 1998, the district court granted NCBE’s motion for summary judgment. Id. at
180-91. The district court rejected Barr’s argument that NCBE must provide his preferred method
of accommodation. Id. at 188. On May 8, 1998, Barr filed his notice of appeal, appealing the
“above captioned proceeding on the 8th day of April, 1998.” Id. at 192.
On April 22, 1998, NCBE filed its Bill of Costs in the amount of $1,182.47. Barr did not
object and the court clerk taxed costs against him on May 21, 1998. Barr then filed a motion to
review the clerk’s taxation of costs. On June 10, 1998, the district court affirmed the court clerk’s
taxation of costs against Barr. Id. at 212-14 The court found that although Barr was allowed to
proceed in forma pauperis on July 21, 1997, during the course of the proceedings he became fully
eligible for licensing to practice law in Oklahoma, paid certain fees to become eligible to practice
law, and was employed as a law clerk with the Department of Labor in the fall of 1997. Id. at 214.
Barr did not file a notice of appeal regarding this order.
On appeal, Barr contends that: (1) the district court erred in granting summary judgment in
favor of NCBE, and (2) the district court erred in taxing costs against him in view of his in forma
pauperis status. Barr argues that NCBE was not entitled to summary judgment because it utilized
predetermined methods of accommodation, without individualized assessment or an orderly
deductive process, which is not sufficient under the ADA as a matter of law. In regard to costs, Barr
-3- claims that the district court erred in allowing the taxation of costs because no credible evidence was
offered concerning his financial worth.
We review the district court’s order granting summary judgment de novo, applying the same
legal standard as the district court. Thomas v. International Bus. Machs., 48 F.3d 478, 484 (10th Cir.
1995). Summary judgment is appropriate only “if the pleadings, depositions, answers to
interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no
genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter
of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). “We examine the factual record and reasonable inferences therefrom
in the light most favorable to [the non-movants], who opposed summary judgment.” Thomas, 48
F.3d at 484. We review the district court’s Order upholding the clerk’s taxation of costs for abuse
of discretion. Lockard v. Pizza Hut, Inc., 162 F.3d 1062, 1076 (10th Cir. 1998). “We will reverse
the district court’s factual findings only if we have a definite and firm conviction that the [district]
court made a clear error of judgment or exceeded the bounds of permissible choice in the
circumstances.” Brandau v. State of Kansas, 168 F.3d 1179, 1181 (10th Cir. 1999) (internal
quotations omitted), petition for cert. filed, ___ U.S.L.W. ___ (U.S. Apr. 26, 1999) (No. 98-1705).
Discussion
I. ADA
This court may only adjudicate live controversies. Bauchman v. West High Sch., 132 F.3d
542, 548 (10th Cir. 1997), cert. denied, 118 S.Ct. 2370 (1998). Thus, as a preliminary matter, we
must determine if this case, either in the district court or on appeal, was mooted upon Barr’s
successful score on the MPRE in March, 1998.
On April 1, 1998, the district court granted NCBE’s motion to strike Barr’s damages claims.
-4- (Appellant’s App. at 218 #67). Thus, Barr’s remaining potential remedies were injunctive and
declaratory relief.1 On April 7, 1998, NCBE filed a supplement to its motion for summary judgment
with the district court, advising the court that Barr earned a sufficient scaled score on the March,
1998, MPRE for licensing in the State of Oklahoma. Id. at 173-77. However, this supplement was
not entered on the district court’s docket sheet until April 8, 1998, the same day the district court
entered its Order granting NCBE’s motion for summary judgment. Id. at 218 #68. Thus, the district
court did not have notice of Barr’s success on the March, 1998, MPRE before entering its Order.
As a matter of law, Barr’s claims for injunctive and declaratory relief were moot once he
passed the MPRE, the exam for which he requested the injunctive and declaratory relief. It would
be absurd for a court to order NCBE to grant Barr’s accommodation request for the MPRE once he
passed the exam. See Ashcroft v. Mattis, 431 U.S. 171, 172-73 (1977) (claim for declaratory relief
moot when no “present right” is involved and the primary interest is the emotional satisfaction of
a favorable ruling); Bauchman, 132 F.3d at 548-49 (claims for injunctive and declaratory relief,
based on alleged violation of her constitutional rights resulting from teacher’s and school district’s
choice and authorization of Christian songs for performance by high school choir in which student
was member, were moot, once student graduated from high school).
We hold that the district court’s Order is not moot because it did not have knowledge of his
passage of the MPRE before it entered its Order. However, we hold that Barr’s passage of the
March, 1998, MPRE moots his appeal of the district court’s Order of April 8, 1998, on his ADA
claim for injunctive and declaratory relief.
1 Additionally, at oral argument Barr stated, through counsel, that he stipulated to the dismissal of the damages claims.
-5- Generally, when a civil case becomes moot pending appellate adjudication, we vacate the
judgment below and remand with a direction to dismiss. Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Slater, 169
F.3d 1292, 1298 (10th Cir. 1999). Accordingly, we vacate the district court’s Order of April 8, 1998,
and remand with directions to dismiss the case. See Anderson v. Green, 513 U.S. 557, 560 (1995)
(“In view of the impediment to dispositive adjudication, we direct the vacation of prior judgments
in this case.”).
II. Costs
Barr contends that the district court erred in affirming the court clerk’s taxation of costs
against him in view of his in forma pauperis status, without any credible evidence regarding his
financial net worth, and without giving him an opportunity to respond. NCBE contends that we lack
jurisdiction to consider the district court’s order regarding costs because Barr failed to file a timely
notice of appeal with respect to that order.
On April 22, 1998, NCBE filed its Bill of Costs in the amount of $1,182.47. Barr did not
object to the Bill of Costs and the clerk taxed costs on May 21, 1998. Thereafter, Barr asked the
district court to set aside the clerk’s taxation of costs on the grounds that he had earlier received
permission to proceed in forma pauperis. On June 10, 1998, the district court, by order, declined
to disturb the clerk’s award of costs. Barr did not file a separate notice of appeal regarding the
district court’s June 10, 1998, Order.
Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 4(1)(A) requires the appealing party to file a notice of
appeal within 30 days from the order appealed. The 30-day time for filing a notice of appeal is
extended for certain motions. See Fed. R. App. P. 4(4)(A)(I)-(vi). A Bill of Costs, however, is not
such a motion. In order to timely appeal the district court’s June 10, 1998, Order, Barr must have
-6- filed a notice of appeal no later than July 10, 1998, 30 days from the entry of the order. He did not
do so. See Budinich v. Becton Dickinson & Co., 486 U.S. 196, 200 (1988) (decision on the merits
and award of attorney fees independently appealable); TBG, Inc. v. Bendis, 36 F.3d 916, 921 (10th
Cir. 1994) (“[A] motion to reconsider one final judgment does not extend the time to appeal another
final judgment just because they are part of the same litigation.”); Wielgos v. Commonwealth Edison
Co., 892 F.2d 509, 511-12 (7th Cir. 1989) (motion to reconsider separately appealable award of costs
does not effect the time for appealing the judgment on the merits). Cf. Lampkin v. International
Union, United Auto., Aerospace and Agric. Implement Workers of Am. (UAW), 154 F.3d 1136, 1141
(10th Cir. 1998) (award of attorneys’ fees inseparable from the merits of the claim under unique
circumstances of the case). Therefore, we are without jurisdiction to consider this issue on appeal.
Conclusion
The April 8, 1998, Order of the district court is VACATED as to Barr’s ADA claims for
declaratory and injunctive relief and the case is REMANDED with instructions to dismiss.
Entered for the Court:
James E. Barrett, Senior United States Circuit Judge
-7-