Baroque Timber Indus. (Zhongshan) Co. v. United States
Opinion
Slip Op.
UNITED STATES COURT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE
BAROQUE TIMBER INDUSTRIES (ZHONGSHAN) CO., LTD. AND RIVERSIDE PLYWOOD CORPORATION,
Plaintiffs,
and
ZHEJIANG DADONGWU GREENHOME WOOD CO., LTD., et al.,
Consolidated Plaintiffs,
and Before: Timothy M. Reif, Judge LUMBER LIQUIDATORS SERVICES, LLC, Consol. Court No. 22-00210
Plaintiff-Intervenor,
v.
UNITED STATES,
Defendant,
and
AMERICAN MANUFACTURERS OF MULTILAYERED WOOD FLOORING,
Defendant-Intervenor.
OPINION AND ORDER
[Sustaining in part and remanding in part Commerce’s final results in the ninth administrative review of the countervailing duty order covering multilayered wood flooring from the People’s Republic of China.] Consol. Court No. 22-00210 Page 2
Dated: $SULO
Andrew T. Schutz, Grunfeld, Desiderio, Lebowitz, Silverman & Klestadt LLP, of Washington D.C., argued for plaintiffs Baroque Timber Industries (Zhongshan) Co., Ltd. and Riverside Plywood Corporation. With him on the briefs were Francis J. Sailer and Kavita Mohan.
Sarah Marie Wyss, Kristin H. Mowry and Ronalda G. Smith, Mowry & Grimson, PLLC, of Washington D.C., for consolidated plaintiffs Fine Furniture (Shanghai) Ltd. & Double F Limited.
Adams Chi-Peng Lee, Harris Bricken Sliwoski LLP, of Seattle, WA, for consolidated plaintiff Zhejiang Dadongwu GreenHome Wood Co., Ltd.
Mark Ludwikowski, Kelsey Christensen and Sally Alghazali, Clark Hill PLC, of Washington, D.C., for plaintiff-intervenor Lumber Liquidators Services, LLC.
Kelly M. Geddes, Trial Attorney, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, U.S. Department of Justice, of Washington, D.C., and JonZachary Forbes, Of Counsel, Office of Chief Counsel for Trade Enforcement and Compliance, U.S. Department of Commerce, of Washington, D.C., argued for defendant United States. With them on the brief were Brian M. Boynton, Principal Deputy Assistant Attorney General, Patricia M. McCarthy, Director, and Tara K. Hogan, Assistant Director, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, U.S. Department of Justice, of Washington, D.C.
Timothy C. Brightbill, Stephanie M. Bell and Theodore P. Brackemyre, Wiley Rein LLP, of Washington D.C., for defendant-intervenor American Manufacturers of Multilayered Wood Flooring.
***
Reif, Judge: Before the court are the motions for judgment on the agency record
by plaintiffs Baroque Timber Industries (Zhongshan) Co., Ltd., and Riverside Plywood
Corporation (collectively, “Baroque” or “plaintiff”), 1 consolidated plaintiffs and plaintiff-
intervenor.
1 Baroque Timber is a cross-owned affiliate of Riverside Plywood. Consol. Court No. 22-00210 Page 3
Plaintiff invokes this Court’s subject matter jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1581(c)
and seeks review of the final results of the ninth administrative review by the U.S.
Department of Commerce (“Commerce”) of the countervailing duty (“CVD”) order on
multilayered wood flooring (“MLWF” or “subject merchandise”) from the People’s
Republic of China (“China”), published as Multilayered Wood Flooring from the People’s
Republic of China: Final Results and Partial Recission of Countervailing Duty
Administrative Review; 2019, 87 Fed. Reg. 36,305 (Dep’t of Commerce Jun. 16, 2022)
(“Final Results”), PR 375; Department of Commerce, Issues and Decision
Memorandum for the Final Results of the 2019 Countervailing Duty Administrative
Review of Multilayered Wood Flooring from the People’s Republic of China (June 10,
2022) (“IDM”), PR 369.
Plaintiff alleges that Commerce’s Final Results were not supported by substantial
evidence on the record and were otherwise not in accordance with law in regard to
Commerce’s: (1) calculation of the benchmark price for plywood; (2) calculation of the
benchmark price for veneer; (3) calculation of the inland freight benchmark; (4)
application of adverse facts available (“AFA”) to find certain individually-owned input
suppliers to be government authorities; and (5) application of AFA to find use of the
Export Buyer’s Credit Program (“EBCP”). See Baroque Mot. for J. on the Agency
Record (“Baroque Br.”), ECF No. 44.
For the reasons discussed below, the court sustains in part and remands in part
Commerce’s Final Results. Consol. Court No. 22-00210 Page 4
BACKGROUND
On December 8, 2011, Commerce issued a CVD order on MLWF from China.
Multilayered Wood Flooring from the People’s Republic of China: Countervailing Duty
Order, 76 Fed. Reg. 76,693 (Dep’t of Commerce Dec. 8, 2011), amended by
Multilayered Wood Flooring from the People’s Republic of China: Amended
Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Orders, 77 Fed. Reg. 5,484 (Dep’t of Commerce
Feb. 3, 2012). 2
On December 2, 2020, Commerce issued a notice that interested parties could
request an administrative review of the CVD order. Antidumping or Countervailing Duty
Order, Finding, or Suspended Investigation; Opportunity to Request Administrative
Review, 85 Fed. Reg. 77,431 (Dep’t of Commerce Dec. 2, 2020).
On February 4, 2021, Commerce initiated an administrative review of the CVD
order on MLWF from China for the period of review (“POR”) January 1, 2019, through
December 31, 2019. Initiation of Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Administrative
Reviews, 86 Fed. Reg. 8,166 (Dep’t of Commerce Feb. 4, 2021), PR 62.
On March 19, 2021, Commerce selected Baroque as well as Jiangsu Senmao
Bamboo and Wood Industry Co., Ltd. (“Senmao”) as mandatory respondents in the
administrative review. Department of Commerce, Respondent Selection Memorandum
(Mar. 19, 2021), CR 10, PR 77.
2 The amendment consisted of removing an incorrect Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (“HTS”) number from the scope of the orders. Multilayered Wood Flooring from the People’s Republic of China: Amended Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Orders, 77 Fed. Reg. 5,484 (Dep’t of Commerce Feb. 3, 2012). Consol. Court No. 22-00210 Page 5
On December 27, 2021, Commerce published its preliminary results, in which it
calculated a preliminary countervailable subsidy rate of 22.70 percent for Baroque, 5.50
percent for Senmao and 15.71 percent for the non-selected companies. Multilayered
Wood Flooring from the People’s Republic of China: Preliminary Results of
Countervailing Duty Administrative Review, and Intent to Rescind Review, in Part; 2019,
86 Fed. Reg. 73,244 (Dep’t of Commerce Dec. 27, 2021) (“Preliminary Results”), PR
311; Department of Commerce, Preliminary Decision Memorandum for the Preliminary
Results of Countervailing Duty Administrative Review, and Intent to Rescind Review, In
Part; 2019 (Dec. 17, 2021) (“PDM”), PR 303.
In its preliminary results, Commerce determined to calculate benchmark prices
for plywood and veneer, two inputs used to produce MLWF, by taking an average of two
datasets in the record: a dataset from the International Tropical Timber Organization
(“ITTO”) containing plywood data from Brazil and Peru and a global dataset from the
United Nations Comtrade database (“UN Comtrade”). PDM at 40-42.
Commerce determined also to calculate the benchmark rate for inland freight by
taking the simple average of two freight rates published in the World Bank’s Doing
Business in China 2020 Report. Id. at 43-44.
Additionally, Commerce preliminarily determined to apply an adverse inference
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Slip Op.
UNITED STATES COURT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE
BAROQUE TIMBER INDUSTRIES (ZHONGSHAN) CO., LTD. AND RIVERSIDE PLYWOOD CORPORATION,
Plaintiffs,
and
ZHEJIANG DADONGWU GREENHOME WOOD CO., LTD., et al.,
Consolidated Plaintiffs,
and Before: Timothy M. Reif, Judge LUMBER LIQUIDATORS SERVICES, LLC, Consol. Court No. 22-00210
Plaintiff-Intervenor,
v.
UNITED STATES,
Defendant,
and
AMERICAN MANUFACTURERS OF MULTILAYERED WOOD FLOORING,
Defendant-Intervenor.
OPINION AND ORDER
[Sustaining in part and remanding in part Commerce’s final results in the ninth administrative review of the countervailing duty order covering multilayered wood flooring from the People’s Republic of China.] Consol. Court No. 22-00210 Page 2
Dated: $SULO
Andrew T. Schutz, Grunfeld, Desiderio, Lebowitz, Silverman & Klestadt LLP, of Washington D.C., argued for plaintiffs Baroque Timber Industries (Zhongshan) Co., Ltd. and Riverside Plywood Corporation. With him on the briefs were Francis J. Sailer and Kavita Mohan.
Sarah Marie Wyss, Kristin H. Mowry and Ronalda G. Smith, Mowry & Grimson, PLLC, of Washington D.C., for consolidated plaintiffs Fine Furniture (Shanghai) Ltd. & Double F Limited.
Adams Chi-Peng Lee, Harris Bricken Sliwoski LLP, of Seattle, WA, for consolidated plaintiff Zhejiang Dadongwu GreenHome Wood Co., Ltd.
Mark Ludwikowski, Kelsey Christensen and Sally Alghazali, Clark Hill PLC, of Washington, D.C., for plaintiff-intervenor Lumber Liquidators Services, LLC.
Kelly M. Geddes, Trial Attorney, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, U.S. Department of Justice, of Washington, D.C., and JonZachary Forbes, Of Counsel, Office of Chief Counsel for Trade Enforcement and Compliance, U.S. Department of Commerce, of Washington, D.C., argued for defendant United States. With them on the brief were Brian M. Boynton, Principal Deputy Assistant Attorney General, Patricia M. McCarthy, Director, and Tara K. Hogan, Assistant Director, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, U.S. Department of Justice, of Washington, D.C.
Timothy C. Brightbill, Stephanie M. Bell and Theodore P. Brackemyre, Wiley Rein LLP, of Washington D.C., for defendant-intervenor American Manufacturers of Multilayered Wood Flooring.
***
Reif, Judge: Before the court are the motions for judgment on the agency record
by plaintiffs Baroque Timber Industries (Zhongshan) Co., Ltd., and Riverside Plywood
Corporation (collectively, “Baroque” or “plaintiff”), 1 consolidated plaintiffs and plaintiff-
intervenor.
1 Baroque Timber is a cross-owned affiliate of Riverside Plywood. Consol. Court No. 22-00210 Page 3
Plaintiff invokes this Court’s subject matter jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1581(c)
and seeks review of the final results of the ninth administrative review by the U.S.
Department of Commerce (“Commerce”) of the countervailing duty (“CVD”) order on
multilayered wood flooring (“MLWF” or “subject merchandise”) from the People’s
Republic of China (“China”), published as Multilayered Wood Flooring from the People’s
Republic of China: Final Results and Partial Recission of Countervailing Duty
Administrative Review; 2019, 87 Fed. Reg. 36,305 (Dep’t of Commerce Jun. 16, 2022)
(“Final Results”), PR 375; Department of Commerce, Issues and Decision
Memorandum for the Final Results of the 2019 Countervailing Duty Administrative
Review of Multilayered Wood Flooring from the People’s Republic of China (June 10,
2022) (“IDM”), PR 369.
Plaintiff alleges that Commerce’s Final Results were not supported by substantial
evidence on the record and were otherwise not in accordance with law in regard to
Commerce’s: (1) calculation of the benchmark price for plywood; (2) calculation of the
benchmark price for veneer; (3) calculation of the inland freight benchmark; (4)
application of adverse facts available (“AFA”) to find certain individually-owned input
suppliers to be government authorities; and (5) application of AFA to find use of the
Export Buyer’s Credit Program (“EBCP”). See Baroque Mot. for J. on the Agency
Record (“Baroque Br.”), ECF No. 44.
For the reasons discussed below, the court sustains in part and remands in part
Commerce’s Final Results. Consol. Court No. 22-00210 Page 4
BACKGROUND
On December 8, 2011, Commerce issued a CVD order on MLWF from China.
Multilayered Wood Flooring from the People’s Republic of China: Countervailing Duty
Order, 76 Fed. Reg. 76,693 (Dep’t of Commerce Dec. 8, 2011), amended by
Multilayered Wood Flooring from the People’s Republic of China: Amended
Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Orders, 77 Fed. Reg. 5,484 (Dep’t of Commerce
Feb. 3, 2012). 2
On December 2, 2020, Commerce issued a notice that interested parties could
request an administrative review of the CVD order. Antidumping or Countervailing Duty
Order, Finding, or Suspended Investigation; Opportunity to Request Administrative
Review, 85 Fed. Reg. 77,431 (Dep’t of Commerce Dec. 2, 2020).
On February 4, 2021, Commerce initiated an administrative review of the CVD
order on MLWF from China for the period of review (“POR”) January 1, 2019, through
December 31, 2019. Initiation of Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Administrative
Reviews, 86 Fed. Reg. 8,166 (Dep’t of Commerce Feb. 4, 2021), PR 62.
On March 19, 2021, Commerce selected Baroque as well as Jiangsu Senmao
Bamboo and Wood Industry Co., Ltd. (“Senmao”) as mandatory respondents in the
administrative review. Department of Commerce, Respondent Selection Memorandum
(Mar. 19, 2021), CR 10, PR 77.
2 The amendment consisted of removing an incorrect Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (“HTS”) number from the scope of the orders. Multilayered Wood Flooring from the People’s Republic of China: Amended Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Orders, 77 Fed. Reg. 5,484 (Dep’t of Commerce Feb. 3, 2012). Consol. Court No. 22-00210 Page 5
On December 27, 2021, Commerce published its preliminary results, in which it
calculated a preliminary countervailable subsidy rate of 22.70 percent for Baroque, 5.50
percent for Senmao and 15.71 percent for the non-selected companies. Multilayered
Wood Flooring from the People’s Republic of China: Preliminary Results of
Countervailing Duty Administrative Review, and Intent to Rescind Review, in Part; 2019,
86 Fed. Reg. 73,244 (Dep’t of Commerce Dec. 27, 2021) (“Preliminary Results”), PR
311; Department of Commerce, Preliminary Decision Memorandum for the Preliminary
Results of Countervailing Duty Administrative Review, and Intent to Rescind Review, In
Part; 2019 (Dec. 17, 2021) (“PDM”), PR 303.
In its preliminary results, Commerce determined to calculate benchmark prices
for plywood and veneer, two inputs used to produce MLWF, by taking an average of two
datasets in the record: a dataset from the International Tropical Timber Organization
(“ITTO”) containing plywood data from Brazil and Peru and a global dataset from the
United Nations Comtrade database (“UN Comtrade”). PDM at 40-42.
Commerce determined also to calculate the benchmark rate for inland freight by
taking the simple average of two freight rates published in the World Bank’s Doing
Business in China 2020 Report. Id. at 43-44.
Additionally, Commerce preliminarily determined to apply an adverse inference
that certain individually-owned input suppliers were authorities of the Government of
China (“GOC”) because the GOC withheld information that Commerce deemed
necessary for analyzing Chinese Communist Party (“CCP”) involvement in those
suppliers. Id. at 13-16. Consol. Court No. 22-00210 Page 6
Commerce determined also to apply an adverse inference that Baroque’s and
Senmao’s U.S. customers benefited from the EBCP, based on a finding that the GOC
and mandatory respondents withheld necessary information for assessing whether such
customers had used the EBCP. Id. at 19-29.
On June 16, 2022, Commerce published its Final Results, in which it calculated a
final countervailable subsidy rate of 12.74 percent for Baroque, 3.36 percent for
Senmao and 9.85 percent for the non-selected companies. Final Results, 87 Fed. Reg.
at 36,306. In its Final Results, Commerce continued to use both UN Comtrade and
ITTO data to calculate benchmarks for plywood and veneer. IDM at 92. However,
Commerce determined that it would calculate two separate benchmark prices for
backboard and face veneer, in contrast with its preliminary calculation of a single veneer
benchmark. Id. at 91. With regard to the application of adverse inferences relevant to
this case, Commerce made no changes from the preliminary results. See id. at 23, 54.
On July 18, 2022, and on August 17, 2022, Baroque filed its summons and
complaint, respectively, before the Court seeking judicial review of certain aspects of
the Final Results. Summons, ECF No. 1; Complaint, ECF No. 10. Consol. Court No. 22-00210 Page 7
On September 20, 2022, the court granted defendant’s consent motion to
consolidate Baroque’s action with three other actions involving the same administrative
review. 3 Order Def.’s Mot. to Consol., ECF No. 33. 4
On February 7, 2023, and on March 9, 2023, plaintiff, consolidated plaintiffs, and
plaintiff-intervenor filed motions for judgment on the agency record. Mots. for J. on the
Agency Record, ECF Nos. 44-48. 5
On September 26, 2024, the court heard oral argument. See Oral Arg. Tr., ECF
No. 77.
As noted, in its motion, plaintiff maintains that Commerce’s Final Results were
not supported by substantial evidence on the record and were otherwise not in
accordance with law with regard to Commerce’s: (1) calculation of the benchmark price
for plywood; (2) calculation of the benchmark price for veneer; (3) calculation of the
inland freight benchmark; (4) application of AFA to find certain input suppliers to be
government authorities; and (5) application of AFA to find use of the EBCP. See
Baroque Br. at 1-3.
3 These actions were filed by: (1) Zhejiang Dadongwu GreenHome Wood Co., Ltd. (“GreenHome”), a foreign producer and exporter of MLWF (Case No. 22-00207); (2) Evolutions Flooring Inc. and Struxtur, Inc. (collectively, “Evolutions”), domestic importers of MLWF (Case No. 22-00209); and (3) Fine Furniture (Shanghai) Ltd. and Double F Ltd. (collectively, “Fine Furniture”), foreign producers and exporters of MLWF (Case No. 22-00211) (together, with Evolutions and GreenHome, “consolidated plaintiffs”). 4 On the same day, the court granted also the consent motion of the American Manufacturers of Multilayered Wood Flooring (“AMMWF”) to intervene as a defendant- intervenor. Order AMMWF’s Mot. to. Inter., ECF No. 32. 5 These motions were filed by: (1) Baroque, ECF No. 44; (2) plaintiff-intervenor Lumber Liquidators Services, LLC (“Lumber Liquidators”), a domestic importer of MLWF, ECF No. 45; (3) Evolutions, ECF No. 46; (4) GreenHome, ECF No. 47; and (5) Fine Furniture, ECF No. 48. Consol. Court No. 22-00210 Page 8
JURISDICTION AND STANDARD OF REVIEW
Whether a court has subject matter jurisdiction to hear an action is a “threshold”
inquiry. Steel Co. v. Citizens for a Better Env’t, 523 U.S. 83, 94 (1998). The court
exercises jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §1581(c).
The court will uphold Commerce’s determinations in CVD proceedings unless
they are “unsupported by substantial evidence on the record, or otherwise not in
accordance with law.” 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(b)(1)(B)(i).
“Substantial evidence is more than a mere scintilla. It means such relevant
evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.”
Consol. Edison Co. of New York v. N.L.R.B., 305 U.S. 197, 229 (1938) (citations
omitted). “The substantiality of evidence must take into account whatever in the record
fairly detracts from its weight." Universal Camera Corp. v. N.L.R.B., 340 U.S. 474, 488
(1951).
A court “[is] obliged to set aside Commerce's determination if it is unsupported by
substantial evidence on the record[ ] or otherwise not in accordance with law. To fulfill
that obligation, . . . Commerce [must] examine the record and articulate a satisfactory
explanation for its action.” CS Wind Vietnam Co. v. United States, 832 F.3d 1367, 1376
(Fed. Cir. 2016) (internal quotation marks and citations omitted).
“[W]hen a statute grants an agency power to administer fact-intensive inquires,
the agency's conclusion should be reversed only if the record is ‘so compelling that no
reasonable factfinder’ could reach the same conclusion.” Cooper (Kunshan) Tire Co. v.
United States, 45 CIT __, __, 539 F. Supp. 3d 1316, 1325 (2021) (citing INS v. Elias-
Zacarias, 502 U.S. 478, 484 (1992)). Consol. Court No. 22-00210 Page 9
“To be in accordance with law, the agency's decision must be authorized by the
statute, and consistent with the agency's regulations.” Yama Ribbons & Bows Co. v.
United States, 36 CIT 1250, 1253, 865 F. Supp. 2d 1294, 1297 (2012) (internal
quotation marks and citation omitted). It is well-established that an agency's action
must be upheld, if at all, on the basis articulated by the agency itself. Motor Vehicle
Mfrs. Ass'n of U.S., Inc. v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 463 U.S. 29, 50 (1983)
(citations omitted). A reviewing court will “uphold a decision of less than ideal clarity if
the agency's path may reasonably be discerned.” Id. at 43.
DISCUSSION
I. Whether Commerce’s calculation of the benchmark for plywood is supported by substantial evidence and otherwise in accordance with law
The court addresses first Baroque’s challenge to Commerce’s calculation of the
plywood benchmark. Specifically, Baroque challenges Commerce’s inclusion of non-
grade specific UN Comtrade data in Commerce’s tier two plywood benchmark
calculation.
A. Additional Background
In the Final Results, Commerce calculated plywood benchmark prices by
averaging the UN Comtrade data and the ITTO data placed on the record. See IDM at
86. The UN Comtrade dataset consists of data reported monthly by approximately 90
countries for plywood transactions during the period of review. See Wiley, AMMWF
Benchmark Pricing Information (Nov. 22, 2021) at Ex. 1-A, PR 256, 266-275; Husch
Blackwell, Senmao Benchmark Pricing Information (Nov. 22, 2021) at Attachs. 1-3, CR
92-100, PR 257. The ITTO dataset contains C/CC grade plywood export prices from
Brazil and Peru during the period of review. See GDLSK, Riverside Benchmark Data Consol. Court No. 22-00210 Page 10
Submission (Nov. 23, 2022) (“Baroque Benchmark Pricing Information”) at Ex. 2, CR
101-116, PR 276-286.
B. Legal Framework
A countervailing duty is “a remedial measure that provides relief to domestic
manufacturers by imposing duties upon imports of comparable foreign products that
have the benefit of a subsidy from the foreign government.” Fine Furniture (Shanghai)
Ltd. v. United States, 748 F.3d 1365, 1368 (Fed. Cir. 2014). The countervailing duty
imposed shall be “equal to the amount of the net countervailable subsidy.” 19 U.S.C. §
1671(a).
Commerce will determine that a countervailable subsidy exists when a foreign
authority provides a specific financial contribution to a party, and that party benefits
therefrom. See id. § 1677(5). A benefit is conferred where “goods or services are
provided for less than adequate remuneration,” (“LTAR”) which is “determined in relation
to prevailing market conditions for the good . . . which is subject to the investigation or
review.” Id. § 1677(5)(E)(iv). Prevailing market conditions include “price, quality,
availability, marketability, transportation, and other conditions of purchase or sale.” Id.
To determine whether goods were provided for less than adequate remuneration,
“Commerce must determine the proper benchmark price.” Essar Steel Ltd. v. United
States, 678 F.3d 1268, 1273 (Fed. Cir. 2012) (citing 19 C.F.R. § 351.511). The
benchmark price is “the price that could have constituted adequate remuneration.” Fine
Furniture, 748 F.3d at 1368. To measure the adequacy of remuneration, Commerce
“compares the respondent’s reported costs for the input in question . . . with the
calculated benchmark price, which is representative of the market price for the good at Consol. Court No. 22-00210 Page 11
issue.” Beijing Tianhai Indus. Co. v. United States, 39 CIT __, __, 52 F. Supp. 3d 1351,
1356 n.9 (2015).
Under 19 C.F.R. § 351.511(a)(2), Commerce sets forth the “bases for identifying
an appropriate market-based benchmark for measuring the adequacy of the
remuneration of a government provided good or service.” Id. In order of preference,
the potential benchmarks are as follows: (1) market prices from actual transactions
within the country under investigation for the government-provided good (e.g., actual
sales, actual imports, or competitively run government auctions) (“tier one”
benchmarks); (2) world market prices that would be available to purchasers in the
country under investigation (“tier two” benchmarks); or (3) prices consistent with market
principles based on an assessment by Commerce of the government-set price (“tier
three” benchmarks). Id. (citing High Pressure Steel Cylinders from the People’s
Republic of China: Preliminary Affirmative Countervailing Duty Determination and
Alignment of Final Countervailing Duty Determination with Final Antidumping Duty
Determination, 76 Fed. Reg. 64,301, 64,304 (Dep't of Commerce Oct. 18, 2011)).
“If there is no useable market-determined price with which to make the
comparison,” then Commerce will calculate a tier two benchmark, “measur[ing] the
adequacy of remuneration by comparing the government price to a world market price
where it is reasonable to conclude that such price would be available to purchasers in
the country in question.” 19 C.F.R. § 351.511(a)(2)(ii). In calculating a tier two
benchmark, if “there is more than one commercially available world market price,”
Commerce is required to “average such prices to the extent practicable, making due
allowance for factors affecting comparability.” Id. “These factors ensure that the Consol. Court No. 22-00210 Page 12
composite benchmark reflects prevailing market conditions in the [producer’s] home
country. [The factors] include ‘price, quality, availability, marketability, transportation,
and other conditions of purchase or sale.’” RZBC Grp. Shareholding Co. v. United
States, 39 CIT __, __, 100 F. Supp. 3d 1288, 1305 (2015) (citing 19 U.S.C. §
1677(5)(E)).
“The court’s role is not to assess whether the benchmark data Commerce used
was [sic] the ‘best available,’ but rather whether Commerce's choice was reasonable.”
Guizhou Tyre Co. v. United States, 42 CIT __, __, 348 F. Supp. 3d 1261, 1274 (2018)
(citing Peer Bearing Company-Changshan v. United States, 27 CIT 1763, 1770, 298 F.
Supp. 2d 1328, 1336 (2003)).
C. Analysis
For the reasons discussed below, the court is not able to conclude that
Commerce’s calculation of the plywood benchmark is supported by substantial
evidence. The court remands to Commerce to take the actions as set forth below.
In the Final Results, Commerce determined to calculate the final plywood
benchmark by averaging both the non-grade specific UN Comtrade data and the ITTO
C/CC grade data from Brazil and Peru. See IDM at 86-88.
In the IDM, Commerce explained that it continued to include the UN Comtrade
data in its calculation because Baroque “did not adequately support its arguments that
the UN Comtrade data are inappropriate to calculate plywood benchmarks for Baroque
Timber’s purchases of C/D grade plywood.” Id. at 86. Commerce added that “the UN
Comtrade plywood data on the record include all grades of plywood.” Id. Additionally,
Commerce cited its “practice to average multiple world market prices, pursuant to 19 Consol. Court No. 22-00210 Page 13
C.F.R. § 351.511(a)(2)(ii)” in determining to average the UN Comtrade and ITTO C/CC
grade data. Id.
Baroque asserts that Commerce’s plywood benchmark calculation was
unsupported by substantial evidence because Commerce disregarded information in the
record demonstrating the importance of grade in plywood valuation and that Baroque’s
input purchases were limited to C/D grade plywood. Baroque Br. at 15-16. Specifically,
Baroque contends that Commerce disregarded supplier certifications, expert testimony,
and various articles and website printouts demonstrating that using data containing
higher-grade plywood prices, such as the UN Comtrade data, would be distortive and
inaccurate. Id.
The court concludes that Commerce did not address adequately the information
in the record demonstrating that the UN Comtrade data are overbroad and, on that
basis, may not be comparable for purposes of the plywood benchmark calculation.
In the IDM, Commerce acknowledged that the record demonstrated that plywood
grade has a significant impact on price and that Baroque purchased only lower grade
plywood. However, notwithstanding that Commerce acknowledged this fact, Commerce
determined to use the UN Comtrade data because it “include[d] all grades of plywood.”
IDM at 86.
“The substantiality of evidence must take into account whatever in the record
fairly detracts from its weight.” Universal Camera Corp., 340 U.S. at 488; see also
Nippon Steel Corp. v. United States, 458 F.3d 1345, 1351 (Fed. Cir. 2006) (“A reviewing
court must consider the record as a whole . . . .”). Consol. Court No. 22-00210 Page 14
“While [the agency] need not address every argument and piece of evidence, it
must address significant arguments and evidence which seriously undermines [sic] its
reasoning and conclusions.” Altx, Inc. v. United States, 25 CIT 1100, 1117-18, 167 F.
Supp. 2d 1353, 1374 (2001) (internal citation omitted).
Commerce did not address adequately the “significant arguments and evidence”
put forth by Baroque that “seriously undermine[]” Commerce’s determination to include
the UN Comtrade data in the plywood benchmark. Id. at 1117-18, 167 F. Supp. 2d at
1374. The court does not conclude that the information that “fairly detracts” from
Commerce’s determination itself constitutes substantial evidence for an alternative
conclusion, Universal Camera Corp., 340 U.S. at 488; rather, Commerce has not shown
that its conclusion is supported by substantial evidence considering the record as a
whole. See Nippon Steel Corp., 458 F.3d at 1351.
Accordingly, the court remands to Commerce to explain adequately its conclusion
in light of the record and arguments presented that inclusion of the UN Comtrade data is
appropriate to calculate the plywood benchmark.
II. Whether Commerce’s calculation of the benchmarks for veneer is supported by substantial evidence and otherwise in accordance with law
The court addresses next Baroque’s challenge to Commerce’s calculation of the
benchmarks for face and backboard veneer. In particular, Baroque challenges
Commerce’s inclusion of the UN Comtrade data, which do not distinguish between face
and backboard veneer, in calculating separate benchmarks for face and backboard
veneer. See Baroque Br. at 18-21.
For the reasons discussed below, the court is not able to conclude that
Commerce’s calculations of the benchmarks for face and backboard veneer are Consol. Court No. 22-00210 Page 15
supported by substantial evidence. The court remands to Commerce to take the
actions as set forth below.
In the Final Results, Commerce determined to calculate separate benchmarks for
face and backboard veneer by taking the average of both the global UN Comtrade data
and the relevant ITTO data from Ghana and Peru. See IDM at 91-92. The ITTO Ghana
data are differentiated by backboard or face veneer while the UN Comtrade data and
the ITTO Peru data are not. See Baroque Benchmark Pricing Information at Ex. 2.
In the IDM, Commerce explained that it continued to include the UN Comtrade
data because Baroque “did not show that the [UN Comtrade] benchmark data on the
record is [sic] unrepresentative of backboard and face veneer purchases.” IDM at 92.
Additionally, Commerce stated that Baroque’s argument was undercut by its submission
of “benchmark information that included both core and face veneer.” 6 Id. Commerce
added that it continued to find that the UN Comtrade data “describe both reported sets
of purchases and thus are still suitable for benchmarking backboard and face veneer”
because Commerce lacked “further information on the record about the composition of
the UN Comtrade data with respect to face veneer and backboard/core veneer.” Id.
Baroque argues that Commerce’s inclusion of the UN Comtrade data was
unsupported by substantial evidence because Commerce failed to address adequately
significant information in the record detracting from Commerce’s conclusion. Baroque
contends that the UN Comtrade data would “be distortive of both benchmarks – i.e.,
artificially lowering one price and artificially increasing the other price,” regardless of the
6 As noted above, Baroque submitted ITTO data from Ghana, which are differentiated by backboard or face veneer, and Peru, which contain undifferentiated core and face veneer prices. See Baroque Benchmark Pricing Information at Ex. 2. Consol. Court No. 22-00210 Page 16
exact composition of the data. Baroque Br. at 20. Further, Baroque asserts that it is in
fact “impossible to know the exact composition of” the UN Comtrade data with respect
to veneers. Plaintiffs’ Reply Brief (“Pl. Reply Br.”) at 8, ECF No. 59.
The court concludes that Commerce did not address adequately the information
in the record demonstrating that backboard and face veneer are distinct and that,
therefore, the UN Comtrade data containing both backboard and face veneer could be
overly broad and distortive. See NTSF Seafoods Joint Stock Co. v. United States, Slip
Op. 22-38, 2022 WL 1375150, at *22 (CIT Apr. 25, 2022) (remanding for Commerce to
address “conflicting evidence on the record”).
Commerce “need not address every argument and piece of evidence,” but “it
must address significant arguments and evidence which seriously undermines [sic] its
reasoning and conclusions.” Altx, Inc., 25 CIT at 1117-18, 167 F. Supp. 2d at 1374
(internal citation omitted).
In the IDM, Commerce stated that the “record supports [Baroque’s] claims that
[its] backboard differs from face veneers in terms of wood species, price and use.” IDM
at 91 (internal quotation marks omitted). In doing so, Commerce accepted the following
information, which would appear to detract from Commerce’s conclusion to include the
UN Comtrade data: (1) Commerce noted that Baroque “provided industry information on
the classification of wood products” and that “pictures of sample backboard and face
veneer provided by [Baroque] generally conform to these grading practices”; (2)
Commerce stated that Baroque demonstrated that it “differentiates between backboard
and face veneer throughout its purchasing, warehousing, and invoicing systems”; (3)
Commerce found that Baroque’s “suppliers for backboard and face veneer are entirely Consol. Court No. 22-00210 Page 17
separate”; and (4) Commerce found also that Baroque “submitted benchmark data . . .
specific to backboard and to face veneer . . . . [that] further demonstrate that the
distinction between backboard and face veneer is common throughout the industry and
are appropriate to value” Baroque’s purchases. Id. at 91-92.
In sum, the IDM contains a detailed discussion of the support in the record for the
distinction between face and backboard veneer and raises questions about
Commerce’s conclusion on this issue; however, Commerce then concluded that
Baroque “did not show that the [UN Comtrade] benchmark data on the record is
unrepresentative of backboard and face veneer purchases.” Id.
This sentence does not make the path of Commerce’s decision to include the UN
Comtrade data in the benchmarks for face and backboard veneers “reasonably
discernible.” NMB Singapore Ltd. v. United States, 557 F.3d 1316, 1319 (Fed. Cir.
2009). For substantially the same reasons, Commerce has not explained adequately its
use of ITTO Peru Core/Face data, which are likewise undifferentiated by veneer type.
See Baroque Benchmark Pricing Information at Ex. 2. Baroque does not object to
Commerce’s use of the ITTO Peru data but does not provide any reason that this use
should be analyzed differently than Commerce’s use of UN Comtrade data.
Accordingly, the court remands to Commerce to explain adequately its conclusion
in light of the record and arguments presented that inclusion of the UN Comtrade and
ITTO Peru data is appropriate to calculate the benchmarks for face and backboard
veneer. If, on remand, Commerce determines that it is unable to provide such an
explanation, then Commerce is instructed to recalculate the benchmarks for face and
backboard veneer using solely the ITTO Ghana data. Consol. Court No. 22-00210 Page 18
III. Whether Commerce’s calculation of the inland freight benchmark is supported by substantial evidence and otherwise in accordance with law
The court turns to Baroque’s challenge to Commerce’s determination to calculate
the benchmark for inland freight by using a simple average of the Beijing and Shanghai
inland freight rates as reported by the World Bank’s Doing Business in China 2020
Report.
For the reasons discussed below, the court concludes that Commerce’s
calculation of the benchmark for inland freight was reasonable and supported by
substantial evidence.
A. Additional Background
As part of its LTAR calculations, Commerce calculated an inland freight
benchmark for the value of transporting inputs from seaports to manufacturing facilities.
See IDM at 97. Commerce relied on benchmark data from the World Bank’s Doing
Business in China 2020 Report. Id.
The World Bank China report provides hypothetical case studies for the cost of
shipping a standardized 15 metric ton import to a given city, such as Shanghai or
Beijing, from the nearest port. See Senmao Benchmark Pricing Information at Attach. 9.
The freight rates for each city are reported on a dollar per metric ton per kilometer basis.
Id. Commerce calculated the inland freight benchmark rate by simple averaging the
World Bank freight rates for Shanghai and Beijing. See IDM at 97. Consol. Court No. 22-00210 Page 19
B. Analysis
In the Final Results, Commerce determined to calculate the inland freight
benchmark using “a simple average of the China-Shanghai and China-Beijing rates
applied to each respondents’ factory-to-seaport distances.” Id.
In the IDM, Commerce offered three reasons for its conclusion. First, the inland
freight benchmark calculation was “consistent with Commerce’s practice in other
countervailing duty proceedings.” Id. (citing Boltless Steel Shelving Units Prepackaged
for Sale from the People’s Republic of China: Final Affirmative Countervailing Duty
Determination, 80 Fed. Reg. 51,775 (Dep’t of Commerce Aug. 26, 2015) and
accompanying IDM at cmt. 7 (“[T]he best methodology is to calculate a simple average
of these [benchmark] prices.”)). Second, Baroque failed to identify “past proceedings
where Commerce has employed a weight-average method.” Id. Third, notwithstanding
that “for certain other input benchmark calculations in this review [Commerce] employed
a weighted-average approach,” that approach was not necessary for Commerce’s
calculation of the inland freight benchmark “because the evidence on the record
demonstrates that the inland freight benchmark information is already provided on the
same basis (i.e., per kilometer) as the respondents’ reported distances.” Id.
Additionally, Commerce asserted that there was “no evidence on the record of this
review demonstrating [that plaintiff’s] alternate methodologies would result in a more
accurate approximation of the respondents’ inland freight costs.” Id.
Baroque argues that “the simple average employed by the Department did not
account for the different transporting distance with respect to each rate, resulting in a
distorted benchmark.” Pl. Reply Br. at 10. Instead of a simple average, Baroque Consol. Court No. 22-00210 Page 20
argues that Commerce should have “weight-averaged the Beijing and Shanghai rates
by: first summing the weight, distance, and cost separately for Beijing and Shanghai;
and then calculating the weighted average.” Baroque Br. at 21.
This Court has sustained previously Commerce’s use of a simple average to
calculate freight rates using the World Bank’s Doing Business report where respondents
“neither explain[ed] why Commerce’s use of a simple average was unreasonable, nor
show[ed] how . . . their proposed [weighted average] method would lead to a more
accurate calculation.” Zhejiang Sanmei Chem. Indus. Co. v. United States, 48 CIT __,
__, 745 F. Supp. 3d 1356, 1380 (2024). In Zhejiang Sanmei Chemical, the Court
accepted as sufficient Commerce’s explanation that plaintiff failed to demonstrate that a
simple average was “incorrect on logical or mathematical principles.” Id. Likewise,
Baroque has not articulated any “logical or mathematical principles” that demonstrate
that Commerce’s use of a simple average was distortive. Id.
This Court has articulated previously the circumstances under which use of a
simple average benchmark would be unreasonable and unsupported by substantial
evidence. See RZBC Grp. Shareholding Co., 39 CIT at __, 100 F. Supp. 3d at 1308-11
(holding that use of simple averages “distorted Commerce’s benchmarks” by giving
“undue weight to small-quantity, high-cost shipments”).
Baroque has not in this case demonstrated that Commerce’s simple average is
distortive. Accordingly, Baroque “has not established that Commerce's methodology is
either unlawful or unsupported by substantial evidence, and accordingly, [Commerce]
must be sustained.” NSK Ltd. v. United States, 29 CIT 1, 16, 358 F. Supp. 2d 1276,
1290 (2005). Consol. Court No. 22-00210 Page 21
IV. Whether Commerce’s application of AFA to find certain of Baroque’s input suppliers to be government authorities was supported by substantial evidence and otherwise in accordance with law
The court addresses next Baroque’s challenge to Commerce’s application of AFA
to find certain of Baroque’s input suppliers to be government authorities. 7 Specifically,
Baroque argues that Commerce’s application of AFA was unlawful for two reasons: (1)
necessary information was not missing from the record; and (2) Commerce failed to
specify deficiencies in the GOC’s responses and did not permit the GOC to correct such
deficiencies.
For the reasons set forth below, the court concludes that Commerce’s application
of an adverse inference to find certain of Baroque’s input suppliers to be government
authorities was not in accordance with law. The court remands to Commerce to take
the actions as set forth below.
A. Additional Background
On March 23, 2021, Commerce issued its initial countervailing duty questionnaire
to the GOC. See Department of Commerce, Initial CVD Questionnaire (Mar. 23, 2021)
(“Initial Questionnaire”), PR 78.
In the “Input Producer Appendix” to the Initial Questionnaire, Commerce
requested information pertaining to the ownership and structure of Baroque’s input
suppliers, as well as the presence or involvement of any CCP entities in those suppliers.
See Initial Questionnaire at II-38 to II-42. Specifically, Commerce asked the GOC
“whether a CCP committee, branch or ‘primary organization’ has been formed” within
7 Baroque reported more than 100 input suppliers but challenges the application of AFA to only eight. See Baroque Br. at Attach. 1. Consol. Court No. 22-00210 Page 22
any of the suppliers and whether “any decisions taken by [a supplier] are subject to
review or approval by” the GOC or by any one of nine listed CCP-associated entities
(the “nine entities question”). Id. at II-40. Additionally, Commerce asked the GOC to
“identify any individual owners, members of the board of directors, or senior managers
who were Government or CCP officials during the POR” (the “CCP officials question”).
Id. at II-41.
Further, Commerce asked the GOC to “explain how [it] developed the information
used in [its] response . . . to determine whether or not company owners, members of the
board of directors or managers were or were not officials of any of the above nine
entities.” Id. For this question, Commerce specifically asked the GOC to address the
following points: (1) the “records question”: “What records did you review to determine
the information that was reported in the response?”; (2) the “government sources
question”: “Explain whether there are sources at the national, provincial, municipal, or
local levels to determine whether company owners, members of the board of directors
or managers were officials of any of the above nine entities”; (3) the “annual reports
question”: “In addition to Government records (including CCP records), is there
information in the annual reports of the companies, such as biographical summaries,
that would indicate whether company owners, members of the board of directors or
managers were officials of any of the above nine entities?”; and (4) the “other
documents question”: “Explain whether there are any other company records or
company documents that are submitted to the Government that would indicate a
person’s official role with the Government, including the CCP.” Id. Consol. Court No. 22-00210 Page 23
On May 20, 2021, the GOC submitted its response to Commerce’s Initial
Questionnaire. See GOC, Section II Questionnaire Response (May 20, 2023) (“GOC
IQR”), CR 45-61, PR 115-126. As to the nine entities question, the GOC responded for
each supplier as follows:
There is no primary party organization in this producer. There is no decision taken by the producer that are subject to the review or approval by the Government or the 9 entities listed in the question. As demonstrated in the Articles of Association of the producer, the decisions are made within internal organizations of the producer without any reference to any external review or approval.
Id. at LTAR-27 to LTAR-29.
For the same suppliers, the GOC responded to the CCP officials question as
follows: “There is [sic] no individual owners, members of the board of directors, or senior
managers who were Government or CCP officials during the POR in this producer.” Id.
at LTAR-37 to LTAR-38.
In response to the records question, the GOC explained that it “sent the relevant
questions to the input suppliers” and reported the responses it received from those
suppliers. Id. at LTAR-38. In response to the government sources question, the GOC
responded that there “is no central informational database to search for such
information.” Id. In response to the annual reports question, the GOC responded that
“[u]nder relevant Chinese laws, companies have no obligation to identify whether their
owners, members of the board of directors, or managers are officials or representatives
of any” of the nine entities. Id. at LTAR-38 to LTAR-39. In response to the other
documents question, the GOC stated that “no other company records or company Consol. Court No. 22-00210 Page 24
documents that are submitted to the government would indicate a person’s official role
with the government or CCP.” Id. at LTAR-39.
Commerce identified certain areas in the GOC IQR for which Commerce required
additional information and on August 4, 2021, Commerce issued a supplemental
questionnaire to the GOC. See Department of Commerce, Section II Supplemental
Questionnaire (Aug. 4, 2021) (“Supplemental Questionnaire”), PR 139.
On August 25, 2021, the GOC submitted its response to Commerce’s
Supplemental Questionnaire. See GOC, Supplemental Questionnaire Response (Aug.
25, 2021) (“GOC SQR”), CR 69-77, PR 154.
B. Legal framework
A countervailable subsidy may be found where the entity providing the subsidy is
an “authority.” 19 U.S.C. § 1677(5)(B). An “authority” is defined as “a government of a
country or any public entity within the territory of the country.” Id. Commerce’s
“longstanding practice” is to treat “most government-owned corporations as the
government itself.” Countervailing Duties, 63 Fed. Reg. 65,348, 65,402 (Dep't of
Commerce Nov. 25, 1998).
Commerce may make determinations on the basis of the facts otherwise
available whenever “necessary information is not available on the record” or “an
interested party or any other person” (1) withholds information requested by Commerce;
(2) fails to submit such information on time or in the form and manner requested by
Commerce; (3) significantly impedes the proceedings; or (4) provides information that
Commerce is unable to verify. 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(a); see also 19 C.F.R. § 351.308(a). Consol. Court No. 22-00210 Page 25
In selecting from facts otherwise available, Commerce may use an inference that
is adverse to the interests of a party “if [that] party has failed to cooperate by not acting
to the best of its ability to comply with a request for information.” 19 U.S.C. §
1677e(b)(1)(A); see also 19 C.F.R. § 351.308(c). A respondent's failure to cooperate to
“the best of its ability” is determined by “assessing whether [the] respondent has put
forth its maximum effort to provide Commerce with full and complete answers to all
inquiries in an investigation.” Nippon Steel Corp. v. United States, 337 F.3d 1373, 1382
(Fed. Cir. 2003). If Commerce determines that a response to a request for information
does not comply with the request, Commerce “shall promptly inform the person
submitting the response of the nature of the deficiency and shall, to the extent
practicable, provide that person with an opportunity to remedy or explain the deficiency.”
19 U.S.C. § 1677m(d).
If Commerce finds that further information submitted in response to such
deficiency is unsatisfactory or untimely, Commerce may “disregard all or part of the
original and subsequent responses.” Id. However, Commerce “shall not decline to
consider information that is submitted by an interested party and is necessary to the
determination but does not meet all the applicable requirements” if: (1) the information is
timely; (2) verifiable; (3) complete enough to be reliable; (4) the interested party
demonstrates that it acted to the best of its ability in providing the information and
meeting the requirements established by Commerce; and (5) Commerce can use the
information without undue difficulties. Id. § 1677m(e). Consol. Court No. 22-00210 Page 26
C. Analysis
1. Whether Commerce determined reasonably that necessary information was missing from the record
The court addresses first whether Commerce determined reasonably that it
lacked necessary information to analyze whether certain of Baroque’s input suppliers
are government authorities.
Baroque argues that the GOC provided full and detailed responses to
Commerce’s inquiries and, therefore, necessary information was not missing from the
record. Baroque Reply Br. at 14-21.
In the IDM, Commerce explained that it asked the GOC to provide “information
about the involvement of the CCP in each” of the input suppliers, information that
Commerce deemed “necessary to fully evaluate whether the purportedly privately-
owned input producers are ‘authorities.’” IDM at 55. Commerce stated that the GOC’s
responses were insufficient because “the GOC did not provide any government
documentation to support its claim that the independently-owned suppliers were not
government authorities.” Id. at 58 (emphasis supplied).
The GOC submitted certifications from the input suppliers denying any CCP
influence, but Commerce explained that those certifications were “not the government
documents” required and were “pro forma in nature, lacking particular details of
government involvement in each company.” Id. (emphasis supplied). Commerce
asserted that the supplier statements “do not definitively deny the involvement by the
government or the CCP in these suppliers; rather, they merely state rhetorically that
even if there was some CCP presence in the company, it has no bearing on the
company’s management and operations.” Id. On this basis, Commerce determined Consol. Court No. 22-00210 Page 27
that none of the company statements “actually address[es] whether any of the supplier’s
individual owners, managers, or board [sic] of directors are in fact CCP officials.” Id.
Commerce explained further that it requires more than mere company
statements because “[p]ublicly available information indicates that Chinese law requires
the establishment of CCP organizations ‘in all companies, whether state, private,
domestic, or foreign-invested’ and that such organizations may wield a controlling
influence in the company’s affairs.” Id. (citing Certain Metal Lockers and Parts Thereof
from the People’s Republic of China: Final Affirmative Countervailing Duty
Determination, 86 Fed. Reg. 35,741 (Dep’t of Commerce July 7, 2021) and
accompanying IDM (Dep’t of Commerce June 28, 2021) at cmt. 5).
Commerce elaborated using the example of the one input supplier that the GOC
acknowledged contained a primary party organization. For that supplier, the GOC
included a summary report stating that “[i]n 2019, Junda Party Branch, under the correct
leadership of Junda Party Committee, was guided by the spirit of the 19th Party
Congress (19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China), studied in depth,
united and cooperated, implemented and successfully completed the tasks assigned by
the party organization.” Id. (citing GOC SQR at Ex. SQ-2). Commerce asserted that
this summary report “indicates the influence of the CCP over the employees in the
company.” Id. Commerce added that its “request for information from the GOC is a
request for government information independent from company information.” Id.
In sum, Commerce explained adequately that the GOC’s responses did not
include supporting government documentation ʊand not just internal company
VWDWHPHQWVRUYHUEDODIILUPDWLRQVʊregarding the extent of CCP involvement in the Consol. Court No. 22-00210 Page 28
suppliers and that Commerce had previously required the GOC to submit government
documentation to demonstrate that input suppliers were not authorities.
Therefore, the court concludes that Commerce determined reasonably that the
GOC did not provide information necessary for Commerce to analyze whether certain of
Baroque’s input suppliers are government authorities.
2. Whether Commerce provided the GOC with notice and an opportunity to remedy its deficient responses
The court turns next to whether Commerce provided the GOC with adequate
notice and an opportunity to remedy its deficient responses, as required by 19 U.S.C. §
1677m(d).
Baroque argues that “Commerce did not provide the GOC with any notice that
the specific information provided regarding the . . . suppliers at issue was deficient in
any way.” Baroque Br. at 37. Further, Baroque asserts that Commerce sent the GOC
only one Supplemental Questionnaire, which did not explicitly reference any
deficiencies in the GOC’s initial responses, denying to the GOC an opportunity to
remedy any deficiencies. Id.
The government argues that: (1) Baroque failed to exhaust its administrative
remedies because it never raised a § 1677m(d) argument during the administrative
proceeding; and (2) Commerce complied with § 1677m(d) by “provid[ing] multiple
opportunities to the [GOC] to supply a list of specific information.” Def.’s Resp. Pls.’
Mots. J. Agency Record (“Def. Br.”) at 41, ECF No. 53.
On the first point, the court concludes that the pure-question-of-law exception to
administrative exhaustion applies here. Consol. Court No. 22-00210 Page 29
The pure-question-of-law exception to administrative exhaustion applies “when
(1) plaintiff raises a new argument; (2) this argument is of a purely legal nature; (3) the
inquiry requires neither further agency involvement nor additional fact finding or opening
up the record; and (4) the inquiry neither creates undue delay nor causes expenditure of
scarce party time and resources.” Saha Thai Steel Pipe Pub. Co. v. United States, 46
CIT __, __, 605 F. Supp. 3d 1348, 1366 (2022) (quoting Zhongce Rubber Grp. Co. v.
United States, 42 CIT __, __, 352 F. Supp. 3d 1276, 1279 (2018)).
All four requirements are met here. Baroque has raised for the first time whether
Commerce failed to provide any notice of deficiency to the GOC as required by §
1677m(d). This Court has previously held that whether “Commerce complied with the
notice requirement [of § 1677m(d)] is a purely legal question” where “the facts relevant
to that inquiry are present on the record [and] [n]o further agency involvement is
required for the Court to consider the question.” Id. Here, the only question before the
court is whether Commerce’s questionnaires provided the GOC with adequate notice
and an opportunity to respond. Commerce’s questionnaires are before the court and
the court cannot identify any additional factual development or agency involvement that
would be required before the court considers this issue. Further, the parties have not
raised any concerns about scarce resources or time. Therefore, the court will consider
Baroque’s objection on the merits.
The court concludes that Commerce did not fulfill its obligations under §
1677m(d).
Section 1677m(d) requires that if Commerce determines that a response to a
request for information does not comply with the request, Commerce “shall promptly Consol. Court No. 22-00210 Page 30
inform the person submitting the response of the nature of the deficiency and shall, to
the extent practicable, provide that person with an opportunity to remedy or explain the
deficiency.” 19 U.S.C. § 1677m(d) (emphasis supplied). The questions are, therefore:
(1) whether Commerce adequately informed the GOC of the nature of the deficiency in
the GOC’s initial responses; and (2) whether Commerce provided the GOC with an
opportunity to remedy that deficiency. For the following reasons, the court concludes
with respect to both questions that Commerce did not.
This Court has held that “Commerce satisfies its obligation under § 1677m(d) to
place the respondent on notice of the nature of a deficiency in its initial questionnaire
response where a supplemental questionnaire ‘specifically point[s] out and request[s]
clarification of [the] deficient responses,’ and identifies the information needed to make
the required showing.” Hyundai Steel Co. v. United States, 45 CIT __, __, 518 F. Supp.
3d 1309, 1323 (2021) (alterations in original) (emphases supplied) (quoting NSK Ltd. v.
United States, 481 F.3d 1355, 1360 n.1 (Fed. Cir. 2007)); see also Maverick Tube Corp.
v. United States, 857 F.3d 1353, 1361 (Fed. Cir. 2017) (holding that Commerce satisfied
its obligation under section 1677m(d) when the respondent “failed to provide the
information requested in Commerce's original questionnaire, and the supplemental
questionnaire notified [the respondent] of that defect”).
Here, Commerce failed to satisfy its obligation under § 1677m(d) because
Commerce did not “specifically point[] out and request[] clarification” of the deficiency,
such as the lack of government documentation, in the GOC’s initial responses and did
not identify specifically “the information needed to make the required showing.”
Hyundai Steel Co., 45 CIT at __, 518 F. Supp. 3d at 1323; see also id. at __, 518 F. Consol. Court No. 22-00210 Page 31
Supp. 3d at 1322 (“Broadly drawn initial or supplemental questionnaires may not
sufficiently place a respondent on notice of the nature of the deficiency, and deprive it of
the opportunity to remedy that deficiency.”).
In the cover letter to the Supplemental Questionnaire, Commerce informed the
GOC that it “identified certain areas in the initial questionnaire response submitted by
the GOC for which [it] require[d] additional information.” Supplemental Questionnaire at
1. However, Commerce did not elaborate further in the cover letter as to what these
“certain areas” were.
In the Supplemental Questionnaire, Commerce then repeated the nine entities
question and the CCP question nearly verbatim from the Initial Questionnaire, without
further explanation as to what Commerce found lacking in the GOC’s initial responses
or what additional information Commerce required. Id. at 8-9. Commerce’s repetition
alone of the nine entities and CCP officials questions was not sufficient to provide the
GOC with notice that its initial responses to those questions were deficient.
This Court has held previously that “[s]imilarities in questions between the initial
and supplemental questionnaire alone do not serve as evidence that Commerce found
the initial questionnaire response deficient.” Cf. Hyundai Heavy Indus. Co. v. United
States, 44 CIT __, __, 485 F. Supp. 3d 1380, 1402 (2020) (rejecting petitioner’s
“assumption that Commerce’s issuance of a supplemental questionnaire containing a
question similar to one posed in the initial questionnaire establishes that Commerce
found the [initial] response . . . deficient”). Commerce’s failure to identify specifically the
deficiency in the GOC’s initial responses and identify what information could be
provided to cure that deficiency denied the GOC the “opportunity to remedy or explain Consol. Court No. 22-00210 Page 32
the deficiency,” as mandated by § 1677m(d). Notably, Commerce’s questionnaires did
not specifically request government documentation.
Commerce’s omission with regard to the supplemental nine entities and CCP
officials questions stands out given that Commerce properly complied with the
requirements of § 1677m(d) for other questions in the same questionnaire. For
example, supplemental question eight notes that in the Initial Questionnaire, Commerce
requested that the GOC provide “original and translated copies of laws, regulations or
other governing documents cited by the GOC in the Export Buyer’s Credit Response.”
Supplemental Questionnaire at 4. Commerce then clearly stated in the question that
the GOC’s initial response was deficient because the GOC “did not provide the 2013
amendment” to the EBCP Administrative Measures. Id. Last, Commerce requested
precisely the information the GOC needed to provide to respond fully: “Please provide
the 2013 amendment and guidelines to the above-mentioned laws.” Id.
It is well established that the burden of creating an adequate record rests with a
respondent, see ABB Inc. v. United States, 42 CIT __, __, 355 F. Supp. 3d 1206, 1222
(2018); however, Commerce is “obligat[ed] to let the respondent know what information
[Commerce] really wants.” Ta Chen Stainless Steel Pipe, Ltd. v. United States, 23 CIT
804, 820 (1999); see also Queen's Flowers de Colombia v. United States, 21 CIT 968,
980, 981 F. Supp. 617, 628 (1997) (“[T]he alleged response deficiency cannot support
application of [AFA] where the information sought was apparently never requested.”).
The GOC “cannot logically be faulted for failing to provide information beyond the
scope of the question that Commerce asked.” Jinan Yipin Corp. v. United States, 31
CIT 1901, 1916, 526 F. Supp. 2d 1347, 1360-61 (2007). If Commerce viewed Consol. Court No. 22-00210 Page 33
government documentation from the GOC as necessary information, Commerce was
“obligat[ed] to let the [GOC] know.” Ta Chen, 23 CIT at 820; see also Jinan Yipin Corp.,
31 CIT at 1914, 516 F. Supp. 2d at 1359 (“If . . . it was essential . . . for Commerce to be
provided with [certain] information, . . . then Commerce needed to request that specific
information.” (emphasis supplied)).
Accordingly, Commerce did not comply with its obligations under § 1677m(d) and
as a result Commerce’s application of AFA to find that certain of Baroque’s input
suppliers were government authorities is not in accordance with law. See 19 U.S.C. §
1677e(a) (stating that Commerce may make determinations on the basis of facts
available “subject to” the requirements of § 1677m(d)).
The court directs Commerce on remand to: (1) identify with specificity the
deficiencies in the GOC’s initial or supplemental responses to the nine entities, CCP
officials and other related questions; (2) describe clearly the nature of each deficiency
and what information could correct that deficiency; (3) if Commerce continues to
determine that supporting government documentation is necessary information, request
that information explicitly from the GOC; and (4) provide the GOC an opportunity to
remedy any specified deficiencies.
V. Whether Commerce’s application of AFA to find use of the EBCP is supported by substantial evidence and otherwise in accordance with law
The court turns last to Baroque’s challenge to Commerce’s application of an
adverse inference to find that respondents benefited from the EBCP.
For the reasons discussed below, the court concludes that Commerce’s
application of an adverse inference to find that respondents benefited from the EBCP
was supported by substantial evidence and in accordance with law. Consol. Court No. 22-00210 Page 34
A. Additional Background
The EBCP is a program of the Export-Import Bank of the People’s Republic of
China (“China Export-Import Bank”). Cooper (Kunshan) Tire Co., 45 CIT at __, 539 F.
Supp. 3d at 1322. The program “provides loans at preferential rates for the purchase of
exported goods from China.” Id. (citation omitted).
In its Initial Questionnaire, Commerce “requested that the GOC answer specific
questions regarding the export buyer’s credits provided to Jiangsu Senmao’s,
Riverside’s, and Baroque Timber’s U.S. customers.” IDM at 30. Specifically,
Commerce requested that the GOC provide:
the original and translated copies of laws, regulations or other governing documents for this program; a list of all partner/correspondent banks involved in disbursement of funds under the EBC program; and if the GOC claims that no customer respondent used the buyer credits to explain in detail the steps the government took to determine that the EBC program was not used and to identify the documents, databases, accounts, etc., that were examined to determine there was no use.
Id. (citing Initial Questionnaire at II-12)
In its response to Commerce’s initial requests, the GOC asserted that the
mandatory respondents never applied for, used, or benefited from the EBCP, and that
the China Export-Import Bank “searched its records to confirm that [respondents’]
customers did not receive credits under” the EBCP during the period of review. GOC
IQR at 26. The GOC provided the 2000 Administrative Measures of Export Buyer’s
Credit of the Export-Import Bank of China (“Administrative Measures”) and Detailed
Implementation Rules Governing Export Buyer’s Credit of the Export-Import Bank of
China (“Implementing Rules”). See id. at Exs. Export-2 and Export-3. Consol. Court No. 22-00210 Page 35
The GOC answered that the “Chinese exporter is in a position to verify and
confirm the existence, if any, of sales contracts that were supported by” the EBCP as
“the Chinese exporter should be aware of the buyer’s receipt of loans and should be
involved in the loan evaluation proceeding and in particular in the post-lending loan
management.” Id. at 26. The GOC maintained also that “information such as the EX-IM
Bank’s internal guidelines are not necessary or material to the question of non-usage”
and that the 2013 revisions to the Administrative Measures were “entirely irrelevant.” Id.
at 28 (internal quotations omitted).
In its Supplemental Questionnaire, Commerce again requested that the GOC
provide documentation from the China Export-Import Bank; the original and English
translation of the 2013 revisions to the Administrative Measures; and a list of all
partner/correspondent banks involved in disbursement of funds under the EBCP. See
Supplemental Questionnaire at 4-5. In its supplemental response, the GOC again
stated that “none of the U.S. customers of the respondents applied, used, or received
benefits under” the EBCP and that Commerce’s requested information was not
necessary. GOC SQR at 4.
B. Legal framework
The Court has repeatedly held that in an EBCP case, Commerce may apply AFA
to a cooperative respondent if Commerce takes the following steps: (1) defines the gap
in the record by explaining exactly what information is missing from the record
necessary to verify non-use; (2) establishes how the withheld information creates this
gap by explaining the reason that the information the GOC refused to give was
necessary to verify claims of non-use; and (3) shows that only the withheld information Consol. Court No. 22-00210 Page 36
can fill the gap by explaining the reason that other information, on the record or
accessible by respondents, is insufficient or impossible to verify. Guizhou Tyre Co. v.
United States, 45 CIT __, __, 523 F. Supp. 3d 1312, 1361 (2021) (citing Jiangsu Zhongji
Lamination Materials Co. v. United States, 43 CIT __, __, 405 F. Supp. 3d 1317, 1333
(2019)).
C. Analysis
The court concludes that Commerce took each of the required steps. See id. at
__, 523 F. Supp. 3d at 1361.
In the Final Results, Commerce found that necessary information regarding the
EBCP was not on the record because the GOC withheld information that Commerce
requested. IDM at 39. On this basis, Commerce drew an adverse inference to
determine that the mandatory respondents benefited from the EBCP. Id.
In the IDM, Commerce explained that a gap in the record existed because the
GOC refused to provide: (1) “the 2013 revisions to the administrative measures, which
provide internal guidelines for how [the EBCP] is administered by the China EX-IM
Bank”; (2) “a list of partner/correspondent banks that are used to disperse funds through
this program”; and (3) “documents making up the ‘paper trail’ of a direct or indirect
export credit from the China EX-IM Bank” such as “specific applications,
correspondence” or other “underlying [loan] documentation.” Id. at 33-34.
As detailed above, Commerce noted that it requested this information from the
GOC in both the Initial and Supplemental Questionnaires. Both times, the GOC did not
provide the requested information and instead responded that the information was not Consol. Court No. 22-00210 Page 37
necessary or material to the question of use of the EBCP. See GOC IQR at 26; GOC
SQR at 4.
Commerce explained next that the withheld information was “especially
necessary to verify claims of non-use because the available record evidence indicates
that under the [EBCP], credits are not direct transactions from the China EX-IM Bank to
the U.S customers of the respondent exporters.” IDM at 32. Rather, “there can be
intermediary banks involved, the identities of which the GOC has refused to provide to
Commerce.” Id.
Regarding the list of partner/correspondent banks, Commerce stated that “based
on our more recent understanding of the [EBCP], . . . performing the verification steps to
make a determination of whether the manufacture, production, or export of the company
respondents’ merchandise has been subsidized would . . . require knowing the names
of the intermediary banks.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). Commerce noted
that it would be the names of the partner/correspondent banks, “not the name ‘China
Ex-Im Bank,’ that would appear in the subledgers of the U.S. customers if they received
the credits.” Id. Commerce added that its “typical non-use verification procedures (i.e.,
selecting specific entries from the subledger and requesting to see underlying
documentation, such as applications and loan agreements) would be of no value”
because “Commerce would simply not know what to look for behind each loan in
attempting to identify a loan provided by the China EX-IM Bank via a correspondent
bank.” Id. at 33. Consol. Court No. 22-00210 Page 38
Regarding the missing “paper trail,” Commerce explained that such documents
“would be necessary even if the GOC provided the list of correspondent banks.” Id. at
34. Commerce elaborated with the following example:
For instance, assuming that one of the correspondent banks is HSBC, Commerce would need to know how to differentiate ordinary HSBC loans from loans originating from, facilitated by, or guaranteed by the China EX- IM Bank. In order to do this, Commerce would need to know what underlying documentation to look for in order to determine whether particular subledger entries for HSBC might actually be China EX-IM Bank financing: specific applications, correspondence, abbreviations, account numbers, or other indicia of China EX-IM Bank involvement.
Id.
Regarding the 2013 Administrative Measures, Commerce stated that such
information is required to verify non-usage because “without a thorough understanding
of the [EBCP], Commerce might not recognize indicia of [China Export-Import Bank]
involvement.” Id. Commerce explained that a “complete understanding of the program
provides a ‘roadmap’ for the verifiers by which they can conduct an effective verification
of usage” and that to “conduct verification of the customers without the information
requested from the GOC would amount to looking for a needle in a haystack with the
added uncertainty that Commerce might not even be able to identify the needle when it
was found.” Id. Commerce then asserted that the GOC “is the only party that can
answer questions about the internal administration of” the EBCP and that the GOC’s
“failure to provide the requested information further undermines Commerce’s ability to
verify [the respondents’] claims of non-use.” Id. Further, Commerce stated that a
“review of ancillary documents, such as applications, correspondence, emails, etc., is
insufficient for Commerce to verify any bank disbursement or loan amount pertaining to Consol. Court No. 22-00210 Page 39
the company respondent, its customers, and/or the GOC’s participation in the program.”
Id. at 35.
In summary, Commerce noted that, absent the requested information, Commerce
“simply do[es] not know what to look for when [it] look[s] at a loan to determine whether
the China Ex-Im Bank was involved or whether a given loan was provided under the
EBC program.” Id. at 37.
Commerce addressed also “whether any available information provided by
respondents may be sufficient to fill the gap of missing record information in considering
claims of non-use for the EBC program.” Id.; see, e.g., Jiangsu Zhongji Lamination
Materials Co., 43 CIT at __, 405 F. Supp. 3d at 1317. Commerce explained that “for
Commerce to determine use (or non-use) of the EBC program, all of the respondent’s
U.S. customers must be willing to participate in the review because any benefit
calculation for this program would need to take them all into account.” IDM at 37.
Commerce concluded that Baroque “did not provide declarations of non-use
certifications of the EBC program for all of its U.S. customers.” Id. (citing GDLSK,
Riverside Plywood Initial Questionnaire Response (May 14, 2021) (“Baroque IQR”) at
Exs. 18a-b, CR 30-43, PR 109-112). Commerce explained that “given the apparent
unwillingness of most of [Baroque’s] U.S. customers to participate, [Commerce] did not
issue any additional questions or requests for loan data.” Id.
Baroque argues that the record contains sufficient evidence demonstrating that
neither Baroque nor its U.S. customers used the EBCP, namely: (1) “statements of non-
use in the GOC’s questionnaire response; (2) Baroque’s statements of non-use in its
initial response after confirmation with its U.S. customers; and (3) Baroque’s customer Consol. Court No. 22-00210 Page 40
declarations of non-use.” Baroque Br. at 42 (citing GOC IQR at 23-28; Baroque IQR at
Ex. 11c). Baroque adds that none of the information deemed missing by Commerce
creates a gap in the record because Commerce already has sufficient information to
verify non-usage of the EBCP. Id. at 43-44.
The court concludes that Commerce explained sufficiently the reason that the
withheld information was necessary to verify non-use 8 and the reason that contrary
information cited by Baroque was insufficient for such verification. The court concludes
also that Commerce properly defined the gap in the record created by the GOC’s
withholding of requested information and that the GOC refused to provide this
information. Commerce explained also that only the withheld information can fill the gap
because the ancillary documents and Baroque’s partial non-use certifications are
insufficient or impossible to verify. 9
Accordingly, the court concludes that Commerce’s application of AFA regarding
Baroque Timber’s use of the EBCP was supported by substantial evidence and in
accordance with law.
8 Regarding Commerce’s explanation that verification would be overly burdensome absent the withheld information, this Court has previously held that “Commerce’s limited resources may constitute a legitimate constraint to verification.” Cooper (Kunshan) Tire Co. v. United States, 45 CIT __, __, 539 F. Supp. 3d 1316, 1332 (2021) (citing Torrington Co. v. United States, 68 F.3d 1347, 1351 (Fed. Cir. 1995)). 9 This Court has acknowledged previously that Commerce’s practice of finding partial certifications insufficient to verify non-use of the EBCP is “consistent with the Court’s treatment of incomplete certifications” and that “Commerce would not have to take the next step of sending supplemental questionnaires” before applying an adverse inference. Cooper (Kunshan) Tire Co. v. United States, 46 CIT __, __, 610 F. Supp. 3d 1287, 1318 (2022). Consol. Court No. 22-00210 Page 41
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the court sustains in part and remands in part Commerce’s Final
Results. For the foregoing reasons, it is hereby
ORDERED that Commerce’s calculation of the plywood benchmark is remanded
for further explanation; it is further
ORDERED that Commerce’s calculation of the benchmarks for veneer is
remanded for further explanation; it is further
ORDERED that Commerce’s calculation of the benchmark for inland freight is
sustained; it is further
ORDERED that Commerce’s decision to apply AFA to find certain of Baroque’s
input suppliers to be government authorities is remanded for compliance with §
1677m(d); it is further
ORDERED that Commerce’s decision to apply AFA to Baroque’s use of the
EBCP is sustained; it is further
ORDERED that Commerce shall file its remand results within 90 days following
the date of this Order; it is further
ORDERED that within 14 days of the date of filing of Commerce’s remand
results, Commerce shall file an index and copies of any new administrative record
documents; and it is further
ORDERED that, if applicable, the parties shall file a proposed scheduling order
with page limits for comments on the remand results no later than seven days after
Commerce files its remand results with the Court.
SO ORDERED. Consol. Court No. 22-00210 Page 42
/s/ Timothy M. Reif Timothy M. Reif, Judge
Dated: $SULO New York, New York
2025 CIT 35 (Baroque Timber Indus. (Zhongshan) Co. v. United States) — published by Counsel Stack Legal Research, free access to 12M+ legal documents.