McSherry, C. J.,
delivered the opinion of the Court.
This is an indictment for libel. The traverser interposed a demurrer which was overruled. He then pleaded not guilty and during the progress of the trial which followed and which resulted in a verdict of guilty, he took three exceptions to rulings of the Circuit Court on questions relating to the admissibility of evidence.
The indictment contains no inducement or prefatory averments except that the traverser is the editor and proprietor of the “ Worcester Advocate,” a newspaper published and circulated in Worcester county, and that John P. Moore was mayor of Snow Hill in September, eighteen hundred and ninety-seven. There is no sufficient colloquium. The indictment quotes as the libellous matter an article printed in the newspaper conducted by Mr. Barnes. This article reads as follows: “We have been informed that it is the intention of the Democratic bosses to renew the £ monkey ’ business again at the polls in Snow Hill district at the next election. We have also been informed that the Democratic henchmen who participated in this business at the last election, received their authority for so doing from the Mayor of Snow Hill (meaning the said John P. Moore) under section 15 of the Act of 1894, chapter 455, incorporating Snow Hill. This section is as follows: And be it enacted, That the night watchman before entering upon his duties shall subscribe to an oath for the faithful performance of his duties; he shall be vested with all the police powers of constables; any one resisting him in the discharge of his duties shall be liable, upon conviction, to punishment in the same manner and to the same extent as if he had resisted a constable; the Mayor shall have power to appoint special police for a term not exceeding forty-eight hours, when he deems it necessary for the peace and good order of the town and to prescribe their duties and to fix their compensation.’ It is the latter part of the above section to which we wish to call the especial attention of our readers. It will be observed that by this clause of the section the Mayor is clothed with extraordinary powers and can, in the least [350]*350outbreak of violence, which may be purposely provoked, appoint and arm any number of special policemen of his own selection and prescribe their duties. These special policemen, as they did at the last election, can go around the polls and by threats and menaces intimidate and terrorize the voters and drive them away.” The innuendo is stated thus: “meaning that the said John P. Moore, Mayor as aforesaid, illegally, knowingly, willingly, corruptly and purposely did appoint and arm a certain number of special policemen of his own selection, and prescribe their duties, and that the special policemen appointed and armed as aforesaid, did, at the last election in Worcester county, at the polls in Snow Hill, on the third day of November, in the year eighteen hundred and ninety-six, go around the polls and by threats and menaces intimidate and terrorize the voters and drove them away, in obedience to the duties prescribed by the said John P. Moore, Mayor as aforesaid, to the great injury, etc.”
There is no difficulty in determining what publications constitute criminal libel. Legitimate criticism of the acts and the conduct of public officers by the press is not only permissible, but under a government like ours, "where the public officer is in theory, and ought to be in fact, the public’s servant, it is one of the most effective methods to secure fidelity and to prevent abuses on the part of those entrusted with authority. But whilst this lawful liberty of the press should not be restricted or abridged, it should not, on the other hand, be'permitted to overstep its proper limits or be allowed to degenerate into wanton vituperation. By such a degeneracy the usefulness and the influence of the press would soon be destroyed and serious injury would be inflicted on- unoffending individuals. Any publication, printed or written, which falsely and maliciously imputes to another the commission of a crime, or which exposes him to ridicule, contumely or contempt; or which reflects upon his character or tends to vilify him or diminishes his reputation or detracts from his character as a man of good morals, or alters his situation in society for the [351]*351worse, is an indictable libel. It is not necessary that the individual who is assailed should be named in the libellous article. If he is described in such a way as to be identified, that is sufficient. But it is necessary that the language employed — if the libel consists of printed or written words — should be sufficiently explicit, either in itself or when taken in connection with the inducement and the colloquium, to warrant the interpretation placed upon it by the innuendo. The office of the innuendo is to explain the words of the libel and to annex to them their proper meaning. It cannot introduce new matter, or enlarge the natural import of the words. It is for the Court to determine whether a publication is susceptible of the meaning ascribed to it by the innuendo, and for the jury to find whether such meaning is truly ascribed to it. Avirett v. The State, 76 Md. 521. In Van Vechten v. Hopkins, 5 Johns. 2611, quoted with approval in Peterson v. Sentman, 37 Md. 154, it was said: “ The use in pleading an averment is to ascertain that to the Court, which is generally or doubtfully expressed; so that the Court may not be perplexed of whom or of what, it ought to be understood; and to add matter to the plea to make doubtful things clear. A colloquium serves to show that the words were spoken in reference to the matter of the averment. An innuendo is explanatory of the subject-matter sufficiently expressed before; and is explanatory of such matter only, for it cannot extend the sense of the words beyond their own meaning, unless something is put upon the record for it to explain. This may be illustrated by Barham’s case, 4 Coke’s Rep. 20. Barham brought an action for the defendant’s saying of him, ‘ Barham burnt my barn ’ {innuendo) ‘ a barn with corn.’ The action was held not to lie; because burning a barn, unless it had corn in it, was not felony. ‘ But,’ says De Grey, Ch. J. in Rex v. Home (Cowp. 184), ‘ if, in the introduction, it had been averred that the defendant had a barn full of corn burnt, and that in a discourse about that barn, the defendant had spoken the words charged in the declaration, an innuendo of its being the barn full of corn would have [352]*352been g-ood; for by coupling the innuendo in the libel with the introductory averment, it would have been complete.’ Here the extrinsic fact that the defendant had a barn full of corn, is the averment. The allegation that the words were uttered in a conversation in reference to that barn, is the colloquium; and the explanation given to the words thus spoken, is the innuendo.”
The article set out in the indictment now before us states, first, that there was in September, eighteen hundred and ninety-seven, a contemplated repetition of some “ monkey business ” at the then approaching election, without any averment whatever from which the meaning of the phrase “ monkey business ” can be ascertained. The article then proceeds to charge that the “
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McSherry, C. J.,
delivered the opinion of the Court.
This is an indictment for libel. The traverser interposed a demurrer which was overruled. He then pleaded not guilty and during the progress of the trial which followed and which resulted in a verdict of guilty, he took three exceptions to rulings of the Circuit Court on questions relating to the admissibility of evidence.
The indictment contains no inducement or prefatory averments except that the traverser is the editor and proprietor of the “ Worcester Advocate,” a newspaper published and circulated in Worcester county, and that John P. Moore was mayor of Snow Hill in September, eighteen hundred and ninety-seven. There is no sufficient colloquium. The indictment quotes as the libellous matter an article printed in the newspaper conducted by Mr. Barnes. This article reads as follows: “We have been informed that it is the intention of the Democratic bosses to renew the £ monkey ’ business again at the polls in Snow Hill district at the next election. We have also been informed that the Democratic henchmen who participated in this business at the last election, received their authority for so doing from the Mayor of Snow Hill (meaning the said John P. Moore) under section 15 of the Act of 1894, chapter 455, incorporating Snow Hill. This section is as follows: And be it enacted, That the night watchman before entering upon his duties shall subscribe to an oath for the faithful performance of his duties; he shall be vested with all the police powers of constables; any one resisting him in the discharge of his duties shall be liable, upon conviction, to punishment in the same manner and to the same extent as if he had resisted a constable; the Mayor shall have power to appoint special police for a term not exceeding forty-eight hours, when he deems it necessary for the peace and good order of the town and to prescribe their duties and to fix their compensation.’ It is the latter part of the above section to which we wish to call the especial attention of our readers. It will be observed that by this clause of the section the Mayor is clothed with extraordinary powers and can, in the least [350]*350outbreak of violence, which may be purposely provoked, appoint and arm any number of special policemen of his own selection and prescribe their duties. These special policemen, as they did at the last election, can go around the polls and by threats and menaces intimidate and terrorize the voters and drive them away.” The innuendo is stated thus: “meaning that the said John P. Moore, Mayor as aforesaid, illegally, knowingly, willingly, corruptly and purposely did appoint and arm a certain number of special policemen of his own selection, and prescribe their duties, and that the special policemen appointed and armed as aforesaid, did, at the last election in Worcester county, at the polls in Snow Hill, on the third day of November, in the year eighteen hundred and ninety-six, go around the polls and by threats and menaces intimidate and terrorize the voters and drove them away, in obedience to the duties prescribed by the said John P. Moore, Mayor as aforesaid, to the great injury, etc.”
There is no difficulty in determining what publications constitute criminal libel. Legitimate criticism of the acts and the conduct of public officers by the press is not only permissible, but under a government like ours, "where the public officer is in theory, and ought to be in fact, the public’s servant, it is one of the most effective methods to secure fidelity and to prevent abuses on the part of those entrusted with authority. But whilst this lawful liberty of the press should not be restricted or abridged, it should not, on the other hand, be'permitted to overstep its proper limits or be allowed to degenerate into wanton vituperation. By such a degeneracy the usefulness and the influence of the press would soon be destroyed and serious injury would be inflicted on- unoffending individuals. Any publication, printed or written, which falsely and maliciously imputes to another the commission of a crime, or which exposes him to ridicule, contumely or contempt; or which reflects upon his character or tends to vilify him or diminishes his reputation or detracts from his character as a man of good morals, or alters his situation in society for the [351]*351worse, is an indictable libel. It is not necessary that the individual who is assailed should be named in the libellous article. If he is described in such a way as to be identified, that is sufficient. But it is necessary that the language employed — if the libel consists of printed or written words — should be sufficiently explicit, either in itself or when taken in connection with the inducement and the colloquium, to warrant the interpretation placed upon it by the innuendo. The office of the innuendo is to explain the words of the libel and to annex to them their proper meaning. It cannot introduce new matter, or enlarge the natural import of the words. It is for the Court to determine whether a publication is susceptible of the meaning ascribed to it by the innuendo, and for the jury to find whether such meaning is truly ascribed to it. Avirett v. The State, 76 Md. 521. In Van Vechten v. Hopkins, 5 Johns. 2611, quoted with approval in Peterson v. Sentman, 37 Md. 154, it was said: “ The use in pleading an averment is to ascertain that to the Court, which is generally or doubtfully expressed; so that the Court may not be perplexed of whom or of what, it ought to be understood; and to add matter to the plea to make doubtful things clear. A colloquium serves to show that the words were spoken in reference to the matter of the averment. An innuendo is explanatory of the subject-matter sufficiently expressed before; and is explanatory of such matter only, for it cannot extend the sense of the words beyond their own meaning, unless something is put upon the record for it to explain. This may be illustrated by Barham’s case, 4 Coke’s Rep. 20. Barham brought an action for the defendant’s saying of him, ‘ Barham burnt my barn ’ {innuendo) ‘ a barn with corn.’ The action was held not to lie; because burning a barn, unless it had corn in it, was not felony. ‘ But,’ says De Grey, Ch. J. in Rex v. Home (Cowp. 184), ‘ if, in the introduction, it had been averred that the defendant had a barn full of corn burnt, and that in a discourse about that barn, the defendant had spoken the words charged in the declaration, an innuendo of its being the barn full of corn would have [352]*352been g-ood; for by coupling the innuendo in the libel with the introductory averment, it would have been complete.’ Here the extrinsic fact that the defendant had a barn full of corn, is the averment. The allegation that the words were uttered in a conversation in reference to that barn, is the colloquium; and the explanation given to the words thus spoken, is the innuendo.”
The article set out in the indictment now before us states, first, that there was in September, eighteen hundred and ninety-seven, a contemplated repetition of some “ monkey business ” at the then approaching election, without any averment whatever from which the meaning of the phrase “ monkey business ” can be ascertained. The article then proceeds to charge that the “ henchmen ” who engaged in that business during the preceding election — that is the election of eighteen hundred and ninety-six — received their authority for so doing from the mayor of Snow Hill under the charter of the town. Secondly, the article states that the special policemen whom the mayor was empowered to appoint, could, as they did at the election in eighteen hundred and ninety-six, by threats drive the voters from the polls. Whether this conduct of the special policemen is the “ monkey business ” in which the henchmen participated the year before is left wholly to speculation and conjecture. There is no averment of any sort in the indictment to connect the one with the other; and it is perfectly obvious that the innuendo cannot supply such an omission.
There is no prefatory averment to show that the Democratic henchmen who, it is alleged, received from the mayor their authority for engaging in the “ monkey business ” mentioned in the first sentences of the article, were the special policemen who, it is charged, unlawfully drove voters from the polls. A henchman is not, according to the ordinary meaning- of the word, a policeman. The word signifies servant, page or a hanger on. If the henchmen and the special policemen were not the same persons, then there is no sort of relation between the authority which the henchmen received and the [353]*353unlawful acts imputed to the policemen; and if no such relation existed the innuendo, alleging that the acts of the latter were amongst the duties prescribed by the mayor under the authority given to the henchmen, introduces entirely new matter instead of merely defining or pointing out the meaning of the words which were actually used. There being no inducement to show that henchmen and special policemen were identical, it is incompetent, upon demurrer to the sufficiency of the indictment, to infer that they were. As, then, there is no averment of extrinsic facts by a reference to which the meaning of the term “ monkey business ” can be ascertained; and as there is no inducement showing that the henchmen and the special policemen were the same persons, there is nothing on the face of the indictment to connect the authority received by the former with the acts done by the latter; and there is, consequently, no warrant for the innuendo which alleges that the acts of the latter were done under the authority received by the former.
• The alleged libellous article does not mention by name the individual aimed at, but identifies him merely by description; and he is described as the mayor of Snow Hill. It is not averred in the indictment that John P. Moore was mayor of Snow Hill in eighteen hundred and ninety-six — the year when the “ monkey business ” is alleged to have been done. It is not averred that he appointed the henchmen, that these henchmen received their authority from him, or that he defined their duties, or that he armed them. Nor is there any averment that he, John P. Moore, had any connection whatever with the selection of the special policemen in eighteen hundred and ninety-six. To bring John P. Moore within the description “ Mayor of Snow Hill ” and to impute to him the wrongful and illegal acts charged as having been done by the mayor, it is absolutely essential that the indictment should show by an appropriate inducement that he, John P. Moore, was the person who was the mayor of Snow Hill in eighteen hundred and ninety-six when these wrongful and illegal acts were done. In no [354]*354other way could it possibly appear that John P. Moore was the individual assailed by the article. It cannot be inferred that because he was mayor in 1897 he was also mayor in 1896. There should have been an averment that John P. Moore was mayor of Snow Hill in i8p6, that as mayor he appointed the henchmen, that these henchmen were in fact the same persons afterwards spoken of as special policemen; that he in 1896 defined their duties; and there should have been a colloquium stating that in relation to him, John P. Moore, as mayor in 1896 and in reference to the appointment by him at that time of the special policemen the article was published by the traverser. With such appropriate averments and a suitable colloquium, the innuendo pointing out the meaning of the words in their relation to -the extrinsic facts would have made the indictment legally sufficient. An innuendo cannot be proved; the statements of an inducement and a colloquium must be established by evidence. Nothing, therefore, which must be proved can be set forth in.the innuendo. Apart from the innuendo there is not a suggestion that John Pa Moore was mayor of Snow Hill in 1896; and consequently he is not, on the face of the indictment, within the scope or terms of the published article.
(Decided November 16th, 1898.)
Doubtless the learned Judge who ruled upon the demurrer below did not scrutinize the indictment before him, but assumed that it contained the necessary averments to give it validity. This we gather from his opinion in the record. He seems simply to have construed the article upon the theory that the indictment was technically accurate. Had there been the proper averments the indictment would not have been open to an attack by a demurrer.
Because of the defects which we have‘pointed out, we hold the indictment to be bad. The demurrer ought to have been sustained. This being so, the verdict of guilty and the judgment thereon were erroneous, and the judgment must be reversed..
Judgment reversed with costs.