Lynch, J.
On October 20, 1993, bar counsel commenced formal disciplinary proceedings against Attorney John A. Voros (attorney) by filing a petition for discipline with the Board of Bar Overseers (board). That petition alleged that the attorney violated a number of provisions of the disciplinary rules in connection with his involvement in a limited partnership created to acquire an interest in certain real property. The board referred the petition for discipline to a hearing committee. S.J.C. Rule 4:01, § 5 (3) (d), 365 Mass. 696 (1974). Bar counsel then moved for judgment on the petition contending that the attorney was estopped from relitigating issues already decided by the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts in Turner vs. Voros, Civ. No. 86-1748-Z (D. Mass. Sept. 12, 1988). Purporting to act under S.J.C. Rule 4:08 (1), as amended, 414 Mass. 1303 [7]*7(1993), the board sought guidance from the rules committee of this court on whether the board may apply principles of issue preclusion to bar discipline proceedings.2 The rules committee declined, however, to take any administrative action on the board’s request since the issue raised concerned a case then pending before the board. Bar counsel then brought a complaint before a single justice of this court against the attorney and the board, seeking declaratory relief. The single justice reserved and reported this case to the full court.
The undisputed facts are as follows. In 1980, Basil A. Ente (client) retained the attorney to provide him with legal services concerning both his business and personal matters. By 1984, the client and the attorney had developed a close personal friendship, and the client had become the attorney’s only client.3 In 1984, the attorney told the client that he had experience in creating partnerships, and suggested that together they form a limited partnership. After investigating several properties, they agreed to create a limited partnership to acquire the East Bay Lodge, an established restaurant and hotel located in Osterville on Cape Cod. The partnership was named East Bay Acquisitions Limited Partnership (partnership). The attorney told the client that it was customary to charge between $100,000 and $150,000 in legal fees to set up such a complex partnership, but that he would waive the fees if the client agreed to make the attorney a general partner. The client reluctantly agreed.4 Despite that agreement, the attorney billed and collected from the partnership over [8]*8$40,000 in legal fees for drafting partnership documents and for the work of his partner, Ronald Polito, who drafted the partnership’s tax provisions.
On September 17, 1984, the attorney and the client entered into an agreement to purchase East Bay Lodge. In order to purchase East Bay Lodge, they obtained a $1,750,000 loan from the Bank of New England (bank). This loan required the client to place a $500,000 second mortgage on his Cape Cod vacation property.5 After agreeing to the general terms of the partnership, the client recruited at least nine investors to become limited partners. The attorney then drew up an offering memorandum in which he (1) intentionally misrepresented the future profitability of the property; (2) failed to note several outstanding obligations which significantly affected the property’s financial position; (3) intentionally misrepresented his own experience in real estate transactions; and (4) grossly overstated his net worth as a general partner.
After its formation, the partnership suffered substantial losses in 1985, 1986, and 1987. The bank foreclosed its mortgage and eventually sold the property. The bank also has threatened to foreclose on the property on which the client had placed a second mortgage.
In June, 1986, the client and the limited partners commenced their suit against the attorney and Polito, alleging: (1) violations of Federal securities law; (2) fraud; and (3) breach of fiduciary duty. Following a bench trial, a Federal District Court judge made certain factual findings concerning the attorney’s conduct.6 The judge entered judgment [9]*9against the attorney, rescinding the partnership, and ordering the attorney to repay the plaintiffs their invested sums and to pay the client an additional sum for the breach of fiduciary duty. Although the attorney appealed, the appeal was dismissed for want of prosecution. To date, the attorney has paid nothing on the judgment.
In the instant case, both bar counsel and the board contend that the doctrine of collateral estoppel should be applied to bar discipline cases to the same extent that it applies to civil cases. More specifically, both parties argue that the attorney should be precluded from relitigating issues in his pending disciplinary proceedings that he had previously litigated unsuccessfully in Federal court. We agree. “[T]he offensive use of collateral estoppel is a generally accepted practice in American courts,” Aetna Casualty & Sur. Co. v. Niziolek, 395 Mass. 737, 744 (1985), and occurs when a plaintiff seeks to prevent a defendant from litigating issues which the defendant has previously litigated unsuccessfully in an action against another party. Parklane Hosiery Co. v. Shore, 439 U.S. 322, 326 n.4 (1979). See Aetna Casualty & Sur. Co., supra at 742 (party to civil action against former criminal defendant could preclude defendant from relitigating issues already decided in criminal prosecution). See also Fay v. Federal Nat’l Mortgage Co., 419 Mass. 782 (1995). Although we have not previously discussed at length the applicability of collateral estoppel in bar discipline proceedings, we have applied the doctrine in analogous cases. For example, in Haran v. Board of Registration in Medicine, 398 Mass. 571, 581 (1986), this court upheld a Massachusetts regulation which permitted the Board of Registration in Medicine to give a sister State’s disciplinary actions collat[10]*10eral effect in a Massachusetts disciplinary proceeding. Similarly, disciplinary adjudications of foreign jurisdictions affecting an attorney admitted to the Massachusetts bar are given collateral effect in a subsequent Massachusetts proceeding. S.J.C. Rule 4:01, § 16 (5), as amended, 402 Mass. 1302 (1985).7 Moreover, a certificate of conviction “[is] conclusive evidence of the commission of [the] crime” in an attorney’s subsequent disciplinary proceeding. S.J.C. Rule 4:01, § 12 (3), 365 Mass. 696 (1974). However, the board questions whether findings in a civil matter should be given collateral estoppel effect in a bar discipline proceeding, citing Matter of Santosuosso, 318 Mass. 489 (1945).
In Santosuosso, the Bar Association of the City of Boston sought to introduce in a subsequent disciplinary proceeding against an attorney the entire record of a civil equity proceeding, which included the judge’s findings, to demonstrate the attorney’s professional misconduct. Id. at 490. Although the court concluded that most of the record could be admitted, the court would not admit the portion of the record containing the judge’s findings because “[the findings were] not evidence but merely constitute [d] the substance of the conclusions made by the judge from the evidence and are the foundation on which the decree rests.” Id. at 495. However, Santosuosso
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Lynch, J.
On October 20, 1993, bar counsel commenced formal disciplinary proceedings against Attorney John A. Voros (attorney) by filing a petition for discipline with the Board of Bar Overseers (board). That petition alleged that the attorney violated a number of provisions of the disciplinary rules in connection with his involvement in a limited partnership created to acquire an interest in certain real property. The board referred the petition for discipline to a hearing committee. S.J.C. Rule 4:01, § 5 (3) (d), 365 Mass. 696 (1974). Bar counsel then moved for judgment on the petition contending that the attorney was estopped from relitigating issues already decided by the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts in Turner vs. Voros, Civ. No. 86-1748-Z (D. Mass. Sept. 12, 1988). Purporting to act under S.J.C. Rule 4:08 (1), as amended, 414 Mass. 1303 [7]*7(1993), the board sought guidance from the rules committee of this court on whether the board may apply principles of issue preclusion to bar discipline proceedings.2 The rules committee declined, however, to take any administrative action on the board’s request since the issue raised concerned a case then pending before the board. Bar counsel then brought a complaint before a single justice of this court against the attorney and the board, seeking declaratory relief. The single justice reserved and reported this case to the full court.
The undisputed facts are as follows. In 1980, Basil A. Ente (client) retained the attorney to provide him with legal services concerning both his business and personal matters. By 1984, the client and the attorney had developed a close personal friendship, and the client had become the attorney’s only client.3 In 1984, the attorney told the client that he had experience in creating partnerships, and suggested that together they form a limited partnership. After investigating several properties, they agreed to create a limited partnership to acquire the East Bay Lodge, an established restaurant and hotel located in Osterville on Cape Cod. The partnership was named East Bay Acquisitions Limited Partnership (partnership). The attorney told the client that it was customary to charge between $100,000 and $150,000 in legal fees to set up such a complex partnership, but that he would waive the fees if the client agreed to make the attorney a general partner. The client reluctantly agreed.4 Despite that agreement, the attorney billed and collected from the partnership over [8]*8$40,000 in legal fees for drafting partnership documents and for the work of his partner, Ronald Polito, who drafted the partnership’s tax provisions.
On September 17, 1984, the attorney and the client entered into an agreement to purchase East Bay Lodge. In order to purchase East Bay Lodge, they obtained a $1,750,000 loan from the Bank of New England (bank). This loan required the client to place a $500,000 second mortgage on his Cape Cod vacation property.5 After agreeing to the general terms of the partnership, the client recruited at least nine investors to become limited partners. The attorney then drew up an offering memorandum in which he (1) intentionally misrepresented the future profitability of the property; (2) failed to note several outstanding obligations which significantly affected the property’s financial position; (3) intentionally misrepresented his own experience in real estate transactions; and (4) grossly overstated his net worth as a general partner.
After its formation, the partnership suffered substantial losses in 1985, 1986, and 1987. The bank foreclosed its mortgage and eventually sold the property. The bank also has threatened to foreclose on the property on which the client had placed a second mortgage.
In June, 1986, the client and the limited partners commenced their suit against the attorney and Polito, alleging: (1) violations of Federal securities law; (2) fraud; and (3) breach of fiduciary duty. Following a bench trial, a Federal District Court judge made certain factual findings concerning the attorney’s conduct.6 The judge entered judgment [9]*9against the attorney, rescinding the partnership, and ordering the attorney to repay the plaintiffs their invested sums and to pay the client an additional sum for the breach of fiduciary duty. Although the attorney appealed, the appeal was dismissed for want of prosecution. To date, the attorney has paid nothing on the judgment.
In the instant case, both bar counsel and the board contend that the doctrine of collateral estoppel should be applied to bar discipline cases to the same extent that it applies to civil cases. More specifically, both parties argue that the attorney should be precluded from relitigating issues in his pending disciplinary proceedings that he had previously litigated unsuccessfully in Federal court. We agree. “[T]he offensive use of collateral estoppel is a generally accepted practice in American courts,” Aetna Casualty & Sur. Co. v. Niziolek, 395 Mass. 737, 744 (1985), and occurs when a plaintiff seeks to prevent a defendant from litigating issues which the defendant has previously litigated unsuccessfully in an action against another party. Parklane Hosiery Co. v. Shore, 439 U.S. 322, 326 n.4 (1979). See Aetna Casualty & Sur. Co., supra at 742 (party to civil action against former criminal defendant could preclude defendant from relitigating issues already decided in criminal prosecution). See also Fay v. Federal Nat’l Mortgage Co., 419 Mass. 782 (1995). Although we have not previously discussed at length the applicability of collateral estoppel in bar discipline proceedings, we have applied the doctrine in analogous cases. For example, in Haran v. Board of Registration in Medicine, 398 Mass. 571, 581 (1986), this court upheld a Massachusetts regulation which permitted the Board of Registration in Medicine to give a sister State’s disciplinary actions collat[10]*10eral effect in a Massachusetts disciplinary proceeding. Similarly, disciplinary adjudications of foreign jurisdictions affecting an attorney admitted to the Massachusetts bar are given collateral effect in a subsequent Massachusetts proceeding. S.J.C. Rule 4:01, § 16 (5), as amended, 402 Mass. 1302 (1985).7 Moreover, a certificate of conviction “[is] conclusive evidence of the commission of [the] crime” in an attorney’s subsequent disciplinary proceeding. S.J.C. Rule 4:01, § 12 (3), 365 Mass. 696 (1974). However, the board questions whether findings in a civil matter should be given collateral estoppel effect in a bar discipline proceeding, citing Matter of Santosuosso, 318 Mass. 489 (1945).
In Santosuosso, the Bar Association of the City of Boston sought to introduce in a subsequent disciplinary proceeding against an attorney the entire record of a civil equity proceeding, which included the judge’s findings, to demonstrate the attorney’s professional misconduct. Id. at 490. Although the court concluded that most of the record could be admitted, the court would not admit the portion of the record containing the judge’s findings because “[the findings were] not evidence but merely constitute [d] the substance of the conclusions made by the judge from the evidence and are the foundation on which the decree rests.” Id. at 495. However, Santosuosso was decided at a time when the doctrine of collateral estoppel was burdened with the concept of mutuality, requiring that parties in both actions be the same.
Massachusetts has since abolished this mutuality requirement. Home Owners Fed. Sav. & Loan Ass’n v. Northwestern Fire & Marine Ins. Co., 354 Mass. 448, 455 (1968). We see no basis for withholding preclusive effect of civil findings in a subsequent disciplinary action against an attorney. To do so would cause to be relitigated issues previously examined and decided. Such relitigation would not comport [11]*11with the judicial goals of finality, efficiency, consistency, and fairness, thought to be effectuated through the invocation of collateral estoppel. We conclude that the offensive use of collateral estoppel is appropriate in bar disciplinary proceedings.
Before the doctrine of collateral estoppel can be used offensively, the fact finder should be afforded wide discretion in determining whether to do so would be fair to the defendant. Whitehall Co. v. Barletta, 404 Mass. 497, 502 (1989). The Restatement (Second) of Judgments § 29 (1982) sets forth eight circumstances for a judge to consider in making this determination:
“(1) Treating the issue as conclusively determined would be incompatible with an applicable scheme of administering the remedies in the actions involved;
“(2) The forum in the second action affords the party against whom preclusion is asserted procedural opportunities in the presentation and determination of the issue that were not available in the first action and could likely result in the issue being differently determined;
“(3) The person seeking to invoke favorable preclusion, or to avoid unfavorable preclusion, could have effected joinder in the first action between himself and his present adversary;
“(4) The determination relied on as preclusive was itself inconsistent with another determination of the same issue;
“(5) The prior determination may have been affected by relationships among the parties to the first action that are not present in the subsequent action, or apparently was based on a compromise verdict or finding;
“(6) Treating the issue as conclusively determined may complicate determination of issues in the subsequent action or prejudice the interests of another party thereto;
“(7) The issue is one of law and treating it as conclusively determined would inappropriately foreclose op[12]*12portunity for obtaining reconsideration of the legal rule upon which it was based;
“(8) Other compelling circumstances make it appropriate that the party be permitted to relitigate the issue.”
Additionally, it should also be determined whether disparate burdens of proof existed in the two proceedings. Compare Pollock v. Marshall, 391 Mass. 543, 555 (1984) (in civil proceeding, attorney must show transaction fair and equitable) with Rule 3.28 of the Rules of the Board of Bar Overseers (1995) (bar counsel has burden of proof in disciplinary proceedings). See also Restatement (Second) of Judgments § 28 (4) (1982) (no preclusion where “the burden has shifted to [the] adversary of the person” against whom preclusion is sought).
We next address how the doctrine should be applied to the facts of this case. Because of the nature of the factors to be considered and the amount of discretion involved, the fact finder should be responsible, in the first instance, for determining whether issue preclusion should apply. See Whitehall Co. v. Barletta, supra at 503 (reversing trial court’s ruling that collateral estoppel not available, but remanding case for determination whether issue preclusion appropriate); Haran v. Board of Registration in Medicine, 398 Mass. 571, 579 (1986) (board of registration should have “wide latitude” in deciding which issues suited for resolution by collateral estoppel).
Therefore, we remand this case to the single justice for the entry of a judgment declaring that the board may apply the collateral estoppel principle in bar discipline proceedings in a manner consistent with this opinion.
So ordered.