Peckham, J.
Hpo-n the question whether the money which the plaintiff seeks to recover was a loan to the defendant from the firm of which he was a member, or was money drawn by him under -a claim .of right from the firm treasury in Hew York, we think- there was evidence to warrant a finding that it Avas a loan and was so received by the defendant.
The learned trial judge found that it was a loan. No time was specified for its repayment, and it became due upon demand. The defendant claims that no action at law by a portion of a firm can be maintained in case of a breach of contract and of a wrongful act by another member against such other member, unless upon an express promise to pay and after a final accounting and a balance struck. This may be true; but the case is •one where the member sued has been guilty of a wrongful act, and a breach of his duty, and has, for instance, converted funds to his personal use by payment of his debts, which belonged to the firm. These are the general characteristics of the cases cited by defendant’s counsel. Here is a case, however, where a loan of money belonging to the firm has been made to one member of it, and the law, upon an ordinary simple loan, even to a partner, implies a promise to pay it at the time stated, or upon demand, without going into an accounting. The' cases where an express promise to pay has been required Avere those Avhere from the facts no implied promise to repay would be raised, excepting upon an accounting and a balance struck. Thus Judge Allen, in
Crater
v.
Bininger
(45 N. Y. 545 at 548), says that an action Avill not lie by one member of a partnership against another upon an implied promise, and if the qflaintifi had paid the demands against the firm he could not have maintained an action against his associates upon the implied promise to repay him. In such case the promise implied is to repay the amount that may be found due after an accounting. But one partner can maintain an action against his copartner upon an express j>romise, although connected AA’itli partnership business. He refers to
Gridley
v.
Dole
(4 N. Y. 486), Avlncli was a case where one of two partners after a dissolution advanced money to the other upon his promissory note, to pay partnership debts, the assets of the late' firm being in the hands of the member receiving the money. It Avas held he could recover upon this express obligation to repay, but if no such obligation had been taken, it would have been the case of one partner advancing money to pay, or jiaying demands against the firm, and hi such case he
could not recover back the whole or any part of the money in an action against his copartners, because the action would be upon an implied promise, and that implied promise was only that the other partners would pay what was due him after an accounting had been taken to ascertain the state of the partnership matters, and the balance, if any, that might be due him. Where, however the facts proved raise an implied promise to-repay upon demand the very sum which has been loaned, I think an action can be maintained thereon just as well as upon an express promise to do the very thing which the law implies-without such express promise. But be that as it may, we have here the further facts that the indebtedness from defendant, to the firm was assigned by it to the plaintiff, and upon the trial an examination into the firm accounts was had so far as-to show the defendant indebted to the firm in a sum largely in excess of the money sued for by the plaintiff. That an assignee could recover upon the indebtedness arising from the loan, after proof of the state of the partnership accounts, and that defendant was indebted to it in a greater sum than the amount-assigned, can admit of no doubt. In our uilion of legal and equitable remedies in the same tribunal, and after what may be termed an examination in the nature of an accounting has-been had, it is a matter of no importance that it was carried on in what would be termed an action at law. There is no claim now made that there has been but a partial accounting or that in consequence of such partial accounting the defendant has been found indebted to the firm in a greater sum than would have appeared if a full and complete accounting had been had, and greater than will appear when a full and complete accounting comes to be had between the members of the firm-in an action wherein they are all parties and where the judgment-will bind them all. We think the plaintiff showed enough to-maintain its action in this respect.
These views would lead to an affirmance of the judgment were it not for the erroneous admission of one piece of evidence which we see no available answer to. There was no-dispute that the defendant, on the 31st of December, 1887,,
drew $25,000 of firm moneys and had it credited to him in liis own private hank account. Up to that event he had drawn $800 monthly, which was all that hy the partnership articles he was entitled to draw. A few days before he, living in ¡New York, had telegraphed the other members of his firm in San Francisco asking if he might draw $25,000 and had been refused that privilege, but the firm, through its senior member, had offered to loan defendant that amount, provided defendant could negotiate it. The defendant made no answer, but in a few days thereafter drew the money. From the partnership articles forbidding any such draft and from the request of defendant asking if he might draw, and the refusal of the firm to permit it as a mere draft, but offering to loan him that amount, and the subsequent action of defendant • in drawing the sum and from all the circumstances of the case, the court was asked to draw the inference that defendant when he drew the money drew it pursuant to the consent of the firm as a loan and not in opposition thereto as well as in violation, as claimed, of the partnership articles. The question was one of intent, a question of fact, to he decided after a consideration of all the evidence in the case. The defendant was a witness and denied fully and unequivocally the drawing of the money as a loan pursuant to the consent of the other members of the firm, and he swore that he drew it as matter of right, upon the dissolution of the firm, which event occurred on that day, and he claimed that such drawing was not under the circumstances of an immediate dissolution of the firm in violation of the" partnership articles limiting his drafts to $800 per month, which limit he had then already reached. Here was evidence from which different inferences might be drawn by the trial judge. ¡Delafield being a party interested the court was not bound to believe him when he swore to what was his own intent accompanying the act of drawing, and that act was not in and of itself of so unequivocal a nature as to be conclusive evidence of the defendant’s intent. In this state of the case it is seen that any evidence erroneously admitted and which may have had an effect upo'n the mind of the learned trial
judge' cannot be qverlooked.
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Peckham, J.
Hpo-n the question whether the money which the plaintiff seeks to recover was a loan to the defendant from the firm of which he was a member, or was money drawn by him under -a claim .of right from the firm treasury in Hew York, we think- there was evidence to warrant a finding that it Avas a loan and was so received by the defendant.
The learned trial judge found that it was a loan. No time was specified for its repayment, and it became due upon demand. The defendant claims that no action at law by a portion of a firm can be maintained in case of a breach of contract and of a wrongful act by another member against such other member, unless upon an express promise to pay and after a final accounting and a balance struck. This may be true; but the case is •one where the member sued has been guilty of a wrongful act, and a breach of his duty, and has, for instance, converted funds to his personal use by payment of his debts, which belonged to the firm. These are the general characteristics of the cases cited by defendant’s counsel. Here is a case, however, where a loan of money belonging to the firm has been made to one member of it, and the law, upon an ordinary simple loan, even to a partner, implies a promise to pay it at the time stated, or upon demand, without going into an accounting. The' cases where an express promise to pay has been required Avere those Avhere from the facts no implied promise to repay would be raised, excepting upon an accounting and a balance struck. Thus Judge Allen, in
Crater
v.
Bininger
(45 N. Y. 545 at 548), says that an action Avill not lie by one member of a partnership against another upon an implied promise, and if the qflaintifi had paid the demands against the firm he could not have maintained an action against his associates upon the implied promise to repay him. In such case the promise implied is to repay the amount that may be found due after an accounting. But one partner can maintain an action against his copartner upon an express j>romise, although connected AA’itli partnership business. He refers to
Gridley
v.
Dole
(4 N. Y. 486), Avlncli was a case where one of two partners after a dissolution advanced money to the other upon his promissory note, to pay partnership debts, the assets of the late' firm being in the hands of the member receiving the money. It Avas held he could recover upon this express obligation to repay, but if no such obligation had been taken, it would have been the case of one partner advancing money to pay, or jiaying demands against the firm, and hi such case he
could not recover back the whole or any part of the money in an action against his copartners, because the action would be upon an implied promise, and that implied promise was only that the other partners would pay what was due him after an accounting had been taken to ascertain the state of the partnership matters, and the balance, if any, that might be due him. Where, however the facts proved raise an implied promise to-repay upon demand the very sum which has been loaned, I think an action can be maintained thereon just as well as upon an express promise to do the very thing which the law implies-without such express promise. But be that as it may, we have here the further facts that the indebtedness from defendant, to the firm was assigned by it to the plaintiff, and upon the trial an examination into the firm accounts was had so far as-to show the defendant indebted to the firm in a sum largely in excess of the money sued for by the plaintiff. That an assignee could recover upon the indebtedness arising from the loan, after proof of the state of the partnership accounts, and that defendant was indebted to it in a greater sum than the amount-assigned, can admit of no doubt. In our uilion of legal and equitable remedies in the same tribunal, and after what may be termed an examination in the nature of an accounting has-been had, it is a matter of no importance that it was carried on in what would be termed an action at law. There is no claim now made that there has been but a partial accounting or that in consequence of such partial accounting the defendant has been found indebted to the firm in a greater sum than would have appeared if a full and complete accounting had been had, and greater than will appear when a full and complete accounting comes to be had between the members of the firm-in an action wherein they are all parties and where the judgment-will bind them all. We think the plaintiff showed enough to-maintain its action in this respect.
These views would lead to an affirmance of the judgment were it not for the erroneous admission of one piece of evidence which we see no available answer to. There was no-dispute that the defendant, on the 31st of December, 1887,,
drew $25,000 of firm moneys and had it credited to him in liis own private hank account. Up to that event he had drawn $800 monthly, which was all that hy the partnership articles he was entitled to draw. A few days before he, living in ¡New York, had telegraphed the other members of his firm in San Francisco asking if he might draw $25,000 and had been refused that privilege, but the firm, through its senior member, had offered to loan defendant that amount, provided defendant could negotiate it. The defendant made no answer, but in a few days thereafter drew the money. From the partnership articles forbidding any such draft and from the request of defendant asking if he might draw, and the refusal of the firm to permit it as a mere draft, but offering to loan him that amount, and the subsequent action of defendant • in drawing the sum and from all the circumstances of the case, the court was asked to draw the inference that defendant when he drew the money drew it pursuant to the consent of the firm as a loan and not in opposition thereto as well as in violation, as claimed, of the partnership articles. The question was one of intent, a question of fact, to he decided after a consideration of all the evidence in the case. The defendant was a witness and denied fully and unequivocally the drawing of the money as a loan pursuant to the consent of the other members of the firm, and he swore that he drew it as matter of right, upon the dissolution of the firm, which event occurred on that day, and he claimed that such drawing was not under the circumstances of an immediate dissolution of the firm in violation of the" partnership articles limiting his drafts to $800 per month, which limit he had then already reached. Here was evidence from which different inferences might be drawn by the trial judge. ¡Delafield being a party interested the court was not bound to believe him when he swore to what was his own intent accompanying the act of drawing, and that act was not in and of itself of so unequivocal a nature as to be conclusive evidence of the defendant’s intent. In this state of the case it is seen that any evidence erroneously admitted and which may have had an effect upo'n the mind of the learned trial
judge' cannot be qverlooked. The plaintiff, under the objection and exception of the defendant specifically pointing out the proper grounds, was permitted to put in evidence a letter written by one of the members of the late firm in San Francisco to defendant under date of April 27, 1888, in which the writer assumes to rehearse the circumstances of the drawing of the check by defendant in the previous December and the refusal of the firm to permit the draft', excepting as a loan in-aid of defendant', and then the letter continues :
“
You acceded to the terms'of Hr. Coleman’s dispatch of December twelfth and accepted this money as a loan. How that we require the money and as you have had ample opportunity to turn yourself and realize upon your securities, we trust that you will appreciate thoroughly and understand our position in valuing upon you as per our cashier’s letter above mentioned.”
It does not appear that the defendant ever answered the letter.
We
can see no ground upon which the letter is admissible. It is not in the nature of a declaration which the defendant admits by not answering, nor is it on the same plane as an oral declaration to the same effect, made in the presence of the party to be charged and who may.be regarded as admitting its truth by failing to deny it. This letter is a mere declaration of the writer assuming in his own behalf to characterize and determine the nature of a past transaction, and it does not demand an answer and is not admissible in evidence against the defendant.
(Learned
v. Tillotson, 97 N. Y. 1;
Talcott
v. Harris, 93 id. 567, 571.)
The letter was not admissible for any purpose of proving the intention that the draft drawn on defendant in favor of plaintiff should operate as an assignment to plaintiff of the claim of the firm against tlie defendant. The letter will be read in vain for any such information. It was clearly, not written for any such purpose.
The draft -itself showed that it did so operate. It was an order bpon the particular fund and for the whole of it.
The case is entirely different from that of
Throop, etc., Co.
v.
Smith
(110 N. Y. 83), where the draft was an ordinary one
drawn on no particular fund, and the letters passing between the parties were put in evidence to show that there had been an assignment of the debt to one of them and an acceptance thereof by him. They were parts of the
res gestee
and were the very papers upon which a contract of assignment and an acceptance thereof were shown.
Ror was this letter admissible for the purpose of proving notice of the assignment to the defendant. The answer admits notice thereof on or about May fourth. Rotice probably would only be important for the purpose of guarding against any dealing by the defendant with the original owners after the assignment and in ignorance thereof. In this case it Avas not material, and if it were an admission thereof stood upon the record. In addition the draft itself was presented for payment and payment refused. There Avas no question of notice in the case.
The evidence of the taking of this money by defendant as a loan from the firm was someAx-liat slight. It aa-bs a question of fact to be decided upon extidence admitting different- inferences therefrom, and the question is so close Ave cannot say the defendant suffered no harm from the erroneous admission of the letter. .
a
The judgment should be reversed and a new trial granted, costs to abide event.
All concur.
Judgment reversed.