NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS SEP 23 2024 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
BALMUCCINO, LLC, a California limited No. 23-35561 liability company, D.C. No. 2:22-cv-01501-JHC Plaintiff-Appellant,
v. MEMORANDUM*
STARBUCKS CORPORATION, a Washington corporation,
Defendant-Appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of Washington John H. Chun, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted September 13, 2024 San Francisco, California
Before: GOULD and BUMATAY, Circuit Judges, and R. COLLINS,** District Judge.
Plaintiff-Appellant Balmuccino, LLC, appeals the district court’s dismissal
with prejudice of its claims against Defendant-Appellee Starbucks Corporation. In
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The Honorable Raner C. Collins, United States District Judge for the District of Arizona, sitting by designation. relevant part, Balmuccino’s first amended complaint alleged breach of implied
contract and trade secret misappropriation under Washington law and trade secret
misappropriation under the federal Defend Trade Secrets Act (“DTSA”).
Balmuccino’s claims were untimely because they were filed on March 9, 2023, and
the three-year statute of limitations ran in April 2022. Balmuccino never argued it
could meet the requirements for equitable tolling under Washington law,
specifically the requirement that the defendant act in bad faith. Instead,
Balmuccino asserted California’s more relaxed equitable tolling principles should
apply.
The district court held that under Washington's choice of law rules,
Washington law applied. Because Balmuccino’s claims were untimely, the district
court dismissed its first amended complaint. The court dismissed with prejudice
because further amendment would have been futile. We have jurisdiction over
Balmuccino’s appeal under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and affirm.
1. The district court correctly applied the choice of law rules of the forum state,
Washington, when deciding Washington’s equitable tolling rule applied to the state
law claims. See, e.g., Knapke v. PeopleConnect, Inc., 38 F.4th 824, 832 (9th Cir.
2022). A district court applies federal law to claims invoking federal question
jurisdiction, and substantive state law and federal procedural law to claims
invoking diversity jurisdiction. See Erie R. Co. v. Tompkins, 304 U.S. 64, 78
2 (1938).
2. Washington courts apply the “most significant relationship” test to resolve
choice of law questions when there is an actual conflict between the laws of the
interested states. See, e.g., FutureSelect Portfolio Mgmt. v. Tremont Grp. Holdings,
331 P.3d 29, 36 (Wash. 2014) (en banc). When performing the “most significant
relationship” test, Washington courts first evaluate each party’s contacts with the
interested states within the boundaries of the relevant provision of the Second
Restatement. See, e.g., Johnson v. Spider Staging Corp., 555 P.2d 997, 1000
(Wash. 1976) (en banc). Then, if the contacts are evenly balanced, a court “must
evaluate the interests and policies of the potentially concerned jurisdictions by
applying the factors set forth in Restatement section 6.” Woodward v. Taylor, 366
P.3d 432, 436 (Wash. 2016).
3. There is an actual conflict because applying California law results in a
different outcome than applying Washington law. Compare Saint Francis Mem’l
Hosp. v. State Dep’t of Pub. Health, 467 P.3d 1033, 1037 (Cal. 2020), with Fowler
v. Guerin, 515 P.3d 502, 506 (Wash. 2022). Balmuccino has not alleged and
cannot allege one of Washington’s equitable tolling elements—defendant’s bad
faith or false assurances. See Fowler, 515 P.3d at 506. So, we must evaluate the
contacts with each state to resolve the conflict.
4. For contract claims, Washington courts consider (1) the place of contracting;
3 (2) the place of negotiation; (3) the place of performance; (4) the location of the
subject matter of the contract; and (5) the residence, place of incorporation, and
place of business of the parties. Restatement (Second) Conflict of Laws § 188(2)
(Am. L. Inst. 1971) (“Restatement”). For tort claims, Washington courts consider
“(a) the place where the injury occurred; (b) the place where the conduct causing
the injury occurred; (c) the domicile, residence, nationality, place of incorporation
and place of business of the parties; and (d) the place where the relationship, if any,
between the parties is centered.” Spider Staging Corp., 555 P.2d at 1000 (quoting
Restatement § 145). However, for trade secret misappropriation specifically, “the
place of injury is less significant” because it is by nature fortuitous. Restatement
§ 145 cmt. f. “Instead, the principal location of the defendant’s conduct is the
contact that will usually be given the greatest weight in determining the state
whose local law determines the rights and liabilities that arise from”
misappropriation of trade secrets. Id.
5. Here, the most significant relationship test favors applying Washington law.
For the contract claims, the place of contracting and place of negotiation were both
in New York where the pitch meeting occurred, and the parties’ domiciles are in
Washington and California respectively, so the first, second, and fifth factors do
not weigh in favor of either Washington or California. However, the third and
fourth factors weigh in favor of Washington. According to Balmuccino’s
4 allegations, the contract was centered on creating coffee-flavored lip products. No
allegations state Starbucks created its Sip Kit product in California or was set to
deliver on any other contractual obligation in California. Rather, based on the
pleadings and judicially noticed materials,1 Balmuccino’s allegations fail to
establish significant contract-related contacts in California. Similarly, the tort
contact analysis also favors applying Washington law, especially because
Starbucks’s alleged misappropriation occurred in Washington. See Restatement
§ 145 cmt. f.
6. Even if the contacts themselves did not favor Washington law, the interests
of Washington would prevail over California’s negligible interests. See
Restatement § 6. Evaluating the interests of both states under the principles
outlined in § 6 of the Second Restatement, Washington law still is the proper
choice of law. California has little interest in applying its equitable tolling regime
to an out-of-state claim for which it has already determined it lacks jurisdiction.
Yet Washington has a strong interest in upholding “long-held principles promoting
finality and preventing stale claims” and only applying equitable tolling
“sparingly” when the predicates are met. Fowler, 515 P.3d at 507 (citation
omitted). This interest prevails.
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NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS SEP 23 2024 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
BALMUCCINO, LLC, a California limited No. 23-35561 liability company, D.C. No. 2:22-cv-01501-JHC Plaintiff-Appellant,
v. MEMORANDUM*
STARBUCKS CORPORATION, a Washington corporation,
Defendant-Appellee.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of Washington John H. Chun, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted September 13, 2024 San Francisco, California
Before: GOULD and BUMATAY, Circuit Judges, and R. COLLINS,** District Judge.
Plaintiff-Appellant Balmuccino, LLC, appeals the district court’s dismissal
with prejudice of its claims against Defendant-Appellee Starbucks Corporation. In
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The Honorable Raner C. Collins, United States District Judge for the District of Arizona, sitting by designation. relevant part, Balmuccino’s first amended complaint alleged breach of implied
contract and trade secret misappropriation under Washington law and trade secret
misappropriation under the federal Defend Trade Secrets Act (“DTSA”).
Balmuccino’s claims were untimely because they were filed on March 9, 2023, and
the three-year statute of limitations ran in April 2022. Balmuccino never argued it
could meet the requirements for equitable tolling under Washington law,
specifically the requirement that the defendant act in bad faith. Instead,
Balmuccino asserted California’s more relaxed equitable tolling principles should
apply.
The district court held that under Washington's choice of law rules,
Washington law applied. Because Balmuccino’s claims were untimely, the district
court dismissed its first amended complaint. The court dismissed with prejudice
because further amendment would have been futile. We have jurisdiction over
Balmuccino’s appeal under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and affirm.
1. The district court correctly applied the choice of law rules of the forum state,
Washington, when deciding Washington’s equitable tolling rule applied to the state
law claims. See, e.g., Knapke v. PeopleConnect, Inc., 38 F.4th 824, 832 (9th Cir.
2022). A district court applies federal law to claims invoking federal question
jurisdiction, and substantive state law and federal procedural law to claims
invoking diversity jurisdiction. See Erie R. Co. v. Tompkins, 304 U.S. 64, 78
2 (1938).
2. Washington courts apply the “most significant relationship” test to resolve
choice of law questions when there is an actual conflict between the laws of the
interested states. See, e.g., FutureSelect Portfolio Mgmt. v. Tremont Grp. Holdings,
331 P.3d 29, 36 (Wash. 2014) (en banc). When performing the “most significant
relationship” test, Washington courts first evaluate each party’s contacts with the
interested states within the boundaries of the relevant provision of the Second
Restatement. See, e.g., Johnson v. Spider Staging Corp., 555 P.2d 997, 1000
(Wash. 1976) (en banc). Then, if the contacts are evenly balanced, a court “must
evaluate the interests and policies of the potentially concerned jurisdictions by
applying the factors set forth in Restatement section 6.” Woodward v. Taylor, 366
P.3d 432, 436 (Wash. 2016).
3. There is an actual conflict because applying California law results in a
different outcome than applying Washington law. Compare Saint Francis Mem’l
Hosp. v. State Dep’t of Pub. Health, 467 P.3d 1033, 1037 (Cal. 2020), with Fowler
v. Guerin, 515 P.3d 502, 506 (Wash. 2022). Balmuccino has not alleged and
cannot allege one of Washington’s equitable tolling elements—defendant’s bad
faith or false assurances. See Fowler, 515 P.3d at 506. So, we must evaluate the
contacts with each state to resolve the conflict.
4. For contract claims, Washington courts consider (1) the place of contracting;
3 (2) the place of negotiation; (3) the place of performance; (4) the location of the
subject matter of the contract; and (5) the residence, place of incorporation, and
place of business of the parties. Restatement (Second) Conflict of Laws § 188(2)
(Am. L. Inst. 1971) (“Restatement”). For tort claims, Washington courts consider
“(a) the place where the injury occurred; (b) the place where the conduct causing
the injury occurred; (c) the domicile, residence, nationality, place of incorporation
and place of business of the parties; and (d) the place where the relationship, if any,
between the parties is centered.” Spider Staging Corp., 555 P.2d at 1000 (quoting
Restatement § 145). However, for trade secret misappropriation specifically, “the
place of injury is less significant” because it is by nature fortuitous. Restatement
§ 145 cmt. f. “Instead, the principal location of the defendant’s conduct is the
contact that will usually be given the greatest weight in determining the state
whose local law determines the rights and liabilities that arise from”
misappropriation of trade secrets. Id.
5. Here, the most significant relationship test favors applying Washington law.
For the contract claims, the place of contracting and place of negotiation were both
in New York where the pitch meeting occurred, and the parties’ domiciles are in
Washington and California respectively, so the first, second, and fifth factors do
not weigh in favor of either Washington or California. However, the third and
fourth factors weigh in favor of Washington. According to Balmuccino’s
4 allegations, the contract was centered on creating coffee-flavored lip products. No
allegations state Starbucks created its Sip Kit product in California or was set to
deliver on any other contractual obligation in California. Rather, based on the
pleadings and judicially noticed materials,1 Balmuccino’s allegations fail to
establish significant contract-related contacts in California. Similarly, the tort
contact analysis also favors applying Washington law, especially because
Starbucks’s alleged misappropriation occurred in Washington. See Restatement
§ 145 cmt. f.
6. Even if the contacts themselves did not favor Washington law, the interests
of Washington would prevail over California’s negligible interests. See
Restatement § 6. Evaluating the interests of both states under the principles
outlined in § 6 of the Second Restatement, Washington law still is the proper
choice of law. California has little interest in applying its equitable tolling regime
to an out-of-state claim for which it has already determined it lacks jurisdiction.
Yet Washington has a strong interest in upholding “long-held principles promoting
finality and preventing stale claims” and only applying equitable tolling
“sparingly” when the predicates are met. Fowler, 515 P.3d at 507 (citation
omitted). This interest prevails.
1 We grant Balmuccino’s request for judicial notice of the filings in California state court. See Tellabs, Inc. v. Makor Issues & Rights, Ltd., 551 U.S. 308, 322 (2007); Rosales-Martinez v. Palmer, 753 F.3d 890, 894 (9th Cir. 2014).
5 7. The district court did not abuse its discretion in dismissing the complaint
without leave to amend. Although the propriety of equitable tolling “often depends
on matters outside the pleadings,” Supermail Cargo, Inc. v. United States, 68 F.3d
1204, 1206 (9th Cir. 1995), a court may dismiss a claim based on the statute of
limitations “if the assertions of the complaint, read with the required liberality,
would not permit the plaintiff to prove that the statute was tolled[,]” Jablon v.
Dean Witter & Co., 614 F.2d 677, 682 (9th Cir. 1980). Here, no set of facts would
render the complaint timely because Balmuccino concedes equitable tolling would
not apply under Washington law. Therefore, the district court properly dismissed
the complaint without leave to amend.
8. Balmuccino asserts additional discovery is required to settle the choice of
law issue. However, this argument ignores that a court can determine which state’s
law applies at the motion to dismiss stage if the pleaded facts allow the
analysis. See, e.g., Fields v. Legacy Health Sys., 413 F.3d 943, 949–53 (9th Cir.
2005). Here, because the complaint alleges no facts from which significant
contacts in California could be inferred, additional discovery would not change the
choice of law analysis.
AFFIRMED.