Balloli v. New Haven Police Dept.

151 A.3d 367, 324 Conn. 14, 2016 Conn. LEXIS 387

Opinion

EVELEIGH, J.

The sole issue in this appeal is whether the plaintiff, Peter Balloli, who was employed by the named defendant, the New Haven Police Department, 1 had departed his "place of abode" when he was injured, thus entitling him to workers' compensation benefits pursuant to General Statutes § 31-275 (1) (A) (i) of the Workers' Compensation Act (act). 2 The plaintiff appeals 3 from a decision of the Workers' Compensation Review Board (board), which affirmed the decision of the Workers' Compensation Commissioner for the Third District (commissioner) dismissing the plaintiff's claim. On appeal, the plaintiff claims that he is entitled to workers' compensation benefits because he had departed his "place of abode" for duty as a police officer. We agree with the plaintiff.

The following facts, as found by the commissioner, and procedural history are relevant to the disposition of this appeal. The plaintiff was employed by the defendant as a police officer on October 25, 2012. The plaintiff was scheduled to perform an extra duty job as a police officer for the defendant beginning at 7 a.m. on that date.

The plaintiff moved his vehicle out of his driveway at approximately 5:30 a.m. on that morning so that his son could move another vehicle out of the driveway.

After moving his vehicle, the plaintiff parked it in the street directly in front of his house. The vehicle was parked so that the passenger side of the vehicle was facing the house and the driver's side of the vehicle was facing the street. After parking his vehicle on the street, the plaintiff went back into his home and finished getting ready for work.

At approximately 6 a.m., the plaintiff walked through his breezeway, down the driveway and to the driver's side door of his vehicle, which was still parked on the street. While standing on the street at the driver's side door, the plaintiff dropped his keys. The keys ricocheted off his foot and landed underneath his vehicle. The plaintiff squatted down and twisted to pick up his keys, injuring his lumbar spine.

The commissioner dismissed the plaintiff's claim, concluding that "[b]ased on the totality of the evidence submitted ... the [plaintiff had] not met his burden [of demonstrating] that the ... injury arose out of and in the course of his employment as he was injured at home prior to commencing his normal commute to work. He had not departed from his 'place of abode' pursuant to ... § 31-275 (1) (A) (i) at the time he sustained his back injury and therefore this incident is not compensable." The plaintiff appealed to the board, which affirmed the decision of the commissioner. This appeal followed.

"As a threshold matter, we set forth the standard of review applicable to workers' compensation appeals. The principles that govern our standard of review in workers' compensation appeals are well established. The conclusions drawn by [the commissioner] from the facts found must stand unless they result from an incorrect application of the law to the subordinate facts or from an inference illegally or unreasonably drawn from them. ... [Moreover, it] is well established that [a]lthough not dispositive, we accord great weight to the construction given to the workers' compensation statutes by the commissioner and [the] board. ... Cases that present pure questions of law, however, invoke a broader standard of review than is ordinarily involved in deciding whether, in light of the evidence, the agency has acted unreasonably, arbitrarily, illegally or in abuse of its discretion. ... We have determined, therefore, that the traditional deference accorded to an agency's interpretation of a statutory term is unwarranted when the construction of a statute ... has not previously been subjected to judicial scrutiny [or to] ... a governmental agency's time-tested interpretation ...." (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Estate of Rock v. University of Connecticut , 323 Conn. 26 , 30, 144 A.3d 420 (2016).

In the present case, the plaintiff does not challenge the factual findings of the commissioner, but instead asserts that the board improperly affirmed the commissioner's incorrect interpretation of the term "place of abode" in § 31-275 (1) (A) (i). Accordingly, the plaintiff's claim raises an issue of statutory construction. "When interpreting the statutory provisions at issue in the present case, we are mindful of the proposition that all workers' compensation legislation, because of its remedial nature, should be broadly construed in favor of disabled employees." (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Ciarlelli v. Hamden , 299 Conn. 265 , 277, 8 A.3d 1093 (2010). "When construing a statute, [o]ur fundamental objective is to ascertain and give effect to the apparent intent of the legislature. ... In other words, we seek to determine, in a reasoned manner, the meaning of the statutory language as applied to the facts of [the] case, including the question of whether the language actually does apply. ... In seeking to determine that meaning, General Statutes § 1-2z directs us first to consider the text of the statute itself and its relationship to other statutes. If, after examining such text and considering such relationship, the meaning of such text is plain and unambiguous and does not yield absurd or unworkable results, extratextual evidence of the meaning of the statute shall not be considered. ... When a statute is not plain and unambiguous, we also look for interpretive guidance to the legislative history and circumstances surrounding its enactment, to the legislative policy it was designed to implement, and to its relationship to existing legislation and common law principles governing the same general subject matter ...." (Footnote omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) Vincent v. New Haven , 285 Conn. 778 , 784-85, 941 A.2d 932 (2008).

Furthermore, "[i]t is well established that, in resolving issues of statutory construction under the act, we are mindful that the act indisputably is a remedial statute that should be construed generously to accomplish its purpose. ... The humanitarian and remedial purposes of the act counsel against an overly narrow construction that unduly limits eligibility for workers' compensation. ... Accordingly, [i]n construing workers' compensation law, we must resolve statutory ambiguities or lacunae in a manner that will further the remedial purpose of the act. ... [T]he purposes of the act itself are best served by allowing the remedial legislation a reasonable sphere of operation considering those purposes." (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Sullins v. United Parcel Service, Inc. , 315 Conn. 543 , 550-51, 108 A.3d 1110 (2015).

"It is an axiom of [workers'] compensation law that awards are determined by a two-part test. The [claimant] has the burden of proving that the injury claimed [1] arose out of the employment and [2] occurred in the course of the employment. ... [E]mployment ordinarily does not commence until the claimant has reached the employer's premises, and consequently an injury sustained prior to that time would ordinarily not occur in the course of the employment so as to be compensable. ... For a police officer or firefighter, [however] in the course of his employment encompasses such individual's departure from such individual's place of abode to duty ...." (Citation omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) McMorris v. New Haven Police Dept. , 156 Conn.App. 822 , 830, 115 A.3d 491 , cert. denied, 317 Conn. 911 , 115 A.3d 1106 (2015).

The plaintiff's claim, therefore, requires us to determine the meaning of "place of abode" as used in § 31-275 (1) (A) (i). Section 31-275 (1) (A) (i) provides as follows: "For a police officer or firefighter, 'in the course of his employment' encompasses such individual's departure from such individual's place of abode to duty, such individual's duty, and the return to such individual's place of abode after duty ...." Section 31-275 (1) (A) (i) does not define the term "place of abode" and this court has never had an opportunity to address the meaning of that term.

Both the plaintiff and the defendant rely on the Appellate Court's interpretation of § 31-275 (1) (A) (i) in Perun v. Danbury , 143 Conn.App. 313 , 67 A.3d 1018 (2013), to support their positions in the present case. Specifically, the defendant asserts that the Appellate Court adopted a broad definition of the term " 'place of abode' " in Perun , and that the broad definition would include the area on the public street in front of the plaintiff's house in the present case. On the other hand, the plaintiff asserts that, unlike the plaintiff in Perun , he had crossed the demarcation line of his abode when he entered the public street in front of his house.

In Perun , the plaintiff, a police officer, slipped and fell on a patch of ice in his driveway as he approached his vehicle to depart for work. Perun v. Danbury , supra, 143 Conn.App. at 314 , 67 A.3d 1018 . The commissioner granted the plaintiff's claim, finding that the injury occurred during his departure to work. The board reversed the commissioner's decision, relying on § 31-275 (1) (E) and (F). Id., at 315, 67 A.3d 1018 . The board concluded that the plaintiff's injury did not arise out of and in the scope of his employment, and was not compensable under § 31-275 (1) (E) (i) because the injury occurred at the plaintiff's place of abode. Id. The Appellate Court affirmed the board's dismissal, reasoning that "[§] 31-275 (1) (E) and (F) articulate at what point a police officer's or firefighter's course of employment commences and terminates. Section 31-275 (1) (E) provides in relevant part that '[a] personal injury shall not be deemed to arise out of the employment if the injury is sustained ... [a]t the employee's place of abode, and ... while the employee is engaged in a preliminary act or acts in preparation for work unless such act or acts are undertaken at the express direction or request of the employer.' What constitutes one's 'place of abode' is defined in § 31-275 (1) (F), and it 'includes the inside of the residential structure, the garage, the common hallways, stairways, driveways, walkways and the yard ....' " (Emphasis omitted; footnote omitted.) Perun v. Danbury , supra, at 317, 67 A.3d 1018 . The Appellate Court further reasoned that "[r]eading § 31-275 (1) as a whole, we hold that a police officer's or firefighter's commute to and from work is part of his or her 'course of employment.' The commute, however, according to the legislature, does not begin when the police officer or firefighter breaks the plane of his front door: an injury occurring in a driveway does not occur in the course of employment. In other words, police officers do enjoy so-called 'portal-to-portal coverage' under the workers' compensation statutes ... but, [the plaintiff] had not crossed the demarcation line as defined by the legislature when he sustained his injury." (Citation omitted.) Id. Although we are not bound by the Appellate Court's interpretation of § 31-275 (1) (A) (i), we find that it is instructive. In interpreting § 31-275 (1) (A) (i), consistent with § 1-2z, the Appellate Court looked to other relevant statutory provisions-namely § 31-275 (1) (E) and (F). We agree with this approach. As the Appellate Court has explained, "[§] 31-275 (1) (E) and (F) articulate at what point a police officer's or firefighter's course of employment commences and terminates." Perun v. Danbury , supra, 143 Conn.App. at 317 , 67 A.3d 1018 .

First, § 31-275 (1) (E) delineates at what point a police officer's departure from his place of abode begins. Section 31-275 (1) (E) provides that "A personal injury shall not be deemed to arise out of the employment if the injury is sustained: (i) At the employee's place of abode, and (ii) while the employee is engaged in a preliminary act or acts in preparation for work unless such act or acts are undertaken at the express direction or request of the employer ...." Section 31-275 (1) (E) is "two-pronged and injuries are not compensable only if both prongs of the statute are met." McMorris v. New Haven Police Dept. , supra, 156 Conn.App. at 831 , 115 A.3d 491 . In other words, a police officer or firefighter must be both engaged in a preliminary act or acts in preparation for work that is not undertaken at the express direction or request of the employer and must be at his or her place of abode in order for the injury to not be compensable.

Second, § 31-275 (1) (F) provides the definition of "place of abode" to be used in § 31-275 (1) (E). Section 31-275 (1) (F) provides as follows: "For purposes of subparagraph (E) of this subdivision, 'place of abode' includes the inside of the residential structure, the garage, the common hallways, stairways, driveways, walkways and the yard ...." Section 31-275 (1) (F) does not purport to provide an exhaustive list of the areas that will be considered in "place of abode," but instead provides examples of those items that will be "include[d]" in the term.

"According to the [doctrine] of ejusdem generis, unless a contrary intent appears, where general terms are followed by specific terms in a statute, the general terms will be construed to embrace things of the same general kind or character as those specifically enumerated. 2A J. Sutherland, Statutory Construction (4th Ed. Sands [1986] ) § 47.17." (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Hackett v. J.L.G. Properties, LLC , 285 Conn. 498 , 513-14, 940 A.2d 769 (2008). In § 31-275 (1) (F), the legislature has provided examples in an effort to help define the term "place of abode." This list indicates that the legislature intended to include areas related to where an individual resides, such as walkways, breezeways, yards, and driveways. Notably, this list does not include public areas that may be adjacent to a person's property, such as sidewalks or streets. Accordingly, we read the term "place of abode" in this context to mean those areas that are related to where an individual resides.

"When determining the legislature's intended meaning of a statutory word, it also is appropriate to consider the surrounding words pursuant to the canon of construction noscitur a sociis. 4 McCoy v. Commissioner of Public Safety , 300 Conn. 144 , 159, 12 A.3d 948 (2011). By using this interpretive aid, the meaning of a statutory word may be indicated, controlled or made clear by the words with which it is associated in the statute. State v. Roque , 190 Conn. 143 , 152, 460 A.2d 26 (1983)." (Footnote in original.) State v. LaFleur , 307 Conn. 115 , 133, 51 A.3d 1048 (2012). In § 31-275 (1) (F), the legislature chose to use the phrase "place of abode" in concert with numerous terms associated with areas related to where an individual resides-the inside of the residential structure, the garage, the common hallways, stairways, driveways, walkways and the yard. Therefore, the legislature's use of the term "place of abode" in connection with areas that are related to where an individual resides is further indication that the legislature intended "place of abode" to be private areas related to where an individual resides, not public property. 5 The defendant asserts that the legislature's use of the term "includes" in § 31-275 (1) (F) demonstrates an intent to have a broad definition of "place of abode," which encompasses areas beyond one's property. We disagree. Although we agree that the term "includes" indicates that the legislature was only providing examples of areas that are considered within one's "place of abode," we cannot conclude that the legislature's use of "includes" demonstrates an intention to encompass public areas unrelated to where an individual resides to be within the definition of "place of abode." To the contrary, all of the examples provided by the legislature are areas within the confines of one's property. Therefore, it is consistent with our interpretation that the legislature may have intended to include areas such as a deck or patio within the definition of "place of abode," but we cannot conclude that the legislature intended to make the definition so broad as to include public areas. Keeping in mind the remedial nature of the act and our obligation to construe it in favor of injured employees, we conclude that construing "place of abode" broadly so as to include a public street would incorrectly limit the operation of the statute and frustrate the remedial purpose of the act.

The dissent asserts that "[t]he scope of § 31-275 (1) (A) (i) must be read expansively enough to accommodate [the realities of employees' varied] circumstances to the extent as is consistent with the purpose of the coming and going exception." Although we agree that § 31-275 (1) (A) (i) must be read so as to further the purpose of the coming and going exception, we disagree that the broad construction proposed by the dissent accomplishes that purpose. It has been recognized that "[t]he extension of workers' compensation benefits to periods when police and firefighters are going to or coming home from work makes sense since by the very nature of their work, these public servants are always on duty serving and protecting the community." R Carter et al., 19 Connecticut Practice Series: Workers' Compensation (2008) § 6:14, p. 199. Instead of accomplishing the purpose of the act and the coming and going exception-namely, providing extra coverage for police officers and firefighters-the dissent's proposed construction of the statute expands the statute so far that it frustrates the purpose of the act and severely limits coverage. The dissent asserts that "[t]he plaintiff's place of abode extended to the street where his vehicle was parked. Such a construction sensibly treats employees similarly irrespective of where they park their vehicles-in their driveways, on the street, or in a garage across the street." We disagree that the statute calls for such a broad construction of the term "place of abode." Even if we were to agree with the dissent that the point at which the employee commences his commute is determinative, which we do not, it still would be appropriate to make the residential areas the proper line of demarcation to make that assessment. In doing so, employees would be treated consistently irrespective of whether they drive their own car, use public transportation, walk, or use some combination of modes of transport. Such a broad construction of the term unduly limits the coverage of the statute. Furthermore, not only does this interpretation frustrate the purpose of the statute and our mandate to interpret it so as to confer coverage on an injured employee, it ignores the other language of the statute. It is important to our construction of § 31-275 (1) (A) (i) that we recognize that the statute provides that "[f]or a police officer or firefighter, 'in the course of his employment' encompasses such individual's departure from such individual's place of abode to duty , such individual's duty, and the return to such individual's place of abode after duty ...." (Emphasis added.) Section 31-275 (1) (A) (i) does not define the term "departure." Accordingly, pursuant to § 1-2z, we look to the dictionary definition of the term. The term "departure" is defined with substantial similarity in numerous dictionaries. Webster's Third New International Dictionary (2002) defines "departure" as, inter alia, "separation ... removal from a place ... act of going away ... a setting out [as on a journey] ...." The American Heritage College Dictionary (4th Ed. 2007) similarly defines "departure" as, inter alia, "[t]he act of leaving ... a starting out, as on a trip ...." On the basis of these definitions of departure, we conclude that fact that the plaintiff in the present case had entered the public thoroughfare on his way to duty is sufficient to establish that he was covered. It was not necessary for the plaintiff to demonstrate that he had entered his vehicle or started his engine, or otherwise "begun" his commute. The fact that the plaintiff had left his driveway and entered the public thoroughfare is sufficient to establish coverage, even if he then planned to enter a vehicle and continue to duty by way of a vehicle.

The plaintiff asserts that the reading of § 31-275 (1) (A) (i) urged by the defendant and adopted by the dissent would lead to absurd and unworkable results. We agree. Specifically, the plaintiff asserts that if he happened to live in New Haven and walk to work, there would be no dispute that from the moment he left the boundary of his property and entered out onto the public street, any injury would be " '[within] the course of his employment' " under § 31-275 (1) (A) (i). Specifically, the plaintiff asserts that if he were walking to work and dropped his keys on the street in the same relative location as he did in the present case, his injury would be compensable. The plaintiff claims that such an interpretation of § 31-275 (1) (A) (i) is unworkable because he would be treated differently because he drives to work and had not entered his vehicle, despite the fact that he had entered the public road. We agree and conclude that, based on the plain language of § 31-275 (1) (A) (i), "place of abode" does not include the public street.

Furthermore, this court's prior interpretation of other statutes is consistent with our conclusion that the term "place of abode" should not be interpreted so broadly as to include a public street. For instance, in State v. Sealy , 208 Conn. 689 , 692-93, 546 A.2d 271 (1988), this court interpreted General Statutes (Rev. to 1985) § 53-206 (a), which provided in relevant part as follows: "Any person who carries upon his person any ... knife the edged portion of the blade of which is four inches or over in length ... unless such person has been granted a written permit ... authorizing such person to carry such weapon ... shall be fined not more than five hundred dollars or imprisoned not more than three years or both. ... The provisions of this subsection shall not apply to ... any person who is found with any such weapon or implement concealed upon his person while lawfully removing his household goods or effects from one place to another, or from one residence to another, nor to any person while actually and peaceably engaged in carrying any such weapon or implement from his place of abode or business to a place or person where or by whom such weapon or implement is to be repaired, or while actually and peaceably returning to his place of abode or business with such weapon or implement after the same has been repaired." In Sealy , this court concluded that "[i]mplicit in this provision is an exception for carrying a weapon in an individual's residence or abode, and a recognition of the protected zone of privacy in his or her dwelling." State v. Sealy , supra, at 693, 546 A.2d 271 . Nevertheless, this court upheld the conviction of the defendant in that case of carrying a dangerous weapon in violation of § 53-206 arising from his possession of a butcher knife with a blade that was four and one-half inches long in the common hallway of a small apartment building in which he resided. Id., at 690-91, 546 A.2d 271 .

In Sealy , the defendant claimed that "he had exclusive control over the landing and stairway between the second and third floor apartments ... [and] that his exclusive use and control over this area rendered the landing and stairway part of his residence and, therefore, his carrying a weapon in this area was exempt ...." (Footnote omitted.) Id., at 693, 546 A.2d 271 . In analyzing his claim, this court recognized that "[t]he success of this claim turns upon whether a common stairway and landing is part of a residence or abode." Id.

In rejecting the defendant's claim in that case, this court reasoned as follows: "[T]he defendant did not have the exclusive use of the area between the second and third floor apartments, as he did not have the legal right to control access and to exclude others. At any time there might be [delivery persons], the landlord, his or her agents, visitors, or residents of the other apartment in that common hallway and the defendant could not lawfully have excluded them from the premises. In other words, although the defendant may have been the principal user of the third floor landing and stairway, other individuals, however infrequent their use, also had a right to use that area. ... This being the case, we conclude that the stairway and landing which led to the defendant's apartment were not part of his residence or abode." (Citation omitted; footnote omitted.) Id., at 694, 546 A.2d 271 .

Similarly, our construction of § 31-275 (1) (A) (i) in the present case is consistent with this court's construction of the term "place of abode" for purposes of service of civil process. For instance, in Clover v. Urban , 108 Conn. 13 , 14-16, 142 A. 389 (1928), this court addressed whether the plaintiff could receive injunctive relief preventing enforcement of a judgment rendered against him when service of process in the underlying action was left " 'in the outer hall of a house occupied by two tenants' " under the general rule that service of civil process may be made at a defendant's usual place of abode. This court explained that "[i]n a sense it is of course true that [the plaintiff] had his 'usual place of abode' in Waterbury and in the apartment house in question, but it is manifest that leaving a copy of process anywhere in Waterbury or anywhere in the apartment house, would be insufficient. ... [S]ervice should have been made at the apartment occupied by [the plaintiff]. This did not include the outer hall used by the other tenant in connection with his apartment and occasionally used by [the plaintiff], any more than it included the walk from the street to the house, or the yard which the tenants used in common. In legal view, the apartments in a house of this character are as separate and distinct as though under separate roofs. [The plaintiff's] place of abode was as much a separate and distinct habitation as though in a building by itself.

The outer hall was merely a passageway for his use in common with other tenants, and his place of abode was not reached from the street until one came to the door which led into his own apartment. The door of the apartment of each tenant is his outer door. ... Leaving the copy of the process in the outer hall was much the same, and it failed as completely as if it had been left on the common sidewalk or in the common yard." (Citations omitted.) Id., at 16-17, 142 A. 389 .

As the foregoing demonstrates, when this court has interpreted the meaning of the term "place of abode" in other statutory contexts, it has confined its interpretation to areas that relate to where the person actually resides and has not extended its interpretation to a public street. Accordingly, these prior interpretations of "place of abode" in other contexts, further bolster our interpretation of the term in § 31-275 (1) (A) (i) so as not to include the public street.

In the present case, the plaintiff crossed the boundary of his property and entered the public street while on his way to work. When he dropped his keys in the street and was injured, he was acting " 'in the course of his employment' " pursuant to the plain language of § 31-275 (1) (A) (i). Accordingly, we conclude that the board should not have affirmed the decision of the commissioner dismissing the plaintiff's claim.

The decision of the Workers' Compensation Review Board is reversed and the case is remanded to the board with direction to reverse the decision of the Workers' Compensation Commissioner and to remand the case to the commissioner for further proceedings.

In this opinion ROGERS, C.J., and PALMER and VERTEFEUILLE, Js., concurred.

McDONALD, J., with whom ZARELLA and ROBINSON, Js., join, dissenting.

Under the facts of this case, the Workers' Compensation Commissioner for the Third District properly concluded that the plaintiff, Peter Balloli, did not meet his burden to prove "that the ... injury arose out of and in the course of his employment as he was injured at home prior to commencing his normal commute to work. He had not departed from his 'place of abode' pursuant to General Statutes § 31-275 (1) (A) (i) at the time he sustained his back injury and therefore this incident is not compensable." I would affirm the decision of the Workers' Compensation Review Board affirming the commissioner's decision.

It is important to recognize that § 31-275 (1) (A) (i) carves out an exception to the general rule as to when an injury occurs " 'in the course of ... employment,' " one of the prerequisites to compensability. See General Statutes § 31-275 (1). Normally, "[i]n order to establish that his injury occurred in the course of employment, the claimant has the burden of proving that the accident giving rise to the injury took place (a) within the period of the employment; (b) at a place [he] may reasonably [have been]; and (c) while [he was] reasonably fulfilling the duties of the employment or doing something incidental to it. ... These three parts of the required proof of the in the course of employment test correspond, respectively, to the time, place and circumstances of the accident." (Citations omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) Mazzone v. Connecticut Transit Co., 240 Conn. 788 , 793, 694 A.2d 1230 (1997).

Under the general rule, "[a]n injury sustained on a public highway while going to or from work is ordinarily not compensable. A principal reason for this rule is that employment ordinarily does not commence until the claimant has reached the employer's premises, and consequently an injury sustained prior to that time would ordinarily not occur in the course of the employment so as to be compensable. ... There are a number of exceptions to the ordinary rule, four of which are ... (1) If the work requires the employee to travel on the highways; (2) where the employer contracts to furnish or does furnish transportation to and from work; (3) where, by the terms of his employment, the employee is subject to emergency calls and (4) where the employee is injured while using the highway in doing something incidental to his regular employment, for the joint benefit of himself and his employer, with the knowledge and approval of the employer." (Citations omitted.) Dombach v. Olkon Corp. , 163 Conn. 216 , 222, 302 A.2d 270 (1972) ; accord Labadie v. Norwalk Rehabilitation Services, Inc. , 274 Conn. 219 , 228-29, 875 A.2d 485 (2005).

Originally, police officers, like all other employees, were subject to this " 'coming and going' rule." Labadie v. Norwalk Rehabilitation Services, Inc. , supra, 274 Conn. at 228 , 875 A.2d 485 . Thus, an injury sustained by a police officer while driving directly from his home to the police station to report to work at his usual time and place was deemed not to arise out of and in the course of employment, in the absence of evidence establishing one of the recognized exceptions available to all employees. See McKiernan v. New Haven , 151 Conn. 496 , 498-501, 199 A.2d 695 (1964) ; cf. Lake v. Bridgeport , 102 Conn. 337 , 341, 345, 128 A. 782 (1925) (injury deemed compensable when officer was injured while in transit to police station because he had been assigned to special police duty at theater and was ordered to report at police precinct nearest thereto before going on duty; "claimant was acting in obedience to the orders of a superior having jurisdiction to control his movements at the time of his injury").

The enactment in 1969 of what is now § 31-275 (1) (A) (i) effectively exempted police officers and firefighters from having to prove that their commute satisfied an exception to the coming and going rule. It provides that "[f]or a police officer or firefighter, 'in the course of his employment' encompasses such individual's departure from the individual's place of abode to duty , such individual's duty, and the return to such individual's place of abode after duty ...." (Emphasis added.) General Statutes § 31-275 (1) (A) (i).

The legislature did not define "place of abode" for purposes of § 31-275 (1) (A) (i). 1 Nonetheless, for purposes of this appeal, I agree with the majority and the parties that it is appropriate to look to the definitions relating to this term set forth in § 31-275 (1) (F) and § 31-275-1 of the Regulations of Connecticut State Agencies. The statute provides in relevant part that " 'place of abode' includes the inside of the residential structure, the garage, the common hallways, stairways, driveways, walkways and the yard ...." General Statutes § 31-275 (1) (F). The regulation similarly provides in relevant part that " 'place of abode' includes, but is not limited to: (a) House, condominium, or apartment; (b) Inside of residential structures; (c) Garages; (d) Common hallways; (e) Stairways; (f) Driveways; (g) Walkways, or (h) Yards." Regs., Conn. State Agencies § 31-275-1 (2).

Notably, these definitions are not limited to the actual residential area but also include places where the employee would store a vehicle used to commute to work, i.e., a garage or a driveway. Although one's place of abode may have a more limited scope in other contexts, such as those identified by the majority, it is logical and necessary for this term to extend to locations where the employee's vehicle is stored for purposes of § 31-275 (1). Section 31-275 (1) (A) (i) is directed at covering certain employees' commutes to work, which most often occur through the employees' use of their own vehicles. In addition, the statutory definition of place of abode also applies to § 31-275 (1) (E), which sets forth the rule deeming preliminary acts or acts in preparation for work performed at the employee's place of abode to be generally noncompensable. See footnote 1 of this dissenting opinion. The examples of such acts indicate that clearing obstacles inhibiting egress from where the vehicle is stored would fall under the scope of this rule. 2 See Regs., Conn. State Agencies § 31-275-1 (1) (e).

Several other factors demonstrate that place of abode should be given a sufficiently flexible meaning to encompass the circumstances of the present case. As the majority concedes, the enumerated locations in the definitions are not an exhaustive list. See General Statutes § 31-275 (1) (F) (" 'place of abode' includes " [emphasis added] ); Regs., Conn. State Agencies § 31-275-1 (2) (" '[e]mployee's place of abode' includes, but is not limited to " [emphasis added] ). In filling this gap, we should be mindful of "principles of statutory construction [that] require us to construe a statute in a manner that will not thwart [the legislature's] intended purpose or lead to absurd results. ... We must avoid a construction that fails to attain a rational and sensible result that bears directly on the purpose the legislature sought to achieve. ... If there are two possible interpretations of a statute, we will adopt the more reasonable construction over one that is unreasonable." (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Badolato v. New Britain , 250 Conn. 753 , 757, 738 A.2d 618 (1999) ; accord Coley v. Camden Associates, Inc. , 243 Conn. 311 , 319-20, 702 A.2d 1180 (1997).

Therefore, the commissioner properly would consider the purpose of § 31-275 (1) (A) (i), which is simply to ensure that an injury occurring during a police officer's or firefighter's commute would be deemed to arise in the course of employment. The commissioner's inquiry under § 31-375 (1) (A) (i) would not myopically focus on the location where the injury occurred but that location in connection with other facts, namely, whether the injury occurred during "[the] individual's departure from [the] individual's place of abode to duty ...." This contextual inquiry mirrors the three parts of proof relevant to whether an injury occurs in the course of employment: "time, place and circumstances of the accident." (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Mazzone v. Connecticut Transit Co. , supra, 240 Conn. at 793 , 694 A.2d 1230 .

Such a contextual approach is necessary to reach sensible results. The definitions of place of abode are not limited in application to § 31-275 (1) (A) (i) but also to other provisions applicable to all employees. See footnote 1 of this dissenting opinion. Employees' arrangements for their place of residence and for their storage of vehicles vary widely. For example, an employee may rent a room in someone else's house, temporarily stay with friends or relatives, live in a shelter or group housing, or live on a college campus. An employee may store his vehicle in his own garage or driveway, in a garage or lot in a common interest community, in an unassigned parking space in an apartment complex, in his neighbor's garage or driveway, or in other locations. Although the majority's determination that an employee's place of abode terminates at the employee's own property line has the superficial appeal of a bright line rule, that line is unmoored to the realities of employees' varied circumstances. 3 The scope of § 31-275 (1) (A) (i) must be read expansively enough to accommodate such circumstances to the extent as is consistent with the purpose of the coming and going exception. The paramount question is whether the employee's commute has commenced. That question is dependent upon the facts and circumstances of each case.

The aforementioned factors demonstrate that, under the circumstances of the present case as recited in the majority opinion, the commissioner properly concluded that the plaintiff had not departed from his place of abode to duty when he bent down by his vehicle to retrieve his dropped keys, thereby injuring his back. In making her determination, the commissioner adopted a construction of the statute that affords logical, consistent treatment of claims without regard to inconsequential differences in factual circumstances. Under the commissioner's construction, the happenstance of the plaintiff moving his vehicle out of his driveway to accommodate his son's departure was immaterial. The plaintiff's place of abode extended to the street where his vehicle was parked. Such a construction sensibly treats employees similarly irrespective of where they park their vehicles-in their driveways, on the street, or in a garage across the street. Similarly, the commissioner's construction would render immaterial the happenstance of whether the plaintiff had parked with the driver's side of his vehicle facing the street or in the opposite direction abutting his yard.

The commissioner's conclusion also took into account the fact that the plaintiff had not entered his vehicle or even opened the vehicle's door when he sustained his injury. As such, the commissioner reasonably concluded that the plaintiff's commute had not begun when he sustained his back injury, irrespective of whether his vehicle had remained in his driveway or was moved to the street in front of his house. At the evidentiary hearing, the following exchange occurred during the cross-examination of the plaintiff by the defendant's counsel:

"Q. And you had not departed your house at the time that this incident had occurred, is that correct?

"A. When I felt the pain in my back?

"Q. Right?

"A. Right, I had not left yet."

The commissioner found that the plaintiff "acknowledged that at the time he felt the pain in his back he had not departed from his home." The plaintiff did not file a motion to correct that finding. 4

As such, the commissioner's construction also is reasonable because it is consistent with the purpose of § 31-275 (1) (A) (i), to exempt police officers' commutes from the coming and going rule. The commissioner reasonably took this purpose into account when she concluded that the plaintiff's departure to duty had not yet commenced. Accordingly, I would affirm the Workers' Compensation Review Board's decision affirming the commissioner's decision concluding that the plaintiff's back injury is not compensable because it did not occur in the course of employment.

I respectfully dissent.

1 We note that Connecticut Interlocal Risk Management Agency, the workers' compensation claims administrator for the New Haven Police Department, is also a defendant in the present case. In the interest of clarity, we refer to the New Haven Police Department as the defendant throughout this opinion.

2 General Statutes § 31-275 (1) (A) (i) provides: "For a police officer or firefighter, 'in the course of his employment' encompasses such individual's departure from such individual's place of abode to duty, such individual's duty, and the return to such individual's place of abode after duty ...."

3 The plaintiff appealed from the decision of the board to the Appellate Court and we transferred the appeal to this court pursuant to General Statutes § 51-199 (c) and Practice Book § 65-2.

4 Noscitur a sociis translates from Latin, "it is known by its associates ...." (Citations omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) Graham County Soil & Water Conservation District v. United States ex rel. Wilson , 559 U.S. 280 , 287, 130 S.Ct. 1396 , 176 L.Ed.2d 225 (2010).

5 The parties also cite to § 31-275-1 (2) of the Regulations of Connecticut State Agencies, which provides that an " '[e]mployee's place of abode' includes, but is not limited to: (a) House, condominium, or apartment; (b) Inside of residential structures; (c) Garages; (d) Common hallways; (e) Stairways; (f) Driveways; (g) Walkways, or (h) Yards." Because we conclude that § 31-275 (1) (A) (i) is clear and unambiguous, we do not resort to any extratextual sources to determine the meaning of "place of abode" as used in § 31-275 (1) (A) (i). To the extent that the regulations constitute a time-tested interpretation of the board, the terms of the regulation are consistent with the terms used in the statute itself and our interpretation to include privately owned areas within the confines of the property line.

1 A plethora of evidence demonstrates that both the statutory and regulatory definitions relating to place of abode are intentionally limited in their application to subparagraph (E) of § 31-275 (1), which, as I explain herein, is an unrelated provision that applies to all employees. Subparagraphs (A) through (E) of § 31-275 (1) prescribe the circumstances under which an injury is compensable. Subparagraph (F) defines terms used in two of those subparagraphs, one of which provides in relevant part: "For purposes of subparagraph (E) of this subdivision, 'place of abode' includes ...." General Statutes § 31-275 (1) (F). Subparagraph (A) was in effect at the time the legislature added subparagraphs (E) and (F), but we note that the legislature declined to provide that the definition in § 31-275 (1) (F) applied "[f]or purposes of subparagraphs (A) and (E) ...." With respect to the regulation, the legislature directed the Workers' Compensation Commission to adopt regulations implementing the provisions of § 31-275 at the same time it amended the statute to add subparagraphs (E) and (F). See Public Acts 1995, No. 95-262, §§ 2, 3. The following year, the commission adopted the regulation defining an " '[e]mployee's place of abode' ...." Regs., Conn. State Agencies § 31-275-1 (2). Notably, only subparagraph (E) of the statute uses the regulation's term "[ e ] mployee's place of abode," whereas subparagraph (A) (i) refers to an " individual's place of abode ...." (Emphasis added.) Compare General Statutes § 31-275 (1) (E) with General Statutes § 31-275 (1) (A) (i). Although an employee is an individual, the use of the different terms appear to be intentional, as the commission could have simply defined "place of abode" to cover both subparagraphs.

Subparagraph (E) addresses a matter that is not implicated in the present case, namely, the limited circumstances under which an employee's injury sustained during a preliminary act in preparation for work at his place of abode (i.e., grooming, clearing obstacles blocking the vehicle) is deemed to occur in the course of employment. See General Statutes § 31-275 (1) (E) ("[a] personal injury shall not be deemed to arise out of the employment if the injury is sustained: [i] At the employee's place of abode, and [ii] while the employee is engaged in a preliminary act or acts in preparation for work unless such act or acts are undertaken at the express direction or request of the employer"). Nonetheless, even if the statutory and regulatory definitions were not intended to control § 31-275 (1) (A) (i), it would be reasonable to construe this provision consistent with those definitions. See State v. Pommer , 110 Conn.App. 608 , 616, 955 A.2d 637 ("[t]he rule of construction that words in a statute must be construed according to their plain and ordinary meaning [is informed by] the doctrine of [in pari] materia, under which statutes relating to the same subject matter may be looked to for guidance in reaching an understanding of the meaning of a statutory term" [internal quotation marks omitted] ), cert. denied, 289 Conn. 951 , 961 A.2d 418 (2008).

2 Although the regulation defining such acts includes as examples the "[r]emoval of obstacles from one's walkway, driveway or yard , including but not limited to snow, ice, trash cans, recycling containers, or stones, in order to facilitate entry from one's residence onto a public thoroughfare"; (emphasis added) Regs., Conn. State Agencies § 31-275-1 (1) (e) ; it is both logical and consistent with the nonexclusive list of examples that such acts would necessarily include removal of obstacles impairing entry onto a public thoroughfare from wherever the vehicle is parked.

3 For similar reasons, dicta in an Appellate Court opinion suggesting that § 31-275 (1) (A) prescribes some sort of "demarcation line"; Perun v. Danbury , 143 Conn.App. 313 , 317, 67 A.3d 1018 (2013) ; is flawed insofar as it is construed consistent with the majority's position in the present case.

4 The scope of the general term " 'in the course of ... employment' "; General Statutes § 31-275 (1) ; is not treated as an issue of statutory construction subject to plenary review, but as a question of fact subject to a deferential standard of review. See Daubert v. Naugatuck , 267 Conn. 583 , 590, 840 A.2d 1152 (2004). The question of whether the exception to the coming and going rule in § 31-275 (1) (A) (i) has been satisfied typically is a mixed question of fact and law. See Diluciano v. State Military Dept. , 60 Conn.App. 707 , 713, 760 A.2d 1019 (2000) (concluding that issue of whether, as " 'special policeman' " deriving his authority from General Statutes § 29-18, plaintiff is entitled to be considered " 'policeman' " for purposes of coverage under § 31-275 [1] [A] is not pure question of law, but mixed question of law and fact); see also United Parcel Service, Inc. v. Administrator, Unemployment Compensation Act, 209 Conn. 381 , 386, 551 A.2d 724 (1988) (treating application of statutory criteria to facts as mixed question of fact and law). We apply plenary review to such mixed questions; see Crews v. Crews , 295 Conn. 153 , 162, 989 A.2d 1060 (2010) ; Friezo v. Friezo , 281 Conn. 166 , 180, 914 A.2d 533 (2007) ; but without disturbing unchallenged factual findings.

It would appear, however, that the commissioner's unchallenged finding in the present case that the plaintiff had not departed to duty would be a sufficient basis alone to affirm the decision. Nonetheless, neither the Workers' Compensation Review Board nor the defendant advanced this theory. Accordingly, I agree with the majority regarding the plenary standard of review.