UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
JOSEPH A. BALLARD, Petitioner, v. Civil Action No. 21-cv-02288 (CKK)
FRANK KENDALL, III 1 Respondent.
MEMORANDUM OPINION
On August 31, 2016, Petitioner, Joseph A. Ballard voluntarily retired from the United
States Air Force. See Petition (“Pet.”), ECF No. 1, at 10; 2 See Pet. Exhibits (“Pet. Exs.”), ECF
No. 1-1, at Pet. Ex. A (Aug. 31, 2016 Cert. of Release). In April 2017, Ballard was recalled to
active duty, pursuant to 10 U.S.C. §§ 688(b)(1), 802(a)(4), so that he could be tried by court-
martial. See Pet. at 10; Pet. Ex. B (Apr. 11, 2017 Recall Memorandum Approval); Pet. Ex. C (Apr.
20, 2017 Air Force Special Recall Order). Ballard was charged with committing multiple
violations of the Uniform Code of Military Justice (“UCMJ”) based on events that occurred while
he was stationed in Japan and Korea. See Pet. at 11; see also United States v. Ballard, 79 M.J.
675, 676–78 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. 2019). Ultimately, in 2017, before a general court-martial,
Ballard pleaded guilty to multiple offenses of the UCMJ, arising from his sexual abuse of three
minors, including his daughter. See Ballard, 79 M.J. at 676–78. Ballard was sentenced to 50 years
imprisonment, which was later reduced to 40 years based on a pre-trial agreement. See id. at 676.
1 The current United States Secretary of the Air Force is automatically substituted as Respondent in his official capacity for his predecessor pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 25(d). 2 The Court refers to the ECF-generated page numbers in citing to the Petition. 1 Proceeding pro se, Ballard has filed a Petition for a Writ of habeas corpus pursuant to 28
U.S.C. § 2241. See Pet. at 1, 8, 13. Respondent, the Secretary of the Air Force (“Air Force”), has
moved to dismiss the Petition. See generally Motion to Dismiss (“MTD”), ECF No. 10, and
Memorandum in Support (“MTD Mem.”), ECF No. 10-1. 3 On July 11, 2022, Ballard filed a
combined Opposition and Reply to the Air Force’s Response to Show Cause (“Opp’n”), ECF No.
13, to which the Air Force filed a Reply (“Reply”), ECF No. 18.
For the reasons explained below, the Court will grant the Air Force’s Motion to Dismiss,
dismissing this matter for want of subject matter jurisdiction, failure to state a claim, and improper
venue.
I. PROCEDURAL & FACTUAL BACKGROUND
Ballard enlisted in the Air Force in 1995. See Pet. Ex. A. He remained on active duty for
over 21 years. See id. According to Ballard, in January 2016, he was ordered for an examination
by a Medical Evaluation Board (“MEB”), and was found to have an 85% loss in hearing. Pet. at
10. After that preliminary assessment, Ballard did not proceed to the next stage of the Air Force’s
medical fitness assessment––i.e., before the Physical Evaluation Board (“PEB”)––because in the
interim, he applied for voluntary retirement, which was then approved. See id.; see also Pet. Ex.
A. At some unknown time after Ballard’s retirement on August 31, 2016, Ballard claims that the
Department of Veterans Affairs (“VA”) assessed him with a preliminary 35% overall disability
rating due to arthritis in his wrists and an injury to his shoulder. See Pet. at 10. However, Ballard
contends that the VA’s disability assessment, which was still in progress, was interrupted by his
recall to active duty for his trial by court-martial. See id.
3 The Air Force has also filed a separate Response, ECF No. 11, to the Court’s Order to Show Cause, ECF No. 3, which is identical to the Memorandum in support of its Motion to Dismiss. 2 More specifically, on April 11, 2017, the Secretary of the Air Force approved Ballard’s
recall by issuance of a Memorandum, see Pet. Ex. B, and on April 20, 2017, the Air Force issued
a Recall Order, see Pet. Ex. C. Ballard takes issue with much of this administrative process,
complaining that he was not served with the Recall Order until his arrest on May 15, 2017, though
he received it in less than 30 days, and it is unclear why he expected to receive it earlier. See Pet.
at 10–11. He also speculates that the Secretary’s Memorandum was forged. See id. at 10, 12. He
goes on to refer to his arrest as a “kidnapping,” alleging that it was made under false pretenses by
the Air Force Office of Special Investigations and Air Force Security Forces, without any
involvement of local law enforcement or the United States Marshals Service. See id. at 11. He
also takes issue that he was unable to return to his home before being transported to Little Rock
Air Force Base. See id. Ballard fails to cite to any authority that would have required either the
involvement of local or federal law enforcement in his arrest, or his return home prior to his
detainment. See id.
While awaiting his court martial at Little Rock Air Force Base, Ballard states that he was
placed in solitary confinement, and that he endured several hardships, including, a restricted diet,
lack of access to legal materials, and that he was limited to phone contact with his attorneys. See
id. He also alleges that, during this time, unspecified individuals threatened potential witnesses,
ostensibly favorable to the defense. See id. The week of his court martial, in late October 2017,
Ballard met in person with his attorneys. See id. He insinuates that he had insufficient legal
representation, that he was coerced into pleading guilty, and that the evidence against him was
somehow insufficient because it was predicated on the “statements of the alleged victims.” See
id. He also states that he did not receive active duty pay until the week of his court martial, but he
was receiving retired pay. See id. at 3, 10; see also Pet. Ex. A.
3 After Ballard pleaded guilty and was sentenced, he was transferred to the U.S. Disciplinary
Barracks, in Fort Leavenworth (“Fort Leavenworth”) Kansas, where he has remained incarcerated
to date. See Pet. at 11. He appealed his conviction to the U.S. Air Force Court of Criminal
Appeals, arguing that the court martial lacked jurisdiction over his criminal proceedings under the
UCMJ because he was retired from military service at the time of the proceeding, and was
receiving retired pay and benefits, not active pay. See id.; Ballard, 79 M.J. at 679–80. On
September 30, 2019, the Air Force Court of Criminal Appeals affirmed the court martial’s
determinations, see Pet. at 11, finding that Ballard “was undoubtedly a retired member of the
regular Air Force entitled to retired pay at the time he was recalled to active duty for purposes of
facing a court-martial. He committed all of the offenses to which he pleaded guilty while on active
duty[,]” and “Congress acted well within the authority entrusted to them by the Constitution's
Make Rules Clause when they permitted court-martial jurisdiction of retired members of a regular
component of the armed forces who are entitled to pay in Article 2(a)(4)[,]” Ballard, 79 M.J. at
681 (collecting substantially similar cases) (fn. omitted). On January 14, 2021, the United States
Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces denied Ballard’s Petition for Grant of Review. See Pet. at
12; United States v. Ballard, 79 M.J. 420, 420 (CAAF 2020).
Here, Ballard seeks relief pursuant to § 2241, as a “collateral challenge of [his] general
court martial proceedings[,]” and he demands his immediate release from confinement at Fort
Leavenworth. See Pet. at 1, 8, 13–14. In his Petition, he raises comparable arguments to the ones
he raised before the U.S. Air Force Court of Criminal Appeals, contending again that, due to his
retired status, the Air Force was without jurisdiction under the UCMJ to recall him and subject
him to court-martial, rendering his conviction and sentence “unconstitutional, void, and without
legal effect.” See id. at 1–8, 13.
4 II. LEGAL STANDARDS
Dismissal Standards
The Air Force moves to dismiss pursuant to Federal Rules 12(b)(3) and (b)(6). See MSJ
Mem. at 1–9. The Court also independently finds cause to dismiss this matter pursuant to Federal
Rule 12(b)(1). See Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(h)(3) (requiring the court to dismiss an action “at any time”
if it determines that the subject matter jurisdiction is wanting).
In assessing whether a petitioner has failed to state a claim, or whether a court if want of
subject matter jurisdiction, a court must “treat a [petition’s] factual allegations as true . . . and must
grant a petitioner ‘the benefit of all inferences that can be derived from the facts alleged.’” Sparrow
v. United Air Lines, Inc., 216 F.3d 1111, 1113 (D.C. Cir. 2000) (internal citations omitted) (quoting
Schuler v. United States, 617 F.2d 605, 608 (D.C. Cir. 1979)); see also Am. Nat'l Ins. Co. v. FDIC,
642 F.3d 1137, 1139 (D.C. Cir. 2011). Where an action is brought by a pro se petitioner, a district
court has an obligation “to consider his filings as a whole before dismissing a [petition],” Schnitzler
v. United States, 761 F.3d 33, 38 (D.C. Cir. 2014) (citing Richardson v. United States, 193 F.3d
545, 548 (D.C. Cir. 1999)), because pro se pleadings are held “to less stringent standards than
formal pleadings drafted by lawyers[,]” see Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 519, 520–21 (1972).
Nevertheless, a court need not accept inferences drawn by a petitioner if those inferences are
unsupported by the facts alleged, nor must the court accept a petitioner’s legal conclusions.
Browning v. Clinton, 292 F.3d 235, 242 (D.C. Cir. 2002).
i. Subject Matter Jurisdiction
The evaluation under Federal Rule 12(h)(3) “is subject to the same standards as a Rule
12(b)(1) motion to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction.” Southern Poverty Law Cntr. v. U.S. Dep’t of
Homeland Sec., No. 18-0760, 2022 WL 1801150, at *3 (D.D.C. Jun. 2, 2022) (citing Murray v.
5 Amalgamated Trans. Union, 206 F. Supp. 3d 202, 207 (D.D.C. 2016)). Under Rule 12(b)(1), a
petitioner bears the burden of establishing jurisdiction by a preponderance of the evidence. See
Lujan v. Defs. of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 561 (1992); Shekoyan v. Sibley Int'l Corp., 217 F. Supp.
2d 59, 63 (D.D.C. 2002), aff’d, 409 F.3d 414 (2005), 546 U.S. 1173 (2006). Federal courts are
courts of limited jurisdiction, and the law presumes that “a cause lies outside this limited
jurisdiction.” Kokkonen v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of Am., 511 U.S. 375, 377 (1994); see also Gen.
Motors Corp. v. EPA, 363 F.3d 442, 448 (D.C. Cir. 2004) (“As a court of limited jurisdiction, we
begin, and end, with an examination of our jurisdiction.”). “[B]ecause subject-matter jurisdiction
is ‘an Art[icle] III as well as a statutory requirement . . . no action of the parties can confer subject-
matter jurisdiction upon a federal court.’” Akinseye v. District of Columbia, 339 F. 3d 970, 971
(D.C. Cir. 2003) (quoting Ins. Corp. of Ir., Ltd. v. Compagnie des Bauxites de Guinee, 456 U.S.
694, 702 (1982)).
As part of its inquiry into of subject matter jurisdiction, the court may consider documents
outside the pleadings to assure itself that it has jurisdiction. See Land v. Dollar, 330 U.S. 731, 735
n.4 (1947); Haase v. Sessions, 835 F.2d 902, 906 (D.C. Cir. 1987) (holding same); see also Artis
v. Greenspan, 223 F. Supp. 2d 149, 152 (D.D.C. 2002) (“A court may consider material outside
of the pleadings in ruling on a motion to dismiss for lack of venue, personal jurisdiction or subject-
matter jurisdiction.).” By considering documents outside the pleadings, the court does not convert
the motion into one for summary judgment; “the plain language of Rule 12(b) permits only a
12(b)(6) motion to be converted into a motion for summary judgment” when documents
extraneous to the pleadings are considered by a court. Haase, 835 F.2d at 905.
ii. Failure to State a Claim
6 In order to survive a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss, a pleading must contain sufficient
factual matter, accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face. Ashcroft v.
Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009); accord Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007). In
Iqbal, the Supreme Court reiterated the two principles underlying its decision in Twombly: “First,
the tenet that a court must accept as true all of the allegations contained in a [petition] is
inapplicable to legal conclusions.” Id. at 678. “Second, only a [petition] that states a plausible
claim for relief survives a motion to dismiss.” Id. at 679.
A claim is facially plausible when the pleaded factual content “allows the court to draw the
reasonable inference that [respondent] is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Id. at 678. “The
plausibility standard is not akin to a ‘probability requirement,’ but it asks for more than a sheer
possibility that a [respondent] has acted unlawfully.” Id. A pleading must offer more than “labels
and conclusions” or a “formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action,” id. (quoting
Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555). “Threadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported
by mere conclusory statements, do not suffice.” Id.
In ruling upon a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim, a court may ordinarily
consider only “the facts alleged in the [petition], documents attached as exhibits or incorporated
by reference in the [petition] and matters about which the Court may take judicial notice.”
Gustave–Schmidt v. Chao, 226 F. Supp. 2d 191, 196 (D.D.C. 2002) (citing EEOC v. St. Francis
Xavier Parochial Sch., 117 F.3d 621, 624–25 (D.C. Cir. 1997)).
iii. Venue
Under Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(3), a party may move to dismiss a case for improper venue.
Similarly, the federal venue statute, 28 U.S.C. § 1406(a), requires that a district court dismiss or
transfer a case that is filed “in the wrong division or district.” Together, “Section 1406(a) and Rule
7 12(b)(3) allow dismissal only when venue is ‘wrong’ or ‘improper’ . . . in the forum in which [the
case] was brought.” Atl. Marine Constr. Co. v. U.S. Dist. Court, 571 U.S. 49, 50 (2013). “Whether
venue is ‘wrong’ or ‘improper’ depends exclusively on whether the court in which the case was
brought satisfies the requirements of federal venue laws[.]” Id.
The moving party objecting to venue must provide “sufficient specificity to put the
[petitioner] on notice of the defect” that the case fails to fall within one of the three categories set
out in § 1391(b). 14D Charles Alan Wright, et al., Fed. Practice and Procedure § 3826 at 496 (4th
ed. 2013). Nonetheless, the burden remains on the petitioner to establish that venue is proper since
it is “ ‘the [petitioner’s] obligation to institute the action in a permissible forum . . .’ ” Williams v.
GEICO Corp., 792 F. Supp. 2d 58, 62 (D.D.C. 2011) (quoting Freeman v. Fallin, 254 F. Supp. 2d
52, 56 (D.D.C. 2003)); see also Ananiev v. Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., 968 F. Supp. 2d 123, 129
(D.D.C. 2013) (citing 14D Charles Alan Wright, et al., Fed. Practice and Procedure § 382, at 502,
505–06) (“[W]hen [an] objection has been raised, the burden is on the [petitioner] to establish that
the district he [or she] chose is a proper venue [,] . . . consistent with the [petitioner’s] threshold
obligation to show that the case belongs to the particular district court in which the suit has been
instituted.”)).
In assessing a motion for improper venue, the court “ ‘accepts the [petitioner’s] well-pled
factual allegations regarding venue as true, draws all reasonable inferences from those allegations
in the [petitioner’s] favor and resolves any factual conflicts in the [petitioner’s] favor.’ ” McCain
v. Bank of Am., 13 F. Supp. 3d 45, 51 (D.D.C. 2014), aff'd sub nom., McCain v. Bank of Am. N.A.,
602 Fed. Appx. 836 (D.C. Cir. 2015) (quoting Wilson v. Obama, 770 F. Supp. 2d 188, 190 (D.D.C.
2011) (other citations omitted)); see also Darby v. U.S. Dep't of Energy, 231 F. Supp. 2d 274, 276
(D.D.C. 2002)). “The Court, however, need not accept the [petitioner’s] legal conclusions as true,
8 and may consider material outside the pleadings, including undisputed facts evidenced in the
record[.]” Ananiev, 968 F. Supp. 2d at 129 (quoting Ebron v. Dep't of Army, 766 F. Supp. 2d 54,
57 (D.D.C. 2011); citing Jerome Stevens Pharm., Inc. v. Food & Drug Admin., 402 F.3d 1249,
1253 (D.C. Cir. 2005); Coal. for Underground Expansion v. Mineta, 333 F.3d 193, 198 (D.C. Cir.
2003); Herbert v. Nat’l Acad. of Sciences, 974 F.2d 192, 197 (1992); Haley v. Astrue, 667 F. Supp.
2d 138, 140 (D.D.C. 2009)).
Habeas Petitions & Military Prisoners Challenging a Court Martial Proceeding
Generally, a civilian federal prisoner “claiming the right to be released upon the ground
that the sentence was imposed in violation of the Constitution or laws of the United States, or that
the court was without jurisdiction to impose such sentence,” must file a motion under § 2255 in
“the court which imposed the sentence to vacate, set aside or correct the sentence.” 28 U.S.C. §
2255(a); Day v. Trump, 860 F.3d 686, 691 (D.C. Cir. 2017), cert. denied, 138 S.Ct. 1338 (2018).
A “federal prisoner may resort to § 2241 to contest his conviction if but only if the § 2255
remedial mechanism is ‘inadequate or ineffective to test the legality of his detention.’ ” Prost v.
Anderson, 636 F.3d 578, 580 (10th Cir. 2011) (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 2255(e)), cert. denied, 565
U.S. 1111 (2012). Section 2241 allows a court to grant writs of habeas corpus to prisoners “in
custody” only “within their respective jurisdictions.” See 28 U.S.C. §§ 2241(a), (c). A writ of
habeas corpus specifically acts upon the individual physically holding the prisoner in custody,
rather than upon the prisoner himself. Dillon v. Wormuth, No. 21-cv-02124, 2022 WL 971087, at
*2 (D.D.C. Mar. 31, 2022) (citing Stokes v. U.S. Parole Comm’n, 374 F.3d 1235, 1238 (D.C. Cir.
2004)). For that reason, under the “immediate custodian rule,” “a court may issue the writ only if
it has jurisdiction over the person doing the confining.” Id. (citing Rumsfeld v. Padilla, 542 U.S.
426, 437, 441 (2004) (noting that a § 2241 habeas petitioner seeking to challenge his present
9 physical custody within the United States “should name his warden as respondent and file the
petition in the district of confinement”)).
Military members, unlike civilians, are generally tried by court martial, and court martials
can hear cases “involving a wide range of offenses, including crimes unconnected with military
service.” Ortiz v. United States, 138 S. Ct. 2165, 2170 (2018). “The court martial proceeding
itself is ‘an officer-led tribunal convened to determine guilt or innocence and levy appropriate
punishment.’ ” Dillon, 2022 WL 971087, at *2 (citing Ortiz, 138 S. Ct. at 2170; 10 U.S.C. §§ 816,
818, 856a). “An order from a commanding officer calls the ad hoc tribunal into existence.” Id.
(citing Ackerman v. Novak, 483 F.3d 647, 651 (10th Cir. 2007)). “Once convened, the tribunal
considers the ‘set of charges that the commander has referred to’ it.” Id. (citing Ackerman, 483 at
651). “And the tribunal dissolves after the purpose for which it convened has been resolved.” Id.
(citing Witham v. United States, 355 F.3d 501, 505 (6th Cir. 2004)).
Consequently, “[a] petitioner convicted and sentenced by a court martial cannot rely on §
2255 to launch a collateral attack on his conviction or sentence because that tribunal dissolved
once the proceedings concluded.” Id. at 3 (citing McCarthan v. Dir. of Goodwill Indus.-Suncoast,
Inc., 851 F.3d 1076, 1110 (11th Cir. 2017)). Therefore, a military petitioner may rely on § 2241
in bringing a collateral challenge because § 2255 is unavailable, or in other words, is an
“inadequate or ineffective to test the legality of [one’s] detention.” See id. (quoting 28 U.S.C. §
2255(e); citing Brown v. Sec’y of the U.S. Army, 859 F. App’x 901, 901 (11th Cir. 2021) (per
curiam)). Simply put, “a petition for habeas relief under § 2241, rather than a motion under §
2255, represents the proper ‘vehicle for district-court review of a military conviction.’ ” Id.
(quoting Youngberg v. Watson, No. 19-1140, 2021 WL 2815412, at *1 (7th Cir. Mar. 5, 2021);
citing Prost, 636 F.3d at 588; Gilliam v. Bureau of Prisons, 208 F.3d 217, 217 (8th Cir. 2000)
10 (table) (per curiam) (“[A] person convicted in a court-martial proceeding may not file a section
2255 challenge in the court of conviction because, following conviction, that court ceases to
exist.”); Beras v. Johnson, 978 F.3d 246, 260 (5th Cir. 2020) (noting that § 2241 is used for habeas
challenges to military convictions); Clinton v. Goldsmith, 526 U.S. 529, 538 n.11 (1999) (noting
that “once a criminal conviction has been finally reviewed within the military system, and a
servicemember in custody has exhausted other avenues provided under the UCMJ to seek relief
from his conviction . . . he is entitled to bring a habeas corpus petition [under] 28 U.S.C. §
2241(c)”)).
III. DISCUSSION
The Court finds that it is want of subject matter jurisdiction over Ballard’s claims.
First, Ballard predominantly contends that this District may exercise subject matter
jurisdiction pursuant to § 2241, see Pet. at 8, 13, but he is mistaken. Ballard “remains incarcerated
at the Disciplinary Barracks in Fort Leavenworth, Kansas . . . [and] claims that his [conviction]
[and] sentence suffer[] from jurisdictional infirmities, and he attacks these infirmities with a habeas
petition filed under 28 U.S.C. 2241.” Dillon, 2022 WL 971087, at *3; see also Pet. at 1, 8, 13.
Consequently, and as discussed above, the proper respondent in a § 2241 habeas action is a
prisoner’s present custodian. See Padilla, 542 U.S. at 434–35; Blair–Bey v. Quick, 151 F.3d 1036,
1039 (D.C. Cir. 1998). And here, it is without question that Ballard’s present “custodian is the
commandant of” Fort Leavenworth, see Monk v. Secretary of Navy, 793 F.2d 364, 368–69 (D.C.
Cir. 1986), and not, despite Ballard’s contentions, see Pet. at 8, 13; Pet. Exs. at Motion for Venue
¶ 3, the Secretary of the Air Force, see Dillon, 2022 WL 971087, at *3 (citing Chatman-Bey v.
Thornburgh, 864 F.2d 804, 810 (D.C. Cir. 1988) (en banc)). This Court cannot exercise subject
matter jurisdiction over Ballard’s § 2241 Petition, and has no discretion in doing so, “unless the
11 respondent custodian is within its territorial jurisdiction.” Stokes, 374 F.3d at 1239. Ballard’s
custodian is in Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, and such, this case should be filed in the District of
Kansas, and against that custodian. 4 See Dillon, 2022 WL 971087, at *2–3 (dismissing petition
for want of subject matter jurisdiction and venue where the petitioner, also confined at Fort
Leavenworth, Kansas, challenged his conviction by court-martial on several counts of sexual abuse
of minors under the UCMJ, and argued that his conviction was void and unconstitutional because
he was in the process of retiring due to disabilities sustained while enlisted with the Army).
In response, Ballard first reiterates the same arguments presented in his Petition. See Opp’n
at 1–3. He then argues, circularly and self-servingly, that because his recall, arrest, and conviction,
were all unlawful, “it leaves the question open-ended as to the proper Respondent in this case[,]”
and he maintains that, because he allegedly has no valid immediate custodian, the question then
becomes who exercises “legal control” over him; his answer to that question is the Secretary of
the Air Force. See id. at 2–3. In support, he argues that Padilla, 542 U.S. 426, is inapplicable to
him, citing to Ex Parte Endo, 323 U.S. 283 (1944), in an attempt to prove that he does not have an
immediate custodian. See Opp’n at 3. In Endo, the petitioner, seeking her release from a Japanese
4 The Air Force also moves to dismiss for want of personal jurisdiction, pursuant to Federal Rule 12(b)(2), over Ballard’s custodian at Fort Leavenworth. See MSJ Mem. at 1, 3, 6. It is ostensibly “evident that th[is] District Court would not have personal jurisdiction over” Ballard’s custodian, see Chatman-Bey, 864 F.2d at 813, id. at n.7 (noting that “[a]lthough 28 U.S.C. § 1391(e) generally provides for nationwide service on officers of the United States, this basis of personal jurisdiction is unavailable in habeas) (citing Schlanger v. Seamans, 401 U.S. 487, 490 n.4 (1971)), “[b]ut this need not detain us,” because this Court is dismissing this matter on other superseding grounds, see id. at 813. Furthermore, regardless of the near certainty, it is unclear that the Air Force has standing to bring a 12(b)(2) defense on behalf of Ballard’s custodian, who is not named as a party to this case, and this Court is without the necessary “relevant matter” required to “assist in determining the [personal] jurisdictional facts[,]” United States v. Philip Morris Inc., 116 F. Supp. 2d 116, 120 n.4 (D.D.C. 2000); Mwani v. bin Laden, 417 F.3d 1, 7 (D.C. Cir. 2005), to determine if personal jurisdiction––general or specific––could be exercised over Ballard’s custodian, see Intl. Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310, 316 (1945); D.C. Code §§ 13–422, 423. 12 internment camp in California, filed a petition for habeas corpus in the District of California, but
thereafter, the War Relocation Authority transferred her to another state. See Endo, 323 U.S. at
284–85. The Supreme Court held that the District of California retained jurisdiction over the
matter, see id. at 304–07, standing “for the important but limited proposition that when the
Government moves a habeas petitioner after she properly files a petition naming her immediate
custodian, the District Court retains jurisdiction and may direct the writ to any respondent within
its jurisdiction who has legal authority to effectuate the prisoner’s release[,]” Padilla, 542 U.S. at
440 (citing to and explaining the holding of Endo, 323 U.S. at 304–05, 307). The facts in Endo
are patently incongruent to those presented in this matter. Ballard was never designated to a
facility in this District, nor was he ever transferred from this District to another––or from any
District to another––while his Petition was pending, or otherwise.
Ballard next cites to a progeny of cases, and like Endo, they all notably predate Padilla.
See Opp’n at 3–4, 6–7 (citing several Vietnam-era cases). He cites first, see Opp’n at 3–5, to
Schlanger, 401 U.S. at 488–89, in which the petitioner, a non-incarcerated active serviceman who
was on temporary duty orders in Arizona, challenged his subsequent transfer order to Moody Air
Force Base, in Georgia. The Supreme Court found that, for purposes of jurisdiction and venue,
the petitioner was under the custody and control of his commanding officer at Moody AFB because
the petitioner was neither a resident of Arizona nor amenable to its process, and no one in chain of
command over the petitioner was in territorial jurisdiction of the District of Arizona. See id. at
489–92.
Next, Ballard cites to Strait v. Laird, 406 U.S. 341 (1972), see Opp’n at 3, which involved
an army reservist whose active-duty obligations were deferred while he attended law school, see
Strait, 406 U.S. at 341–42. The petitioner’s military records, and nominal commanding officer,
13 were located at Fort Benjamin Harrison, Indiana, see id., but the officer was not “responsible for
the day to day control of his subordinates,” and was instead in charge of primarily administrative
decisions as to “unattached reservists,” see id. at 345. The petitioner was, at all times, domiciled
in California, and during his deferment, he filed an application for discharge as a conscientious
objector in California. See id. at 342. Following the application’s denial, the petitioner sought a
writ of habeas corpus. See id. The Supreme Court found that, because the petitioner always
resided in California and his application for discharge was processed there, jurisdiction was proper
in the District of California. See id. at 343–46. The Strait Court also found that requiring the case
to proceed in the District of Indiana would improperly “result in a concentration of similar cases
in the district in which the Reserve Officer Components Personnel Center is located[,]” when
indeed, the case should properly proceed elsewhere. See id. at 345.
Quite similarly, in Eisel v. Secretary of the Army, 477 F.2d 1251 (D.C. Cir. 1973), cited by
Ballard, see Opp’n at 3, 7, the petitioners, a commissioned inactive Army reservist and a
commissioned inactive Air Force reservist, sought release from military orders on grounds that
they were conscientious objectors and, when their applications were denied, they filed for writs of
habeas corpus, see Eisel, 477 F.2d at 1253. The D.C. Circuit held that this District was want of
jurisdiction, and that the matter should be heard in the districts where the petitioners were
respectively domiciled. See id. at 1266. The Eisel Court stressed that, despite the location of
military headquarters and high-ranking officials in this District––including the Secretaries of the
Army and the Air Force––this forum was nonetheless improper because the petitioners’
relationship to the military located in the District of Columbia was no different from any other
member of the military, and their significant contacts with the military were elsewhere. See id. at
1255–56. Moreover, allowing such an interpretation of jurisdiction and venue would be contrary
14 to law, creating an influx of unsuitable cases filed by service members in this District. See id. at
1256.
Ballard also cites to Braden v. 30th Judicial Circuit Court of Ky., 410 U.S. 484 (1973).
See Opp’n at 6. Braden stands for the proposition that the immediate physical custodian rule, by
its terms, does not necessarily apply when a habeas petitioner challenges something other than his
conviction and present physical confinement. See Braden, 410 U.S. at 488–89, 494–95; see also
Padilla, 542 U.S. at 438 (explaining that the petitioner in Braden “did not contest the validity of
the Alabama conviction for which he was confined, but instead challenged a detainer lodged
against him in Kentucky state court[,]” and that “nothing in Braden supports departing from the
immediate custodian rule in the traditional context of challenges to present physical confinement.”)
(other citations omitted).
Last, Ballard cites to a series of additional similar cases from outside circuits, see Opp’n at
3, starting with Lantz v. Seamans, 504 F.2d 423 (2d Cir. 1974) (per curiam), in which the Second
Circuit held that the petitioner––who was not incarcerated and challenged the Secretary of the Air
Force’s denial of his application for a discharge as a conscientious objector––should file his
petition for writ of habeas corpus in the District where he was domiciled, see id. at 424. In Arlen
v. Laird, 451 F.2d 684 (2d Cir. 1971), see Opp’n at 3, the Second Circuit arrived at the same
conclusion with analogous facts involving an unattached reservist in New York, see Arlen, 451
F.2d at 685–87. And the First Circuit, in Carney v. Sec'y of Def., 462 F.2d 606 (1st Cir. 1972), see
Opp’n at 3, found that an un-incarcerated service member, also seeking conscientious objector
status, should file his petition for writ of habeas corpus where he was located, and not in the District
where he was ordered to be transferred and inevitably dispatched to Vietnam, see Carney, 462
F.2d at 606–07.
15 As argued by the Air Force, see Reply at 4–7, all of the cases cited by Ballard are inapposite
to his circumstances. Nearly all of the cases involve non-prisoner petitioners, challenging––not
the constitutionality of their incarceration, but instead––the terms of military orders, often transfer
orders to new jurisdictions, from commanding officers in yet different jurisdictions. With more
than one forum at play, and with the petitioner’s location in flux, these cases necessitated an
analysis as to which jurisdiction and venue were most appropriate. However here, Ballard is
incarcerated, and he is challenging his conviction and resulting present confinement, see Pet. at 1,
8, 14, therefore, the immediate custodian rule is traditionally applied without exception because
there is absolutely no ambiguity as to his location, immediate custodian, and the relief sought.
Even if there was some ambiguity, this District would still be improper under the cases cited by
Ballard. Those cases hold, in large part, that if a petitioner lacks a clear present custodian, based
on existing factors––most importantly, convenience––the proceedings should generally be held
where the petitioner is located. See, e.g., Straight, 406 U.S. at 345–46; Braden, 410 U.S. at 500–
01; Eisel, 477 F.2d at 1254–56, 1265; Arlen, 451 F.2d at 687; Lantz, 504 F.2d at 424; Carney, 462
Thus, assuming arguendo the cases cited by Ballard were applicable, which the Court does
not concede, those cases would still position this case where Ballard is located––i.e. the District of
Kansas, see Sanchez-Mercedes v. Bureau of Prisons, 453 F. Supp. 3d 404, 417 (D.D.C. 2020),
aff'd, No. 20-5103, 2021 WL 2525679 (D.C. Cir. Jun. 2, 2021) (citing In re Pope, 580 F.2d 620,
622 (D.C. Cir. 1978); Patel v. Phillips, 933 F. Supp. 2d 153, 165 (D.D.C. 2013)), and if not that
District, perhaps alternatively, in the District of Arkansas, see Turner v. Kelly, 411 F. Supp. 1331,
1332 (D. Kan. 1976); see Pet. at 11; Opp’n at 1, 7 (stating that Ballard was domiciled in Arkansas
prior to his arrest). Regardless, Ballard’s case law simply does not support jurisdiction or venue
16 in this District under any interpretation. If anything, the cases serve as warning to petitioners like
Ballard that suit against a military branch or high-ranking military official does not necessitate
venue or jurisdiction in the District of Columbia, 5 and indeed doing so would “exalt fiction over
reality.” See Strait, 406 U.S. at 344–46; see also Eisel, 477 F.2d at 1255–56.
And Ballard’s arguments that his arrest, conviction, and present incarceration are illegal,
therefore somehow negating his custodian at Fort Leavenworth, see Opp’n at 2–3, 5–6, is not only
unsupported by any legal precedent, but is also an improper attempt to prematurely impose and
conflate a merits argument upon a preliminary jurisdiction and venue analysis. In support of this
argument, Ballard relies on criminal statutes, see id. at 1–2 (citing 18 U.S.C. § 1385), id. at 4–5
(citing 18 U.S.C. § 4001(a)), that neither support a private right of action nor afford the type of
relief that he seeks, see United States v. Khatallah, 160 F. Supp. 3d 144, 148–50 (D.D.C. 2016)
(explaining that there is no private right of action under § 1385); see Bailey v. BOP, 133 F. Supp.
3d 50, 54–55 (D.D.C. 2015) (explaining that there is no private right of action under § 4001(a)).
As such, and for all of these reasons, the Court finds that this District lacks subject matter
jurisdiction over Ballard’s Petition.
Second, Ballard asserts that this Court has federal question jurisdiction under the Fifth
Amendment, based on his ancillary facial constitutional challenge to 10 U.S.C. §§ 688(b)(1) and
802(a)(4), see Pet. at 8, 12–13, more specifically, the Air Force’s ability to recall him under those
provisions, see id. at 1–8. “But it is this Court that lacks jurisdiction over [Ballard’s] §2241 petition
5 As noted by the Air Force, again assuming for the sake of argument that the case law cited by Ballard were somehow applicable here, see Reply at 7 n.5, and also assuming that the Secretary of the Air Force was somehow hypothetically Ballard’s present custodian, this District would yet still be improper because the Secretary of the Air Force resides at the Pentagon, located in Arlington, Virginia. See 28 U.S.C. § 1391(e)(1)(A); see also, e.g., Chin-Young v. Esper, No. 18- 2072, 2019 WL 4247260, at *5 (D.D.C. Sept. 6, 2019) (“The Court takes judicial notice . . . that the Pentagon is located in Arlington, Virginia[, despite its Washington, D.C. mailing address].”). 17 because he failed to bring his habeas petition in the jurisdiction where the proper respondent
resides. The Court, as it must, declines to pass on the merits of [Ballard’s] [constitutional]
arguments.” Dillon, 2022 WL 971087, at *3 (finding that the court could not exercise subject
matter jurisdiction over the petitioner’s “Fifth Amendment procedural due process challenge[,]”
embedded in his § 2241 petition, “on the basis that he had retired from the military at the time of
the court-martial proceeding and that the military tribunal therefore lacked jurisdiction over him.”).
By and through his constitutional challenge, Ballard seeks an order striking § 802(a)(4)
and enjoining its enforcement, including a finding that the use of the provision violated his Fifth
Amendment rights, thus enabling his immediate release from “illegal confinement” at Fort
Leavenworth. See Pet. at 1, 14. He argues that, as a military retiree, who was entitled to, and
receiving, “retired pay” from the Department of Treasury and Department of Defense Military
Fund, rather than “active duty pay” directly from the Air Force, he should not be subject to recall,
because as an inactive servicemember his criminal case did not arise “in the land or naval forces.”
See Pet. at 1–8, 12–13; see also U.S. CONST. amend. V. Despite his reliance on the Fifth
Amendment, Ballard’s stated relief, if granted, would still result in his “immediate release from
prison . . . fall[ing] squarely ‘within the core of habeas corpus.’ ” See Monk, 793 F.2d at 367
(quoting Preiser v. Rodriguez, 411 U.S. 475, 487, 500 (1975) (holding that when a prisoner is
challenging “the very fact or duration of his physical imprisonment, and the relief he seeks is a
determination that he is entitled to immediate release or a speedier release from that imprisonment,
his sole federal remedy is a writ of habeas corpus.”)). Consequently, Ballard cannot circumvent
the parameters of § 2241 by raising a fallback constitutional challenge, in an attempt to reach the
same outcome.
18 Furthermore, presupposing that Ballard could even raise this Fifth Amendment challenge,
he has failed to state a claim because it has already been foreclosed by clear District of Columbia
Circuit precedent. A substantially similar challenge was recently reviewed by the D.C. Circuit.
See Larrabee v. Del Toro, 45 F.4th 81 (2022). In Larrabee, the plaintiff, a “de facto” retiree in
the Fleet Marine Reserve, see id. at 84, who pleaded guilty before a court-martial to sexual assault
of civilian, see id. at 83, did not bring a habeas claim, but raised constitutional challenges to 10
U.S.C. § 802(a)(6), including under the Fifth Amendment, see id. at 85–86, and argued that his
status as a reservist and his receipt of retired pay––or “retainer pay”––rather than active pay, should
exclude him from recall under the UCMJ, and that therefore, the court martial was without
jurisdiction to convict him, see id. at 84, 86, 96. The trial court ruled in favor of Larrabee, see
Larrabee v. Braithwaite, 502 F. Supp. 3d 322, 333 (D.D.C. 2020), but on appeal, the D.C. Circuit
reversed in full, citing a long line of Supreme Court precedent “interpreting the Make Rules
Clause, as well as historical evidence from the Founding era, [which] both indicate that Congress
may extend court-martial jurisdiction” over a military retiree, so long as they have “a formal
relationship with the military that includes a duty to obey military orders[,]” see Larrabee, 45 F.4th
at 101. The D.C. Circuit went on to state that,
[i]ndeed, as early as 1881, in United States v. Tyler, the Court found that while retirees are “not required to perform full service, they are [still] part of the army, and may be assigned to such duty as the laws and regulations permit.” 105 U.S. 244, 245, 26 L.Ed. 985 (1881); cf. Thornley v. United States, 113 U.S. 310, 315, 5 S.Ct. 491, 28 L.Ed. 999 (1885) (“The point on which [Tyler] turned was ... that an officer of the army, though retired, was still in the service.”). [T]he Supreme Court and this court's predecessor have both affirmed court-martial sentences imposed on military retirees without questioning the constitutionality of the military proceedings. See United States v. Fletcher, 148 U.S. 84, 13 S.Ct. 552, 37 L.Ed. 378 (1893); United States v. Page, 137 U.S. 673, 11 S.Ct. 219, 34 L.Ed. 828 (1891); Closson v. United States ex rel. Armes, 7 App. D.C. 460 (1896). . . . [T]he Court's consistent and repeated acknowledgement that military retirees are properly regarded as members of the armed forces,
19 rather than civilians, substantiates our conclusion that Fleet Marine Reservists [,][like military retirees][,] fall within the “land and naval Forces” governed by the Make Rules Clause.
Id. at 97. Furthermore, the D.C. Circuit held that “the scope of the Grand Jury Clause's exception
is coextensive with that of the Make Rules Clause. Because Larrabee was[,]” even as a retired
service member, “in ‘the land and naval Forces’ at the time of his court-martialing, his ‘case[ ]
ar[ose] in the land or naval forces[.]’ ” (quoting U.S. CONST. art. I, § 8, cl. 14; id. at amend. V).
This Court notes that, while Larrabee was a reservist, and Ballard is a retiree, this is a
distinction without difference. As explained above, the D.C. Circuit plainly found that a reservist
is, for all intents and purposes, a retiree, see id. at 84, 96–98, and furthermore, under 10 U.S.C. §
688, a reservist is treated in the same manner as a retiree as it relates to a recall, including recall
for purposes of court martial, compare id. at § 688(b)(1), with id. at § 688(b)(3); also compare 10
U.S.C. § 802(a)(4), with id. at § 802(a)(6). Ballard, as a retired service member who is entitled to
and was receiving retired pay, among other benefits, had an undisputable relationship with the Air
Force and a continued duty to obey military orders. See Pet. at 1–5, 7, 10 ; Pet. Ex. A; see
Larrabee, 45 F.4th at 96–97 (“the Supreme Court has recognized military retirees as part of the
nation's armed forces.”) (collecting cases). Therefore, for the reasons stated in Larrabee,
upholding the parallel provision, § 802(a)(6), against an equivalent Fifth Amendment challenge,
Ballard’s challenge must also fail. Any finding otherwise would contradict the law of the D.C.
Circuit.
Ballard references the Larrabee case, though it is clear that he is citing to the trial court’s
decision, rather than that of the D.C. Circuit, see Opp’n at 5–6 (citing Larrabee, 502 F. Supp. 3d
at 322), which is understandable because the Circuit reversed shortly after Ballard filed his
Opposition in this matter, see generally Larrabee, 45 F.4th at 81 (decided on Aug. 2, 2022).
20 Notwithstanding, Ballard cannot escape that he is relying on now outmoded law. He seemingly
attempts to differentiate his circumstances from those in Larrabee by arguing that he and others
like him, who are or may be entitled to VA permanent disability benefits under 38 U.S.C. §§ 1110,
1131, and 3102, should be specifically excluded from recall under 10 U.S.C. § 802(a)(4). See Pet.
at 1–3, 6–8, 10, 13. He seems to argue that disabled or potentially disabled retired service members
should be excluded from recall for court martial––and added to the list of exempt service members
identified in 10 U.S.C. § 688(d)––because it is unlikely that disabled retirees would otherwise be
recalled to active service. See id. This argument is unpersuasive.
Notably, Ballard did not retire based on disability. See id. at 10; Pet. Ex. A; see also 10
U.S.C. Ch. 61. He contends that he was diagnosed with some hearing loss by the Air Force, and
that he was in the process of being assessed for fitness, but during that process, he elected to,
applied for, and received, a voluntary retirement. See Pet. at 10; Pet. Ex. A. Ballard admits that
he only completed the first step of a multi-step process in assessing his then fitness for service.
See Pet. at 10; see also Torres v. Del Toro, No. No. 21-cv-306, 2022 WL 5167371, at *1–2 (D.D.C.
Oct. 5, 2022) (citation omitted) (describing and including a detailed diagram of Disability
Evaluation System process and explaining that “[t]he Disability Evaluation System (‘DES’),
created by the DoD, governs the process for servicemembers facing separation or retirement due
to disability[] . . . [and] [t]hat system involves several steps that together determine whether a
servicemember is unfit to continue serving.”); Havens v. Mabus, 146 F. Supp. 3d 202, 205–06
(D.D.C. 2015) (citing Havens v. Mabus, 759 F.3d 91, 93 (D.C. Cir. 2014) (also explaining the DES
process in which a service member is determined to be fit or unfit for duty)), aff’d, No. 16-5016,
2016 WL 4098840 (D.C. Cir. Jul. 22, 2016). As noted by Ballard, see Pet. at 10, an assessment
by the MEB is the first step, thereafter, an Informal Physical Evaluation Board (“IPEB”), or yet
21 later, a Formal Physical Evaluation Board (“FPEB”) must actually address whether a service
member is unfit to serve due to a disability, see Torres, 2022 WL 5167371, at *2.
Moreover, even if Ballard had retired based on disability it does not necessarily mean that
he could not be recalled. Even if a service member “is finally determined to be unfit for duty and
is retired for physical disability, the member retains military status and may be recalled to active
duty under certain circumstances.” U.S. v. Stevenson, 53 M.J. 257, 260 (Armed Forces App. 2000)
(citing cases), cert. denied, 532 U.S. 919 (2001); see U.S. v. Reynolds, No. 201600415, 2017 WL
1506062, at *4–5 (Navy-Marine Crim. App. Apr. 27, 2017) (explaining in detail that the
Department of Defense Regulations, implementing 10 U.S.C. § 688, specifically authorize
recalling permanently disabled retirees); see also Larrabee, 45 F.4th at 96–97 (finding that “it is
not open to question . . . that [retired] officers are [still] officers in the military service of the United
States.”) (quoting Kahn v. Anderson, 255 U.S. 1, 6–7 (1921) (internal quotation marks omitted)).
Though Ballard states that the VA, at some point after his retirement, initially found him to be
30% disabled, he believes that he will, by the end of the assessment process, be assessed at 100%
disability. See Pet. at 7. Even taking this presumption at face value, it does not prove that Ballard
was 100% disabled at the time of his retirement. See Banerjee v. United States, 77 Fed. Cl. 522,
537 (Fed. Cl. 2007). To that end, the VA and Air Force have different standards for determining
whether a service member is disabled, or unfit for military service, respectively. “The VA operates
under title 38. It compensates former service members based on the likelihood that a disability
will make it difficult for them to seek civilian employment in the future. The Air Force, on the
other hand, operates under title 10. It rates and compensates members based on their ability to
perform their then-present Air Force duties. These two systems thus operate under different
statutory authorities and rate member’s disabilities based under different standards.” Fisher v.
22 United States, 72 Fed. Cl. 88, 94–95 (Fed. Cl. 2006). And the Court is not in a position to speculate
as to Ballard’s level of fitness or unfitness at the time of his retirement.
Third, Ballard contends that this Court has subject matter jurisdiction under the Declaratory
Judgment Act, 28 U.S.C. §§ 2201–02. See Pet. at 8, 13–14. The Declaratory Judgment Act,
however, is not an independent basis for jurisdiction. See Porzecanski v. Azar, 943 F.3d 472, 485
n.11 (D.C. Cir. 2019). Rather, the availability of [declaratory] relief presupposes the existence of
a judicially remediable right.” Ali v. Rumsfeld, 649 F.3d 762, 778 (D.C. Cir. 2011) (quoting C&E
Servs., Inc. of Washington v. D.C. Water & Sewer Auth., 310 F.3d 197, 201 (D.C. Cir. 2002) (other
citations and internal quotation marks omitted)). Despite Ballard’s reliance on alternative legal
authority, the arguments based on that authority nonetheless present a “thinly veiled and improper
attempt[] to collaterally attack” a conviction and sentence imposed by the Air Force. See Stone v.
Dep’t of Housing & Urb. Dev., 859 F. Supp. 2d 59, 63, id. n.2, 64 (D.D.C. 2012) (finding that the
court lacked subject matter jurisdiction over the plaintiff’s request for relief under the Declaratory
Judgment Act to vacate his conviction, sentence, and other terms of his plea agreement, because
he could raise those claims through a writ of habeas corpus).
Finally, and as discussed above in part, the Court also finds that venue in in the District of
Columbia is improper. See Chatman-Bey, 864 F.2d at 811–13 (“venue considerations” generally
dictate “adjudication of the habeas claim in the jurisdiction where the habeas petitioner is
confined.”). Ballard maintains that this District is proper “because the Defendant has an official
office in the district of Columbia.” Pet. at 8. But once again, Ballard’s “immediate custodian, not
a supervisory official who exercises legal control, is the proper respondent.” Dillon, 2022 WL
971087, at *3 (quoting Padilla, 542 U.S. at 439) (internal quotation marks omitted)). “Crediting
[Ballard’s] argument would allow a prisoner to name ‘the State or the Attorney General as a
23 respondent to a § 2241 petition,’ which would conflict with ‘statutory language, established
practice, and [] precedent.’ ” Id. (quoting Padilla at 439–40). Indeed, the D.C. Circuit has
forewarned that courts in this jurisdiction must examine venue carefully to guard against the
danger that a litigant might manufacture it in the District of Columbia, merely by virtue of naming
a federal agency or officer as a respondent. See Cameron v. Thornburgh, 983 F.2d 253, 256 (D.C.
Cir. 1993); see also Bartel v. Federal Aviation Admin., 617 F. Supp. 190, 199 (D.D.C. 1985)
(holding that the location of the federal government or an agency's headquarters office does not
necessitate venue in this district).
IV. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the Air Force’s Motion to Dismiss is GRANTED and Joseph A.
Ballard’s Petition for Habeas Corpus pursuant to § 2241 is hereby DENIED. Petitioner may refile
for relief pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2241 in the proper jurisdiction and venue. An Order will be
entered contemporaneously with this Memorandum Opinion.
________/s/__________________ COLLEEN KOLLAR-KOTELLY Date: November 9, 2022 United States District Judge