Walker, J.,
after stating .the case: As tbe evidence was conflicting upon tbe question whether tbe two unpaid notes were taken up by plaintiffs in 1911 or in February, 1912, after this suit was brought, we must assume, in favor of plaintiffs, that it was during tbe former year, as tbe evidence must be considered in the best light for them, drawing all reasonable inferences therefrom necessary to sustain their case, and rejecting the defendant’s testimony, which is adverse to the plaintiffs.
Brittain v. Westhall,
135 N. C., 492;
Freeman v. Brown,
151 N. C., 111;
Deppe v. R. R.,
152 N. C., 79;
Boddie v. Bond,
154 N. C., 359. We do not think tbe learned judge could have rested his opinion upon the testimony of the defendant’s witness, as to the entries in the bank books, as he did not make the entries, and the clerk, who did make them, was then in.the bank and perfectly accessible as a witness.
Justice Beade
said in
Sloan v. McDowell,
75 N. C., 29: “The entries of a merchant’s clerk are not evidence against a third person. It would be very dangerous if they were. They are not under oath and are not subject to examination. The clerk himself must be produced. If his memory be at fault, it may be that he can refresh it by his entries — that is all.” But we need not pass upon the competency of this testimony, for the court, as we have seen, could not force a nonsuit of the plaintiffs upon the defendant’s evidence, even if it was competent.
Boddie v. Bond, supra.
The question then is, and we presume this is the one the judge decided, Can the plaintiffs as pledgors of the notes to the bank, -as collateral security, maintain this action without
tbe presence of the bank as a party? We must premise that it ■appea'rs from the evidence that the note of plaintiffs to' the bank was paid and the collaterals taken up before the trial of 'this case, that is, in November, 1912, the trial having occurred at January Term, 1913. It was‘not denied that plaintiffs had paid the notes and were the legal and equitable owners thereof at the time of the trial, and one of defendant’s witnesses testified that they were paid in November, 19.12.
We need not consider the question as to the validity of the lien, as the plaintiffs were, at least, entitled to a judgment for the debt, if entitled to recover at all, and the nonsuit deprived them of this right. Two issues were submitted: one as to the debt, and the other as to the lien, and plaintiffs must have failed in their proof as to both before we can hold that the opinion of the judge was correct' and the nonsuit proper.
The bald question, therefore, is, Can a pledgor, who has deposited notes with a bank as collateral, sue and recover upon the same, if he pays his debt, takes up the collateral notes and produces them at the trial, so that they can be canceled for the protection of the debtor? We will answer this question in the affirmative, as we think it is in accordance with principle and authority.
First, let us consider the nature of a pledge. It has been well defined in the leading ease of
Doak v. Bank,
28 N. C., 309, with reference to a transaction very much like the one presented in this case. “A mortgage of personal property in law differs from a pledge; the former is a conditional transfer or conveyance of the property itself; and if the condition is not duly performed, the whole title vests absolutely at law in the mortgagee, exactly as it does in a mortgage of lands; the latter, a pledge, only passes the possession, or at most is a special property in the pledge; with the right of retainer, until the debt is paid. A mortgage is a pledge and more, for it is an absolute pledge, to become an absolute interest, if not redeemed in a certain time. A pledge is a deposit of personal-effects, not to be taken back, but on payment of a certain sum, by express stipulation, to be a lien upon it.
Jones v. Smith,
2 Ves. Jun., 378; 4 Kent’s Com., 138 (3 Ed.); 2 Story’s Eq., 227. Gener
ally speaking, a bill in equity to redeem will not lie in bebalf of a pledgor or bis representatives, as bis remedy is at • law, upon a tender of tbe money. 2 Story’s Eq., 298; 1 Ves., 298.* We see tbat there is a very marked difference between a mortgage and a pledge of personal property.” Tbe pledgor, therefore, has a distinct interest in tbe thing be has pledged, and having it, there is no reason why be should, not have a remedy in tbe court for its protection, for when there is a right, there is said to be always a remedy. It may be replied that if he is allowed to sue and recover, the debtor may be subjected to a double payment; but not at' all, for reason tells us, and the cases show, that the court will so shape the judgment as to protect both the debtor and the pledgor, and this can the more easily be done under our reformed procedure. There are three ways by which the debtor and the pledgor can be protected: first, by making the pledgor a party plaintiff, if he is willing, or if not, then a party defendant; second, by providing in the judgment that the money collected under the process to enforce the judgment shall first be applied to the discharge of the debt due the pledgor, and, third, by the pledgor redeeming his pledge before the trial and judgment, as was done in this case. It will not do to answer that the pledgee was not made a party in this case, for that would be only an objection based upon- a defect. of parties, which cannot be taken by a nonsuit, but only by demurrer or answer, and if the defect appears, the court will order the proper party to be brought in by process. This was expressly held to be the result of the reformed procedure in
Carpenter v. Miles,
56 Ky., 598, a case resembling this one in its facts. There the Court said: “A defect of parties, apparent upon the face of the petition, is cause for demurrer; and when not thus apparent, is an objection to be taken in answer. (Civil Code, sec. 123.) An answer presenting such objection may be regarded as -a dilatory plea; not, however, resulting, even when sustained by proof, in a dismissal or abatement of the action, but furnishing a ground for an order of court requiring the additional parties to be made on pain of dismissal without prejudice.” It appears that the plaintiff had retained a valuable interest, as pledgor, in the collateral notes, and was-
a “real party in interest/’ within the meaning of Revisal, sec. 400, and had at least an equitable or beneficial interest, if not •the legal title, and such an interest may form the basis of an action to recover the property in which it is claimed.
Murray v. Blackledge,
71 N. C., 492;
Farmer v. Daniel,
82 N. C., 152;
Condry v. Cheshire,
88 N. C., 375;
Taylor v. Eatman,
92 N. C., 601, and other cases cited in Pell’s notes to Revisal, sec. 400.
But it has been expressly held that the pledgor may sue for the property before paying the debt. The plaintiff and pledgor, in
Wells v. Wells,
53 Vermont, 1, brought a suit against defendant, pledgee, for equitable relief.
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Walker, J.,
after stating .the case: As tbe evidence was conflicting upon tbe question whether tbe two unpaid notes were taken up by plaintiffs in 1911 or in February, 1912, after this suit was brought, we must assume, in favor of plaintiffs, that it was during tbe former year, as tbe evidence must be considered in the best light for them, drawing all reasonable inferences therefrom necessary to sustain their case, and rejecting the defendant’s testimony, which is adverse to the plaintiffs.
Brittain v. Westhall,
135 N. C., 492;
Freeman v. Brown,
151 N. C., 111;
Deppe v. R. R.,
152 N. C., 79;
Boddie v. Bond,
154 N. C., 359. We do not think tbe learned judge could have rested his opinion upon the testimony of the defendant’s witness, as to the entries in the bank books, as he did not make the entries, and the clerk, who did make them, was then in.the bank and perfectly accessible as a witness.
Justice Beade
said in
Sloan v. McDowell,
75 N. C., 29: “The entries of a merchant’s clerk are not evidence against a third person. It would be very dangerous if they were. They are not under oath and are not subject to examination. The clerk himself must be produced. If his memory be at fault, it may be that he can refresh it by his entries — that is all.” But we need not pass upon the competency of this testimony, for the court, as we have seen, could not force a nonsuit of the plaintiffs upon the defendant’s evidence, even if it was competent.
Boddie v. Bond, supra.
The question then is, and we presume this is the one the judge decided, Can the plaintiffs as pledgors of the notes to the bank, -as collateral security, maintain this action without
tbe presence of the bank as a party? We must premise that it ■appea'rs from the evidence that the note of plaintiffs to' the bank was paid and the collaterals taken up before the trial of 'this case, that is, in November, 1912, the trial having occurred at January Term, 1913. It was‘not denied that plaintiffs had paid the notes and were the legal and equitable owners thereof at the time of the trial, and one of defendant’s witnesses testified that they were paid in November, 19.12.
We need not consider the question as to the validity of the lien, as the plaintiffs were, at least, entitled to a judgment for the debt, if entitled to recover at all, and the nonsuit deprived them of this right. Two issues were submitted: one as to the debt, and the other as to the lien, and plaintiffs must have failed in their proof as to both before we can hold that the opinion of the judge was correct' and the nonsuit proper.
The bald question, therefore, is, Can a pledgor, who has deposited notes with a bank as collateral, sue and recover upon the same, if he pays his debt, takes up the collateral notes and produces them at the trial, so that they can be canceled for the protection of the debtor? We will answer this question in the affirmative, as we think it is in accordance with principle and authority.
First, let us consider the nature of a pledge. It has been well defined in the leading ease of
Doak v. Bank,
28 N. C., 309, with reference to a transaction very much like the one presented in this case. “A mortgage of personal property in law differs from a pledge; the former is a conditional transfer or conveyance of the property itself; and if the condition is not duly performed, the whole title vests absolutely at law in the mortgagee, exactly as it does in a mortgage of lands; the latter, a pledge, only passes the possession, or at most is a special property in the pledge; with the right of retainer, until the debt is paid. A mortgage is a pledge and more, for it is an absolute pledge, to become an absolute interest, if not redeemed in a certain time. A pledge is a deposit of personal-effects, not to be taken back, but on payment of a certain sum, by express stipulation, to be a lien upon it.
Jones v. Smith,
2 Ves. Jun., 378; 4 Kent’s Com., 138 (3 Ed.); 2 Story’s Eq., 227. Gener
ally speaking, a bill in equity to redeem will not lie in bebalf of a pledgor or bis representatives, as bis remedy is at • law, upon a tender of tbe money. 2 Story’s Eq., 298; 1 Ves., 298.* We see tbat there is a very marked difference between a mortgage and a pledge of personal property.” Tbe pledgor, therefore, has a distinct interest in tbe thing be has pledged, and having it, there is no reason why be should, not have a remedy in tbe court for its protection, for when there is a right, there is said to be always a remedy. It may be replied that if he is allowed to sue and recover, the debtor may be subjected to a double payment; but not at' all, for reason tells us, and the cases show, that the court will so shape the judgment as to protect both the debtor and the pledgor, and this can the more easily be done under our reformed procedure. There are three ways by which the debtor and the pledgor can be protected: first, by making the pledgor a party plaintiff, if he is willing, or if not, then a party defendant; second, by providing in the judgment that the money collected under the process to enforce the judgment shall first be applied to the discharge of the debt due the pledgor, and, third, by the pledgor redeeming his pledge before the trial and judgment, as was done in this case. It will not do to answer that the pledgee was not made a party in this case, for that would be only an objection based upon- a defect. of parties, which cannot be taken by a nonsuit, but only by demurrer or answer, and if the defect appears, the court will order the proper party to be brought in by process. This was expressly held to be the result of the reformed procedure in
Carpenter v. Miles,
56 Ky., 598, a case resembling this one in its facts. There the Court said: “A defect of parties, apparent upon the face of the petition, is cause for demurrer; and when not thus apparent, is an objection to be taken in answer. (Civil Code, sec. 123.) An answer presenting such objection may be regarded as -a dilatory plea; not, however, resulting, even when sustained by proof, in a dismissal or abatement of the action, but furnishing a ground for an order of court requiring the additional parties to be made on pain of dismissal without prejudice.” It appears that the plaintiff had retained a valuable interest, as pledgor, in the collateral notes, and was-
a “real party in interest/’ within the meaning of Revisal, sec. 400, and had at least an equitable or beneficial interest, if not •the legal title, and such an interest may form the basis of an action to recover the property in which it is claimed.
Murray v. Blackledge,
71 N. C., 492;
Farmer v. Daniel,
82 N. C., 152;
Condry v. Cheshire,
88 N. C., 375;
Taylor v. Eatman,
92 N. C., 601, and other cases cited in Pell’s notes to Revisal, sec. 400.
But it has been expressly held that the pledgor may sue for the property before paying the debt. The plaintiff and pledgor, in
Wells v. Wells,
53 Vermont, 1, brought a suit against defendant, pledgee, for equitable relief. The bill was dismissed because there was an adequate remedy at law by action for the XDroperty pledged, the Court saying: “And here it is to be remarked, that the fact that the note and mortgage were held by the defendants as collateral did not stand in the way of the orators proceeding, either by suit at law on the note or by foreclosure on the mortgage, if they deemed it for their interest to have the note or the mortgage, or both, enforced earlier than the defendants saw fit to proceed in that behalf. See Am. Law Review, Oct., 1880, p. 693. The court would see to it that the rights and interests of the pledgee were protected in reference to the collateral, at the same time that the pledgor was acting in regard to his own existing reversionary interest in the pledge, by the proceeding to enforce it, as against the debtor in the pledge.”
The writer of the article in the American Law Review, referred to in that case, states the law to be that the pledgor has an interest in the thing deposited in pledge, and is not restricted to the remedy of tender or repayment, and the pledgee will be protected in his rights by an order that he shall be first paid out of the fund derived from the sale of the property pledged or its collection, if a note. So it was held in
Fisher v. Bradford,
7 Me., 28, that the pledgor of a note might recover against his debtor, the maker, when he had sued upon it and had paid his debt to the pledgee before the judgment was entered. The case is directly in point, and the syllabus, which fairly states the point decided, reads as follows: “The payee of a negoti
able promissory note, having indorsed it in blank and delivered it in pledge to another, as collateral security for his own debt, has still the right to negotiate it to a third person, who may maintain an action upon it in his own name as indorsee, the lien of the pledgee being discharged before judgment.”
City Elec. Ry. Co. v. Bank,
65 Ark., 543, is a strong case against the action of the court in the case at bar, and there it is said: “Counsel insist that the receiver of the bank should not to be allowed to recover in this action on certain notes embraced in the decree, because these notes at the commencement of the suit were, as the receiver admits, in the hands of a St. Louis bank which claimed to hold them as collateral security for a debt due the latter bank. It seems that, after the suit was commenced, the St. Louis bank and the receiver reached an agreement by which the notes were returned to the receiver, and the latter filed them in court for cancellation when the decree herein was taken. This defense, it must be agreed, is extremely technical, so much so that couiisel seem to concede that, if all the parties were solvent, this plea would hardly merit attention, but the apology offered for the interposition of this defense is that the insolvency of the corporation destroyed the right to make a transfer of. claims to be used as a set-off. Since we have determined, however, that the street car company is entitled to no affirmative relief against the receiver, jt has nothing to lose on this score.”
What should have been done here for the protection of all parties was to require the notes in the hands of the plaintiff to be deposited with the clerk of the court for cancellation, as is generally done in other actions upon such securities.
O’Kelly v. Ferguson,
49 La. Ann., 1230, gives us the rule of the civil law: “Until the debtor be divested from his property (if it is the case), he remains the proprietor of the pledge, which is in the hands of the creditor only as a deposit to secure his privilege on it,” and thus applies it: “They (pledgors) maintain that having placed the notes in the hands of the plaintiff, they were themselves either powerless to take out remedial process against their lessees, or that it was not their duty to do so. The fact that the defendant transferred the notes to
the plaintiff as collateral did not, in our opinion, withdraw from them the power of protecting their interests by proceedings against the makers of the notes. Notwithstanding the pledge, they were still owners of the notes. . . . We see no obstacle in the way of the lessor’s (pledgor’s) haying recourse directly to conservatory proceedings to protect his interests. He could legally make all the allegations necessary to that .end and procure the necessary proof on the trial. It would not be essentially necessary for, the purpose that he should be in actual possession of the notes.” We see that rule of the civil law, in regard to the nature of a pledge and the interests of the respective parties, corresponds with our law as stated in
Doak v. Bank, supra.
The same objection as we are now considering to plaintiff’s right to sue and recover upon the pledged notes was raised upon similar facts in the recent case of
Gilman v. Heitman,
137 Iowa, 336; but the Court overruled it, and in doing so s.aid that the pledgor never ceased to be equitable owner of the note given in jiledge, and that the pledgee held the legal title and right to possession merely as security for the payment of his own debt. It followed, said the Court, that the pledgee and other lien holders would not be prejudiced by permitting the pledgor to sue and obtain judgment upon'the note he had delivered to his creditor 'in pledge. The Court then held that the pledgor could maintain the action upon the note and mortgage which secured it, notwithstanding they had been pledged to another as security for a debt, especially in the absence of any valid objection by the pledgee. Hnder such circumstances, said the Court, the existence of the pledge is not a matter of which the appellee can avail himself to resist the enforcement of the lien against the mortgaged property (which had been pledged). The Court held in
Bank v. McKinster,
11 Wend. (N. Y.), 473, that the pledgor of a note was still the general owner and the pledgee the special owner, and the former could maintain an action against a bank, with which the pledgee had deposited the note for collection, for a breach of its duty to collect, and that either the pledgor or pledgee might bring the suit. Other cases bearing more or less upon the question are Greer
v. Woolfalk,
60
Ga., 623;
Hewitt v. Williams,
47 La. Ann., 742, 746;
Insurance Co. v. Lozano,
39
ibid.,
321, 322;
Simon v. Wildt,
84 Ky., 157;
Guest v. Rhine,
16 Texas, 549.
If we consider the pledgee as the legal owner of the collateral, he holds it in 'trust, first, for himself, and then for the pledgor. If the debt for which the property is pledged be less than the value of the latter, the pledgor has not only a technical interest as a beneficiary, but a substantial one, and he is also a beneficiary in the sense that he will be entitled to the thing pledged upon payment of -his debt. When he sues to preserve and protect his interest in the pledge, the court may so proceed or so mould its judgment Or decree as to protect all parties concerned. Our present system of pleading and practice is elastic enough for this purpose. Its liberal procedure, it has been said, would in some respects shock a lawyer bred in the old school, but it is convenient, sensible, and in every, way worthy of universal adoption. The common-law objection that its procedure and judgments are impossible “is simply absurd; the thing
is
done, and is therefore possible.” Pomeroy’s Rem. and Remedial Rights (1876), p. 153, note 3, referring to the “divided” judgment in
Gradwohl v. Harris,
28 Cal., 150.
The nonsuit having been taken in deference to an erroneous opinion as to the law of the case, is set aside, and a- new trial is ordered.
New trial.