Baker v. CMH Homes Inc

• Court: District Court, W.D. Washington
• Decided: September 16, 2019
• Docket: 3:19-cv-05311
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 2 3 4 5

6 7 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 8 WESTERN DISTRICT OF WASHINGTON AT TACOMA 9 10 DOUGLAS R BAKER and MARIA KAY CASE NO. 19-cv-5311 RJB-JRC 11 DUPUIS-BAKER, as a married couple, ORDER ON DEFENDANT’S 12 Plaintiffs, MOTION TO ALTER, VACATE OR v. AMEND PURSUANT TO FRCP 13 59(E) OR ALTERNATIVE MOTION CMH HOMES, INC., a Tennessee PURSUANT TO CR 60(B), AND 14 corporation, dba CLAYTON HOMES, REPLACEMENT ORDER ON #742, DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO 15 COMPEL ARBITRATION Defendant. 16 17 THIS MATTER comes before the Court on Defendant CMH Homes, Inc.’s (“CMH”) 18 Motion to Alter, Vacate or Amend Pursuant to FRCP 59(e) or Alternative Motion Pursuant to 19 CR 60(b) (“Motion to Alter”) (Dkt. 24). The Court has considered the motions, documents filed 20 in support of and in opposition to the motions, and the remainder of the record herein, and it is 21 fully advised. 22 For the reasons set forth below, the Court should grant, in part, and deny, in part, CMH’s 23 Motion to Alter (Dkt. 24). The Court should vacate the Order Denying CMH’s Motion to 24 1 Compel (Dkt. 21) and replace it with this order. And the Court should deny CMH’s Motion to 2 Compel (Dkt. 14). 3 I. BACKGROUND & PROCEDURAL HISTORY 4 A. Background 5 This case is an alleged breach of contract and construction dispute, including a Consumer

6 Protection Act violation claim, arising from the alleged breach of contract. Dkt. 14, at 2. In 7 February 2016, Plaintiffs and CMH apparently contracted for the purchase of land and a 8 manufactured home; a preliminary sales agreement was executed on August 26, 2016.1 Dkts. 14, 9 at 2; 18, at 2. A final sales agreement (“Sales Agreement”) was signed on February 21, 2017. 10 Dkts. 25; and 25-1. CMH contends that the Parties executed a Binding Dispute Resolution 11 Agreement (“BDRA”) as part of the sale, on or about March 9, 2016, and that the Court should 12 compel the Parties to seek arbitration dispute resolution consistent with the BDRA. Dkts. 14, at 13 2; 24; 27; and 31. Plaintiffs argue that the BDRA is unenforceable, having been superseded and 14 replaced by the Sales Agreement, being unconscionable, and lacking consideration and

15 mutuality. Dkts. 18; 26; and 29. 16 B. Procedural History 17 On July 1, 2019, in the Order on Defendant’s Motion to Compel Arbitration and Stay 18 Proceedings (“Order”), the Court denied CMH’s Motion to Compel Arbitration. Dkt. 21. The 19 Court ruled that the February 21, 2017 Sales Agreement superseded and revoked the BDRA. 20 Dkt. 21. The Court concluded that, “[n]otwithstanding liberal federal policy favoring 21 enforcement of arbitration agreements, there does not appear to be a valid, enforceable 22

23 1 Plaintiffs filed a Notice of Errata correcting the sales agreement date from August 26, 2018, to August 26, 2016. Dkt. 20. In the instant Motion to Compel Arbitration, CMH wrote that the sales agreement date was August 26, 24 2019. Dkt. 14, at 2:10. It appears that the correct date is August 26, 2016. 1 arbitration agreement here.” Dkt. 21, at 7. Because the Court found that there was no valid, 2 enforceable arbitration agreement, the Court declined to discuss Plaintiffs’ secondary argument 3 that the BDRA is unenforceable for lacking consideration and mutuality. Dkt. 21, at 7. 4 On July 15, 2019, CMH filed the instant Motion to Alter. Dkt. 24. CMH moved to alter, 5 vacate, or amend the Order (Dkt. 21) for two reasons: (1) CMH alleged the Court did not

6 recognize the scope of the language of the BDRA, and (2) the Court improperly relied upon the 7 unsigned and unsworn declaration of Maria Kay Dupuis-Baker in issuing the Order. Dkt. 24. 8 Plaintiffs responded in opposition to the instant Motion to Alter. Dkt. 26. Plaintiffs’ 9 response made, in part, two arguments: (1) CMH’s Rule 59(e) or 60(b) Motion to Alter was 10 incorrectly filed and should have been filed as a motion for reconsideration governed by LCR 11 7(h); and (2) CMH has not shown manifest error or new facts or authority sufficient to grant a 12 motion for reconsideration. Dkt. 26. 13 CMH replied in support of the instant Motion to Alter. Dkt. 27. 14 The Court granted, in part, and denied, in part, and otherwise renoted to September 4,

15 2019, CMH’s instant Motion to Alter. Dkt. 28. The Court amended the Order (Dkt. 21) to cite to 16 the Notice of Errata’s signed, sworn declaration (Dkts. 25, at 25-1) and concluded that the 17 Order’s reliance on the unsigned, unsworn declaration (Dkts. 19; and 19-1) was harmless. Dkt. 18 28. The Court granted Plaintiffs leave to file an additional response and granted CMH leave to 19 file a reply. Dkt. 28. 20 Plaintiffs filed a Supplemental Response Supporting Opposition to Defendant’s Motion 21 to Compel (“Supplemental Response”). Dkt. 29. Plaintiffs maintains that “the BDRA is 22 unenforceable (1) for lack of consideration and mutuality of obligation, and (2) because it was 23 not made a part of the Sales Agreement which clearly contained an integration clause 24 1 establishing the final manifestation of the contract between the parties.” Dkt. 29, at 1. Plaintiffs 2 add that the BDRA should be stricken as unconscionable. Dkt. 29, at 7. 3 CMH filed a Reply in Support of Motion to Stay Proceedings and Compel 4 Arbitration/Motion to Amend (“Reply”). Dkt. 31. CMH maintains that the “BDRA is 5 enforceable and binding, and these proceedings should be stayed while the parties pursue

6 resolution of their dispute via binding private arbitration as contracted.” Dkt. 31, at 1. CMH 7 argues that Plaintiffs never raised unconscionability as a defense to arbitration in response to 8 CMH’s Motion to Compel, and it was therefore waived. Dkt. 31, at 8. CMH further argues that 9 Plaintiffs’ unconscionability argument is without merit. Dkt. 31, at 8. 10 Plaintiffs filed a Notice of Intent to File Surreply (Dkt. 32), and filed a Surreply (Dkt. 33) 11 requesting that the Court strike or disregard two statements in made by CMH in its Reply. 12 Plaintiffs argue that CMH (1) made an unsupported representation in its reply, and (2) introduced 13 a declaration lacking personal knowledge. Dkt. 33. CMH filed a Motion to Strike Surreply and 14 Motion for Leave to Supplement Reply on Defendant’s Motion to Compel Arbitration/Motion to

15 Amend (Dkt. 34) not in compliance with LCR 7(g)(4), which the Court need not consider. 16 II. DISCUSSION 17 The Court has the power to reconsider, revise, alter, or amend the Order for cause. See 18 Fed. R. Civ. P. 60; City of Los Angeles, Harbor Div. v. Santa Monica Baykeeper, 254 F.3d 882, 19 886-87 (9th Cir. 2001) (quoting Melancon v. Texaco, Inc., 659 F.2d 551, 553 (5th Cir. 1981)) 20 (citing, e.g., Toole v. Baxter Healthcare Corp., 235 F.3d 1307, 1315 (11th Cir. 2000) (stating 21 that when a district court issues “an interlocutory order, the district court has plenary power over 22 it and this power to reconsider, revise, alter or amend the interlocutory order is not subject to the 23 limitations of Rule 59”)); see also LCR 7(h); see generally Dkt. 28. In light of the additional 24 1 briefing from the Parties regarding enforcement of the BDRA and the need for further 2 consideration, the Court should vacate the Order Denying CMH’s Motion to Compel (Dkt. 21) 3 and replace it with this order. 4 A. WASHINGTON STATE SUBSTANTIVE LAW APPLIES 5 Under the rule of Erie R.R. Co. v. Tompkins, 304 U.S. 64 (1938), federal courts sitting in

6 diversity jurisdiction apply state substantive law and federal procedural law. Gasperini v. Center 7 for Humanities, Inc., 518 U.S. 415, 427 (1996). 8 B. ARBITRATION LEGAL STANDARDS 9 The Federal Arbitration Act (“FAA”), 9 U.S.C., established a “liberal federal policy 10 favoring arbitration.” AT&T Mobility LLC v. Concepcion, 131 S. Ct. 1740, 1745 (2011). Creating 11 “a body of federal substantive law of arbitrability,” the FAA applies to “any arbitration 12 agreement within the coverage of the Act.” Moses H. Cone Mem'l Hosp. v. Mercury Constr. 13 Corp., 460 U.S. 1, 24 (1983). The FAA applies to any “written provision in … a contract 14 evidencing a transaction involving commerce.” 9 U.S.C. § 2. Pursuant to the FAA, arbitration

15 agreements are “valid, irrevocable and enforceable, save upon such grounds as exist at law or in 16 equity for the revocation of any contract.” 9 U.S.C. § 2. 17 “[A]ny doubts concerning the scope of arbitrable issues should be resolved in favor of 18 arbitration, whether the problem at hand is the construction of the contract language itself or an 19 allegation of waiver, delay, or a like defense to arbitrability.” Moses H. Cone Mem'l Hosp., 460 20 U.S. at 24–25 (1983). “Courts must indulge every presumption ‘in favor of arbitration, whether 21 the problem at hand is the construction of the contract language itself or an allegation of waiver, 22 delay, or a like defense to arbitrability.’” Zuver v. Airtouch Commc'ns, Inc., 153 Wn.2d 293, 301 23 24 1 (2004) (quoting Moses H. Cone Mem'l Hosp., 460 U.S. at 25). “The party opposing arbitration 2 bears the burden of showing that the agreement is not enforceable.” Id. at 302. 3 “Because the FAA mandates that ‘district courts shall direct the parties to proceed to 4 arbitration on issues as to which an arbitration agreement has been signed[,]’ the FAA limits 5 courts’ involvement to ‘determining (1) whether a valid agreement to arbitrate exists and, if it

6 does, (2) whether the agreement encompasses the dispute at issue.’” Cox v. Ocean View Hotel 7 Corp., 533 F.3d 1114, 1119 (9th Cir. 2008) (emphasis in the original) (quoting Chiron Corp. v. 8 Ortho Diagnostic Sys., Inc., 207 F.3d 1126, 1130 (9th Cir. 2000)). “If the response is affirmative 9 on both counts, then the Act requires the court to enforce the arbitration agreement in accordance 10 with its terms.” Chiron Corp., 207 F.3d at 1130. If the court determines the matter is subject to 11 arbitration, it may either stay the matter pending arbitration or dismiss it. EEOC v. Waffle House, 12 Inc., 534 U.S. 279, 289 (2002). 13 In assessing whether an arbitration agreement or clause is enforceable, the Court should 14 apply ordinary state-law principles that govern the formation of contracts. Lowden v. T-Mobile

15 USA, Inc., 512 F.3d 1213, 1217–18 (9th Cir. 2008). Accordingly, the Court will apply 16 Washington law. 17 Washington follows the objective manifestation theory of contracts. Hearst Commc'ns, 18 Inc. v. Seattle Times Co., 154 Wn.2d 493, 503 (2005). “Under this approach, we attempt to 19 determine the parties' intent by focusing on the objective manifestations of the agreement, rather 20 than on the unexpressed subjective intent of the parties.” Id. “We generally give words in a 21 contract their ordinary, usual, and popular meaning unless the entirety of the agreement clearly 22 demonstrates a contrary intent.” Id. Contracts are viewed as a whole; particular language is 23 24 1 interpreted in the context of other contract provisions. See Weyerhaeuser Co. v. Commercial 2 Union Ins. Co., 142 Wn.2d 654, 669–70 (2000). 3 “If the writing is a complete integration, any terms and agreements that are not contained 4 in it are disregarded.” Lopez v. Reynoso, 129 Wn. App. 165, 171 (2005) (internal citations 5 omitted). “While boilerplate integration clauses can provide strong evidence of integration, they

6 are not operative if they are premised on incorrect statements of fact.” S.D. Deacon Corp. of 7 Washington v. Gaston Bros Excavating, Inc. 150 Wn. App. 87, 93 (2003) (internal citations 8 omitted). “A court may consider evidence of negotiations and circumstances surrounding the 9 formation of the contract, and if the agreement is not completely integrated, additional terms may 10 be proved to the extent they are consistent with the written terms.” Id. 11 C. ABRITRATION AGREEMENT ANALYSIS 12 Plaintiffs make three primary arguments against the existence of a valid agreement to 13 arbitrate, discussed below. First, the Court discusses whether the Sales Agreement superseded 14 and revoked the BDRA. Second, whether the BDRA lacks consideration and mutuality of

15 obligation. Finally, whether the BDRA is unconscionable. 16 1. Whether the Sales Agreement superseded and revoked the BDRA 17 The BDRA, dated on or around March 9, 2016, provides, in part: “The Parties agree to 18 mandatory, binding arbitration (‘Arbitration’) of all Claims that are not resolved in Mediation …. 19 Any Party to this Agreement may commence arbitration at any time following Mediation[.]” 20 Dkt. 14, at 3; Dkt. 15-2, at 1–2, ¶ ¶D–E. 21 Paragraphs M and N of the BDRA provide: 22 M. Survival of Agreement: This Agreement will survive and continue in full force and effect notwithstanding assignment, 23 assumption, rescission, cancellation, termination, amendment, payment in full, discharge in bankruptcy, or other expiration or 24 1 conclusion of the Contract or any other contract or transaction between the Parties, unless otherwise agreed to in writing by the 2 Parties.

3 N. Rules of Construction: If there is a disagreement on the interpretation of this Agreement, this Agreement shall be construed 4 to require Mediation and Arbitration …. The Parties waive the rule of construction that requires a tribunal to construe a vague or 5 ambiguous provision against the drafting party. This Agreement is the only agreement between the Parties regarding dispute 6 resolution, and takes the place of and supersedes any other dispute resolution agreements to the extent they are inconsistent with this 7 Agreement.

8 Dkt. 15-2, at 3, ¶ ¶ M–N (emphasis added).

9 The final Sales Agreement dated February 21, 2017, contained an integration clause 10 revoking all prior agreements of the parties. See Dkts. 25; and 25-1. The Sales Agreement 11 provides: “there are no other agreements, written or verbal, unless evidence in writing and 12 signed by the parties.” Dkt. 25-1, at 7. The Sales Agreement’s integration clause provides: “This 13 Sales Agreement is the complete agreement between Buyer and Seller and there are no other 14 agreements or understandings between the parties hereto. This Sales Agreement may only be 15 modified by written agreement of the parties hereto.” Dkts. 18, at 2; 25; and 25-1. (emphasis 16 added). 17 The effect of the BDRA is unclear in light of the Sales Agreement. The clear language of 18 the BDRA’s survival clause and rules of construction clause, evidenced in writing and signed by 19 the Parties, suggests that the BDRA’s terms are binding notwithstanding the Parties entering into 20 the Sales Agreement. See Dkt. 15-2, at 3, ¶ M. On the other hand, the Sales Agreement’s 21 integration clause suggests that there are no other agreements or understandings between the 22 parties, including the BDRA. See Dkts. 18, at 2; 25; and 25-1. (emphasis added). 23 24 1 Because it is unclear whether the Sales Agreement supersedes and revokes the BDRA, 2 the Court should resolve the ambiguity in favor of arbitration. See Moses H. Cone Mem'l Hosp., 3 460 U.S. at 24–25 (1983). Therefore, the Court concludes that the Sales Agreement did not 4 supersede and revoke the BDRA. 5 2. Whether the BDRA Lacks Consideration and Mutuality of Obligation

6 “Washington courts have long held that mutuality of obligation means both parties are 7 bound to perform the contract’s terms—not that both parties have identical requirements.” Zuver 8 v. Airtouch Commc'ns, Inc., 153 Wn.2d 293, 317 (2004) (citing Metro. Park Dist. of Tacoma v. 9 Griffith, 106 Wash.2d 425, 434, 723 P.2d 1093 (1986) (“A supposed promise is illusory when its 10 provisions make its performance optional or discretionary on the part of the claimed promisor.”) 11 (citing Wharf Rest., Inc. v. Port of Seattle, 24 Wn. App. 601, 609, 605 P.2d 334 (1979)). 12 Plaintiffs argue that (1) the CMH financing never came to fruition, therefore, the BDRA 13 lacks consideration; and (2) the BDRA lacks mutuality. First, CMH denies that it ever offered 14 Plaintiffs a loan. Dkt. 31, at 7–8. But it appears that the consideration contemplated between the

15 Parties by the BDRA was their mutual obligation to resolve all disputes pursuant to the terms of 16 the BDRA. Moreover, the Sales Agreement, as well as the preliminary sales agreement, shows 17 the home’s sales price and refers to CMH as Seller and Plaintiffs as Buyer, which suggests that 18 the home was consideration offered as part of the Sale Agreement contract. Therefore, the Court 19 need not discuss whether CMH offered Plaintiffs a loan that never came to be. 20 Second, CMH denies that the BDRA creates an agreement whereby only one party is 21 bound. E.g., Dkt. 31, at 5–8. But the language of the BDRA is conflicting. The BDRA’s 22 introduction provides: “The Parties (defined below) agree to resolve all disputes pursuant to the 23 terms of this Binding Dispute Resolution Agreement (the “Agreement”).” Dkt. 15-2, at 1. 24 1 Additionally, Paragraph D provides, in part: “Agreement to Arbitrate: The Parties agree to 2 mandatory, binding arbitration (“Arbitration”) of all Claims that are not resolved in Mediation.” 3 Dkt. 15-2, at 1, ¶ D. 4 Paragraph A appears to sharply limit the scope of the BDRA: “Scope of the Agreement: 5 This Agreement applies to all pre-existing, present, or future disputes, claims, controversies,

6 grievances, and causes of action against Seller[.]” Dkt. 15-2, at 1, ¶ A (italics added). 7 CMH argues that, under the “doctrine of the last antecedent,” the scope of the BDRA 8 unambiguously “includes all disputes between [Plaintiffs] and CMH, regardless of who is 9 asserting a claim.” Dkt. 31, at 6 (citing, e.g., Am. Fed'n of Gov't Employees, AFL-CIO Local 10 2152 v. Principi, 464 F.3d 1049, 1055 (9th Cir. 2006) (“Under the doctrine of the last antecedent, 11 qualifying phrases are to be applied to the words or phrase immediately preceding the qualifier 12 and are not to be construed as modifying remote phrases.”)). CMH continues, “According to 13 [Plaintiffs], the phrase ‘against Seller’ should be read to modify ‘disputes, claims, controversies, 14 grievances, and causes of action.’ But, that violates the rule of the last antecedent.” Dkt. 31, at 6.

15 CMH’s doctrine of the last antecedent argument is unpersuasive and defies a plain 16 language reading of the Scope of the Agreement. Nevertheless, Plaintiffs have not shown that the 17 Parties are not mutually bound by the terms of the BDRA. But Plaintiffs have shown that the 18 terms of the BDRA are overly one-sided; this is more appropriately addressed regarding 19 unconscionability, discussed below. 20 Therefore, Plaintiffs have not shown that the BDRA lacked consideration or mutuality. 21 3. Whether the BDRA is unconscionable 22 CMH argues that Plaintiffs waived the defense of unconscionability by failing to raise it 23 in response to CMH’s Motion to Compel. Dkt. 31, at 8. CMH cites to no authority in support of 24 1 this argument. Dkt. 31 at 8–9. In the interest of fully and fairly considering the issues, the Court 2 should consider the defense of unconscionability on the merits. 3 The rules guiding the Court’s discussion of unconscionability were laid out well in Luna: 4 Under Washington law, whether a contract is unconscionable is a question of law. Nelson v. McGoldrick, 127 Wash.2d 124, 131, 896 5 P.2d 1258 (1995). Washington courts recognize two forms of unconscionability: “(1) substantive unconscionability, involving 6 those cases where a clause or term in the contract is alleged to be one-sided or overly harsh and (2) procedural unconscionability, 7 relating to impropriety during the process of forming a contract.” Id. (quoting Schroeder v. Fageol Motors, Inc., 86 Wash.2d 256, 8 260, 544 P.2d 20 (1975)) (internal quotations omitted). The burden of proving that a contract is unconscionable rests with the party 9 attacking the contract. Tjart, 107 Wash.App. at 898, 28 P.3d 823 (2001). 10 Luna v. Household Fin. Corp. III, 236 F. Supp. 2d 1166, 1174 (W.D. Wash. 2002). 11 “Under Washington law, a contract may be invalidated on procedural unconscionability 12 or substantive unconscionability grounds.” Luna, 236 F. Supp. 2d at 1174 (citing Tjart v. Smith 13 Barney, Inc., 107 Wn. App. 885, 898, 28 P.3d 823 (2001). 14 Plaintiffs allege that the Contract is substantively unconscionable but do not discuss 15 procedural unconscionability. Therefore, the Court limits its discussion to substantive 16 unconscionability. 17 “Substantive unconscionability involves those cases where a clause 18 or term in the contract is alleged to be one-sided or overly harsh.” Luna v. Household Fin. Corp. III, 236 F. Supp. 2d 1166, 1177 19 (W.D. Wash. 2002) (citing McGoldrick, 127 Wash.2d at 131 (quoting Schroeder, 86 Wash.2d at 260, 544 P.2d 20)). “‘Shocking 20 to the conscience,’ ‘monstrously harsh’ and ‘exceedingly calloused’ are terms sometimes used to define substantive 21 unconscionability.” Id. (quoting Montgomery Ward & Co. v. Annuity Bd. of S. Baptist Convention, 16 Wash.App. 439, 444, 556 22 P.2d 552 (1976)).

23 Luna, 236 F. Supp. 2d at 1177. 24 1 Plaintiffs argue that the BDRA terms are substantively unconscionable for three primary 2 reasons: reserving the right to pursue judicial remedies to the seller only; requiring the arbitration 3 to be confidential; and requiring the consumer to share in substantial arbitration costs and fees. 4 CMH argues that, even if portions of the BDRA are found unconscionable, the appropriate 5 remedy is to strike that offending portion and preserve the BDRA’s essential term of arbitration.

6 See Dkt. 31, at 11. 7 a. Reserving the right to pursue judicial remedies to the seller only 8 The BDRA contains terms preserving CMH’s right to pursue judicial remedies: 9 Exceptions: Notwithstanding any other provision of this Agreement, the Parties agree the Seller may use judicial process 10 (filing a lawsuit): (a) to obtain possession of the Home where Seller has not been paid in full as agreed under the Contract or to 11 otherwise enforce Seller’s ownership interest in the Home, or enforce any related mortgage or deed of trust in Seller’s Name, and 12 (b) to seek preliminary relief, such as a restraining order or injunctive relief, in order to preserve the existence, location, 13 condition, or productive use of the Home or other property. Notwithstanding the Rules, the Parties also expressly agree that 14 this Arbitration Agreement does not apply to any Claims where the amount in controversy is less than the jurisdictional limit of the 15 small claims court in the jurisdiction where Buyer resides, provided, however, that the Parties agree that any such small 16 claims Claim may only be brought on an individual basis and not as a class action. Bringing a court proceeding described in this 17 section “K.”, however, shall not be a waiver of any Party’s right to compel Arbitration of any other Claims, including Buyer’s 18 counterclaim(s) in a suit brought by Seller.

19 Dkt. 15-2 at 3, ¶ K (emphasis in original). 20 Plaintiffs argue that they are required to arbitrate any and all claims under the BDRA, 21 whereas CMH has expressly reserved the right to bring claims in court. Dkt. 29, at 6–7. In Luna, 22 the court held that an arbitration agreement weighs in favor of a finding of unconscionability 23 24 1 when it preserves judicial remedies “for only the context in which [the seller] is likely to bring a 2 claim against borrowers—foreclosure.” Luna, 236 F. Supp. 2d at 1180. 3 CMH argues that the “judicial carveout” of Paragraph K is not unconscionable because it 4 is a logical, indispensable protection for all parties because “arbitrator[s] do not have the 5 authority to attach property.” Dkt. 31, at 9. CMH briefly discusses a Supreme Court of New

6 Jersey case regarding foreclosure as an excluded term of an arbitration agreement. Dkt. 31, at 9– 7 10 (citing Delta Funding Corp. v. Harris, 189 N.J. 28, 47, 912 A.2d 104, 115 (2006) (“The 8 arbitration agreement excludes any foreclosure actions that may be brought against Harris. Thus, 9 foreclosure must proceed in court pursuant to the arbitration agreement. Indeed, that is hardly 10 surprising in that the foreclosure of mortgages is a uniquely judicial process.”) But CMH does 11 not discuss whether this judicial remedy is likely to benefit only CMH, or why other judicial 12 remedies are unavailable under the BDRA. Furthermore, the “judicial carveout” here goes well 13 beyond foreclosure. 14 CMH does not discuss BDRA terms appearing to provide CMH with judicial remedies

15 beyond foreclosure: “the Parties agrees [sic] that Seller may use judicial process (filing lawsuit): 16 (a) to … enforce any related mortgage or deed of trust in Seller’s name, and (b) to seek 17 preliminary relief, such as a restraining order or injunctive relief, in order to preserve the 18 existence, location, condition, or productive use of the Home or other Property.” Dkt. 15-2, at 3, 19 ¶ K. The Court further observes that the scope of the BDRA (appearing limited to claims against 20 Seller), discussed above in § II(C)(2), may also allow CMH to one-sidedly seek judicial remedies 21 against Plaintiffs. 22 Therefore, the Court concludes that the BDRA’s reservation of the right to pursue judicial 23 remedies to only CMH weighs in favor of a finding of substantive unconscionability. 24 1 b. Requiring the arbitration to be confidential 2 The BDRA contains terms regarding confidentiality: 3 The Parties agree that information exchanged in the Arbitration shall be held confidentially, and shall not be used in other 4 arbitrations or court proceedings. Except as may be required by law, neither a Party, nor an Arbitrator may disclose the existence, 5 content or results of any arbitration hereunder without the prior written consent of all Parties. 6 Dkt. 15-2, at 2, ¶ E. 7 Plaintiffs argue that CMH, by including a confidentiality agreement in the BDRA, 8 “retains the unique knowledge of all arbitrations before this one, which places the Plaintiffs at a 9 disadvantage.” Plaintiffs cite to two cases in support, Zuver and Luna. 10 In Zuver, the Washington Supreme Court discussed an arbitration agreement in an 11 employment discrimination claim and held that its “[confidentiality] provision hampers an 12 employee’s ability to prove a pattern of discrimination or to take advantage of findings of past 13 arbitrations [and was T]herefore, … substantively unconscionable.” Zuver v. Airtouch 14 Commc'ns, Inc., 153 Wn.2d 293, 315 (2004). CMH argues that Zuver is distinguishable because 15 it is does not relate to a consumer dispute in a commercial context. 16 In Luna, the court discussed an arbitration agreement “provid[ing] that any arbitration 17 ‘award shall be kept confidential.’” Luna, 236 F. Supp. 2d at 1180. The court considered caselaw 18 regarding confidentiality clauses in arbitration agreements. Id. at 1181 (citing Acorn v. 19 Household Int'l, Inc., 211 F.Supp.2d 1160 (N.D. Cal. 2002) (“By keeping all awards 20 confidential, any advantages that inure to Defendants as repeat participants are effectively 21 concealed, thereby preventing the scrutiny critical to mitigating those advantages.”). The court 22 held that the confidentiality agreement, “although facially neutral, … unduly favors [Defendant] 23 and therefore contributes to a finding of substantive unconscionability.” Id. 24 1 The Court agrees with Plaintiffs that the confidentiality agreement of the BDRA, 2 requiring that arbitration results be kept confidential except by prior written consent of the 3 Parties, although facially neutral, unduly favors CMH and weighs in favor of a finding of 4 substantive unconscionability. 5 c. Requiring the consumer to share in substantial arbitration costs and fees 6 The BDRA provides terms regarding arbitration fees: 7 Fees and Costs: The fees and costs imposed by the Arbitration 8 Administrator associated with the Arbitration, including the Arbitrator’s fees, shall be paid in accordance with the Rules and this Agreement. Buyer 9 and Beneficiaries may request that the Arbitration Administrator reduce or waive Buyer’s and Beneficiaries’ fees, or that Seller voluntarily pay an 10 additional share of the fees and costs (however, such request does not obligate Seller to do so), based upon Buyer’s and Beneficiaries’ financial 11 circumstances or the nature of such Claim. Unless inconsistent with applicable law of the Rules, the Parties will pay for their own arbitration 12 costs (including fees and/or expenses of their own attorneys, experts, and witnesses), regardless of which party prevails in the arbitration. 13 Dkt. 15-2, at 2, ¶ F. 14 Plaintiffs argue and have shown evidence that arbitration could cost Plaintiffs 15 approximately $24,200. Dkt. 29, at 8. CMH disagrees, arguing that Plaintiffs’ estimated cost is 16 overblown. Moreover, CMH argues that Plaintiffs’ argument fails because it does “show that the 17 provision is unfair based on the particular circumstances of the parties to the arbitration 18 agreement[.]” Dkt. 31, at 11. 19 Washington law regarding the substantive unconscionability of fee-splitting provisions 20 requires the proponent to produce particularized evidence showing that it could not afford fees in 21 the arbitration. See Zuver, 153 Wn.2d at 309–310 (2004) (citing, e.g., Alexander v. Anthony Int'l, 22 L.P., 341 F.3d 256, 268–69 (3d Cir.2003) (holding that plaintiff must produce evidence showing 23 an inability to pay and information regarding arbitration costs)). 24 1 Plaintiffs have shown information regarding estimated arbitration costs, but they have not 2 shown particularized evidence of their inability to pay. Therefore, at this time, the fee-splitting 3 terms of the BDRA do not weigh in favor of a finding of substantive unconscionability. 4 d. Severability

5 Plaintiffs briefly argue that severability of the BDRA’s tainted clauses is impossible and 6 impracticable. Dkt. 29, at 9–10. CMH argues that the court should preserve the BDRA’s 7 essential term of arbitration. Dkt. 31, at 11. 8 In Luna, where the arbitration agreement was tainted with, in part, one-sided judicial 9 carveouts and confidentiality agreements, as well as possible unconscionable fee-splitting terms, 10 the court wrote: 11 An unlawful provision may taint an entire agreement, making judicial reformation inappropriate. See Graham Oil Co. v. ARCO 12 Prods. Co., 43 F.3d 1244, 1249 (9th Cir. 1994). Here the unconscionable provisions are interrelated and each serves to 13 magnify the one-sidedness of the others. As such the Arbitration Rider is tainted with illegality. Therefore the Court finds that 14 severance of the offending provisions is inappropriate and that the Arbitration Rider is unenforceable. 15 Luna, 236 F. Supp. 2d at 1183. 16 The unconscionable terms of the BDRA, namely the reservation of judicial remedies to 17 the seller only and the confidentiality clauses, renders the BDRA and unenforceable and not 18 severable. Although the confidentiality clause, alone, may be severable, severance of the 19 reservation of judicial remedies is impracticable. 20 e. Conclusion 21 The unconscionable terms of the BDRA are not severable and the BDRA is 22 unenforceable. Therefore, CMH’s Motion to Alter (Dkt. 24) should be granted, in part, and 23 24 1 denied, in part, as follows: the Order (Dkt. 21) should be vacated and replaced with this order; 2 CMH’s Motion to Alter (Dkt. 24) is otherwise denied. 3 D. SURREPLY 4 Plaintiffs filed a Surreply to Strike New Evidence in Defendant’s Reply in Support of its 5 Motion to Stay Proceedings and Compel Arbitration/Motion to Amend (“Surreply”). Dkt. 33.

6 The Surreply requests, first, that the Court strike CMH’s statement that “CMH is not a lender.” 7 Dkt. 33, at 2 (quoting Dkt. 31, at 7). 8 Second, the Surreply requests that the Court strike Exhibit B from the Declaration of 9 Tamara K. Nelson (“Ms. Nelson”) (Dkt. 31). Dkt. 33, at 2–3. Plaintiffs argue that Ms. Nelson 10 lacked personal knowledge regarding a statement concerning what documents Plaintiffs signed 11 or received in 2016. Plaintiffs contend that, upon information and belief, Ms. Nelson was not 12 retained by Defendant until 2019, and CMH failed to offer a declaration supporting the 13 allegations. 14 The portions of the record that Plaintiffs requests to strike were not vital to the Court’s

15 decision here, and the Court need not consider Plaintiffs’ requests to strike at this time. 16 Therefore, to the extent that Plaintiffs move to strike (Dkt. 33), that motion should be denied 17 without prejudice. Additionally, CMH’s Motion to Strike Surreply and Motion for Leave to 18 Supplement Reply on Defendant’s Motion to Compel Arbitration/Motion to Amend (Dkt. 34) 19 was not filed in accordance with LCR 7(g)(4), and the Court need not consider it. 20 III. ORDER 21 Therefore, it is hereby ORDERED that: 22 • Defendant CMH Homes, Inc.’s Motion to Alter (Dkt. 24) is GRANTED, IN 23 PART, and DENIED, IN PART, as follows: 24 1 o Defendant CMH Homes, Inc.’s Motion to Alter (Dkt. 24) is granted as 2 follows: 3  The Order on Defendant’s Motion to Compel Arbitration and Stay 4 Proceedings (Dkt. 21) is VACATED and REPLACED with this 5 order.

6 • Defendant CMH Homes, Inc.’s Motion to Compel 7 Arbitration (Dkt. 14) is DENIED. 8 o Defendant CMH Homes, Inc.’s Motion to Alter (Dkt. 24) is otherwise 9 DENIED. 10 • To the extent that Plaintiffs move to strike (Dkt. 33), that motion is DENIED 11 WITHOUT PREJUDICE. 12 • CMH’s Motion to Strike Surreply and Motion for Leave to Supplement Reply on 13 Defendant’s Motion to Compel Arbitration/Motion to Amend (Dkt. 34) was not 14 filed in accordance with LCR 7(g)(4), and the Court need not consider it.

15 IT IS SO ORDERED. 16 The Clerk is directed to send uncertified copies of this Order to all counsel of record and 17 to any party appearing pro se at said party’s last known address. 18 Dated this 16th day of September, 2019. A 19

20 ROBERT J. BRYAN 21 United States District Judge

22 23 24