Backman v. Unum Life Insurance Co. of America

191 F. Supp. 3d 1053, 2016 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 74918, 2016 WL 3180016

• Court: District Court, N.D. California
• Decided: June 8, 2016
• Docket: Case No. 14-cv-05433-YGR
• Status: Published

Opinion

Order Granting Motion for Judgment In Favor of Plaintiff; Granting Motion To Strike

YVONNE GONZALEZ ROGERS, UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

Presently before the Court is Plaintiff Janet Backman’s (“Backman”) appeal of the denial by Defendant Unum Life Insurance Company of America (“Unum”) of disability benefits under a long term disability benefits plan covered by the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (“ERISA”), 29 U.S.C. § 1001, et seq. The parties filed cross-motions for judgment under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 52 (Dkt. Nos. 23 and 26), and the Court heard the parties’ arguments on March 29, 2016.

Having considered the parties’ briefing, the administrative record¹ and other evidence submitted,² and the arguments of the parties, the Court issues the following determination which constitutes Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law pursuant to Rule 52(a), and based thereon finds in favor of Plaintiff Janet Backman.

I. Applicable Legal Standard

Plaintiff appeals Unum’s denial of benefits under ERISA, 29 U.S.C. section 1132(a)(1)(B), otherwise known as section 502. A beneficiary or plan participant may sue in federal court “to recover benefits due to him under the terms of his plan, to enforce his rights under the terms of the plan, or to clarify his rights to future benefits under the terms of the plan.” 29 U.S.C. § 1132(a)(1)(B). A claim of denial of benefits in an ERISA case “is to be reviewed under a de novo standard unless the benefit plan gives the [plan’s] administrator or fiduciary discretionary authority to determine eligibility for benefits or to construe the terms of the plan.” Firestone Tire & Rubber Co. v. Bruch, 489 U.S. 101, 115, 109 S.Ct. 948, 103 L.Ed.2d 80 (1989).

The parties agree that the standard of review here is de novo. On such a review, the court conducts a bench trial on the record, and makes findings of fact and conclusions of law based upon that record. Kearney v. Standard Ins. Co., 175 F.3d 1084, 1095 (9th Cir.1999) (bench trial may “consist! ] of no more than the trial judge reading [the administrative record],”). Plaintiff bears the burden of establishing that she was disabled under the terms of the plan during the claim period by a preponderance of the evidence. See Eisner v. The Prudential Ins. Co. of Am., 10 F.Supp.3d 1104, 1114 (N.D.Cal.2014). The Court finds that the administrative record here suffices and a trial with live witness testimony is not necessary.

II. Facts

A. Backman’s Employment

Backman was employed by Crosscheck, Inc., for over 17 years as an accounting manager.- Backman’s job required “[processing daily banking transactions revolving accounts receivable and other accounting issues, reconciling daily and monthly bank accounts, preparing and posting month end journal entries reconciling general ledger accounts, preparing daily and month-end [] reports, and managing the daily activities of the accounting department.” (AR 1235.) Unum conducted an occupational analysis of Backmaris position which indicated that her job required: “Sitting Constantly 6-8+ hours[;] Standing Occasionally (0-1 hr)[;] Walking Occasionally (0-1 hr)[;] Bending (waist) Occasionally (0-10 min).” (Id.) The occupation analysis classified Backmaris job as sedentary and stated' that “[sjedentary work involves sitting most of the time, but may involve walking or standing for brief periods of time.” (Id.) Unum’s analysis further stated that sitting is “constantly” required in the job, meaning that the activity “exists 2/3 or more of the time (5.5 + hours a day in an 8-hour workday).” (AR 1238-39.) Back-maris employer, Crosscheck, described her duties as including sitting “constantly 6-8+ hours.” (AR 0091.) Backman stopped working September 26, 2011, due to severe low back pain and right-side radiculopathy, commonly referred to as sciatica.

B. Long Term Disability Plan

Backman was covered by a group long term disability plan sponsored by Crosscheck under a policy with Unum (“the Plan”). The Plan provides, in part, as follows:

WHEN ARE YOU TOTALLY DISABLED?

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For the first 27 months, you are totally disabled when, as a result of sickness or injury, you are unable to perform with reasonable continuity the- substantial and material acts necessary to pursue your usual occupation in the usual and customary way.

After. benefits have been paid for 24 months of disability you are totally disabled when, as a result of sickness or injury, you are not able to engage with reasonable continuity in any occupation in you could reasonably be expected to perform satisfactorily in light of your age, education, training, experience, station in life, and physical and mental capacity.

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ONCE PAYMENTS BEGIN MUST YOU CONTINUE TO BE UNDER THE REGULAR CARE OF A PHYSICIAN?

You must be under the regular care of a physician unless regular care:

—will not improve your disabling condition(s); or

—will not prevent a worsening of your disabling condition(s);

(AR 0147, 0148.)³

Backman made a claim for long term disability benefits under the Plan on February 16, 2012. (AR 0068.) On her claim form, Backman reported that “it was painful to sit or stand for prolonged periods of time” due to “pain in lower back [and] right leg.” (AR 0078.)

After reviewing Backman’s medical records and claim information, and contacting the doctors who had examined her, Unum determined that Backman was disabled and paid her benefits under the Plan. On April 18, 2012, Unum advised Backman that she was eligible to receive Plan benefits, and determined that the date Back-man’s disability commenced was September 26,2011. (AR 0514-18.)

On November 20, 2012, after receiving assistance filing a claim through a referral from Unum (AR 0548, 0552), Backman was approved for Social Security Disability.Insurance (“SSDI”) benefits by the Social Security Administration (“SSA”), with a September 26, 2011 date of disability. (AR 0588.)

In January 2013, Backman was notified by Unum at that time that Unum “will apply significant weight to the Social Security award of disability benefits.” (AR 0617.) “Significant weight means that the Social Security’s judgment that you were disabled at the time of the award will weigh heavily in your favor,as we make ongoing disability determinations under your Long Term Disability policy.” (AR 0617.)

Backman continued to receive Plan benefits until December 2013. On December 16, 2013, Unum wrote to Backman and advised that it had determined she was no longer considered disabled from performing the material and substantial duties of her usual occupation and her benefits under the Plan were terminated. (AR 1282.) Backman submitted a series of appeals, providing new medical records and information from her treating physicians. (AR 1305, 2001, 2037, 2043.) Unum ultimately denied Backman’s appeal as of July 14, 2014. (AR 2136.) In that final denial, Unum stated:

We continue to conclude your report of pain and its limiting, effects on your functional capacity are out of proportion to the clinical/diagnostic findings. We have taken into consideration the minimal radiologic findings,, lack of electro-diagnostic abnormalities supporting rad-iculopathy, and lower extremity strength described as within normal limits.

Although L3-4 spondylolisthesis may explain your report of limited sitting ability, allowing postural changes (sitting to standing) 2-3 times per hour would not preclude all sitting. This is consistent with SSA who concluded you had the functional capacity to sit for four hours per day.

As previously communicated the occupation includes a variety of duties and independence to prioritize tasks and structure work activities to allow shifting weight and/or repositioning as needed for comfort. It allows for occasional stand and stretch breaks, and supports the ability to .avoid prolonged sitting with intermittent tasks requiring standing and walking.

It would be appropriate in consideration of your reports of pain to limit lifting to 10-15 lbs and avoid bending/stooping/crawling. These activities are not required in the performance of your usual occupation.

(AR 2138.)

C. Treatment and Claim History

1. Initial Determination of Disability

Backman had recurring low back pain and had received treatment for that pain before she took off from work in September 2011. 0See AR 0273, 1422.) On September 23, 2011, Backman was seen by her regular primary care physician, Dr. Diana Prince. (AR 0259.) Dr. Prince’s diagnosis in the notes for that visit was “lumbar radiculopathy” with back pain radiating to her foot with pain and numbness, and a history of failed epidural injections. (AR 0259.) She was taken- off work and referred for an MRI. (AR 0259.) On September 30, 2011, Backman had an MRI which showed “facet joint hypertrophy at L2-3 and L3-4 and a probable disc fissure at L4-5.” (AR 0273.)

On October 7, 2011, Dr. Helen Shen Yee at Kaiser saw Plaintiff and added a possible diagnosis of “arthropathy of facet joint.” (AR 0263.) Dr. Yee noted that Back-man’s MRI showed degenerative changes in her facet joints bilaterally at L5-S1 in her low back. (AR 0265.) She also noted that B'ackman’s pain was worse sitting, that she “tolerates standing up to 10 minutes,” and the pain was better when she was supine. (AR 0265.) Dr. Yee discussed with Backman various treatment options, including conservative pain management, a trial of facet injections, or referral for surgery. (AR 0266.) She also prescribed a trial of a new medication, advised Back-man to continue with the home exercise program from physical therapy, and extended her time off work. (AR 0266.)

In November 2011, Dr. Prince referred Backman to Kaiser’s Chronic Pain Program, and extended her time off work for the duration of that program, starting in December 2011 and continuing through the end of February 2012. (AR 0270, 0278-0288.) She also referred Backman to Dr. Jerald Gerst, in Kaiser’s Occupational Medicine department, for an evaluation as to whether her back pain was caused by her occupation for purposes of workers’ compensation. (AR 0270, 0273.)

Dr. Gerst performed his evaluation in January 2012. (AR 0273.) He noted “extensive treatment through her primary care physician, Dr. Prince, with consultation with Helen Yee, MD and a lumbar epidural corticosteroid injection by David Vidaur-ri, MD.” (AR 0275.) He'further noted stiff and restricted movement in her torso, pain production upon seated straight leg raise, and her MRI indicating facet joint hypertrophy and a probable disc fissure. (AR 0275.) His diagnosis was chronic low back pain with right radicular pain, though he concluded that the condition was not caused or aggravated by her work for purposes of workers’ compensation. (AR 0275-76.) Dr. Gerst concluded that she “is near, or at, maximal medical improvement. .. [and]-her-only therapeutic option, at this point, is to exercise her way out of pain.” (AR 0276.) He concurred that she should remain out of work. (AR 0276.)

Backman made a claim for long term disability benefits under the Plan on February 16, 2012. (AR 0068.) The claim, signed' by Dr. Gerst, was based on chronic low back pain and lumbar radiculopathy. (AR 0267.) On her claim form, Backman reported that “it was painful to sit or stand for prolonged periods óf time” due to “pain in lower back [and] right leg.” (AR 0078.) Unum’s notes of February 24, 2012, indicate that Backman “cannot sit for prolonged periods of time which is what [her] employment requires according to [her attending physician... and she] can only sit/ walk two hours intermittently, and stand for one horn’.” (AR 0207.)

On March 5, 2012, Dr. David P. Suchard undertook a Qualified Medical Evaluation (“QME”) of Backman for purposes of her workers’ compensation claim. (AR 0478.) Dr. Suchard performed an in-person evaluation as well as a review of Backman’s other medical records and prior imaging studies. He determined that work aggravated Backman’s condition and that she had “developed back pain with right sciatica and L5 radiculopathy.” (AR 0505.) Dr. Suchard opined that she was unable to return to work at that juncture, with a “temporary partial disability precluding more than light lifting, bending, stooping, or twisting of the spine; and requiring ability to sit, stand, and move about as needed for comfort.” (AR 0506.) He noted that she was taking two non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications (“NSAIDs”) and that she had been prescribed other medications but did not have a favorable response to them. (AR 0479.) He did not believe Backman’s condition was yet at a maximum medical improvement or permanent and stationary status. (AR 0505.) He recommended, authorization for a neuro-surgical evaluation, EMG studies, and lumbar spine x-rays, plus treatment options such as “use of NSAID medications, guided active-exercise oriented physical therapy, consideration of additional lumbar corticosteroid injection, and/or right L5 selective nerve root block, and if clinical condition warrants even perhaps surgery.” (AR 0505-06.) On March 29, 2012, Backman had a new x-ray taken of her lumbar spine which showed: “moderate disc height loss L2-3 through L5-S1[;] associated endplate spurring and sclerosis[; and t]he L3-4 and L5-S1 facets appear degenerated/hypertrophied.” (AR 0484.)⁴ Backman was also referred to Kaiser’s acupuncture department for treatment and received treatments in April and May of 2012. (AR 0413.)

As part of Unum’s review of the claim, Unum’s doctor, Dr. Szatalowicz, reviewed the file and came away with the impression that Backman might be well enough to return to work, so in early April 2012, he contacted Drs. Prince and Gerst to clarify their assessments. (AR 0434-0446.) Dr. Gerst confirmed that Backman had a disabling problem and that he did not believe that use of an ergonomic chair, a sit/stand table or any other accommodation would have allowed her to return to work at that time due to the severity of her pain. (AR 0441-0442.) Dr. Prince confirmed that she was continuing to provide off work notes to accommodate Backman’s on-going medical evaluations, diagnostics, and therapy, including seeing a new occupational medicine doctor for her workers’ compensation claim, but that she did not feel comfortable making a disability determination because it was “outside the scope of her practice.” (AR 0446.) Dr. Szatalowicz ultimately concluded that the restrictions and limitations were supported based on the clarified information from Dr. Gerst, and suggested that Unum consider obtaining updated records in 4-6 months. (AR 0465-66.)

After reviewing Backman’s medical records and claim information, and contacting the doctors who had examined her, Unum determined that Backman was disabled and paid her benefits under the Plan. On April 18, 2012, Unum advised Backman that she was eligible to receive Plan benefits, and determined that the date Back-man’s disability commenced was September 26, 2011. (AR 0514-18.)

2. Examination and Treatment In Connection With Workers’ Compensation Claim

On May 3, 2012, at the referral of Dr. Suchard in his Workers’ Compensation QME examination, Dr. Alan T. Hunstock, a neurosurgeon, examined Backman. (AR 0683.) Dr. Hunstock’s evaluation noted that Backman “really should have a conservative treatment course initiated and has had virtually none so far,” referring her for physical therapy for six weeks and a follow up at its conclusion. (AR 0686.) A May 21, 2012 note from Backman’s doctor at Kaiser, Dr. Prince, indicated that the Workers’ Compensation evaluation and physical therapy were through outside providers and that Backman was “awaiting authorization from W[orker’s] C[ompensation] for the P[hysical] T[herapy].” (AR 0819.) At that time, Dr. Prince also noted Backman was “positive for myalgias and back pain” and has “decreased range of motion.” (AR 0819.)

On June 8, 2012, Dr. Hunstock provided an opinion to Backman’s employer, Crosscheck, as to whether he believed she was disabled in any major life activity for purposes of state and federal disability accommodation laws. (AR 0681.) In that opinion, Dr. Hunstock stated that Backman could only sit for 10 to 15 minutes before developing significant right leg pain, and had some ongoing back pain with standing and walking. (AR 0681.) He noted that he could not say whether her impairment was permanent or temporary since she had not yet completed an adequate course of treatment. (AR 0681-82.) He noted that her main limitation on the job would be sitting and that she “may need some accommodation for actually reclining or lying down periodically as well... several times or more during the day.” (AR 0681.)

In July of 2012, Backman reported to Unum that she was finally approved for physical therapy through the workers’ compensation system. (AR 0548.) On September 19, 2012, Dr. Suchard expressed concern, in a follow-up evaluation, that Backman only started physical therapy “literally 4-1/2 months after I prescribed it. I had given her significant restrictions on a return to work date of 09/10/2012, but she has not completed her treatment at this point and still remains quite symptomatic.”- (AR 1120.)⁵ He noted that Back-man reported “about 30 minutes of standing or sitting will cause her to develop severe pain radiating from the back into the right leg, primarily down the anterior thigh toward the shin. Even lying down after this does not resolve the symptoms.” (AR 1120.) He further noted a “significant restriction in range of motion Of the back,” and extended her restriction from returning to work until November 1, 2012. (AR 1120-21.) His treatment plan states that:

The patient will need to have adequate treatment rendered at this point, which would include an epidural steroid injection at L3-4 and will arrange this with Dr. Botelho. I will see her back after that is ' concluded and will address a return to work if appropriate at that time. If she is not significantly improved, she would need to give serious consideration to surgery at the L3-4 level for decompression and fusion.

(AR 1120.)

On November 12,2012, Plaintiff received an epidural steroid injection from Dr. Bo-telho. (AR 1104.) Dr. Botelho’s follow up notes from the epidural indicate that Back-man’s functional limitations are such--that ■she can walk 20 minutes before having to stop, sit 30 minutes before having to. stand, and stand 30 minutes before having to sit, and that she frequently lays down due to pain during the day. (AR 0675.) The follow-up at that time indicated the epidural resolved some of her leg and back pain. (AR 0674.) His notes state:

Discussed treatment including continuing core strengthening‘on a regular basis to help with lumbar support and reduce pain symptoms. I will see her in a month with continued conservative treatment and determine if facet blocks should be done or if she improves. I think she has two components to her pain a neuropathic component which is improved and facet [joint] mediated pain which is persistent.

(AR 0677.)

3. SSA’s Determination of Disability

On November 20, 2012, after receiving assistance filing a claim through a referral from Unum (AR 0548, 0552), SSA approved Backman for Social Security Disability Insurance (“SSDI”) benefits, with a September 26, 2011 date of disability. (AR 0588.) That approval was based, in part, on an evaluation of Backman’s residual functional capacity by Dr. Pong. Dr. Pong’s evaluation concluded that Backman was limited to occasionally standing two hours or sitting four hours “due to severe back pain [with] radiculopathy uncontrolled [with] failed epidural injections. Unable to sit long at all.” (AR 1316.) In the portion of the evaluation- concerning inability to perform past jobs, Dr. Pong opined that Back-man was “unable to do any work due also to her inability to [sit or walk] any more than 2 hours” and her prior work “requires constant sitting.” (AR 1316.)

In January 2013, Unum notified Back-man that it would “apply significant weight to the Social Security award of disability benefits.” (AR 0617.) “Significant weight means that the Social Security’s judgment that you were disabled at the time of the award will weigh heavily in your favor as wé make ongoing disability determinations under your Long Term Disability policy.” (AR 0617.)

4. Backman’s Treatment in 2013

On February 6, 2013, Dr. Prince completed a status update for Unum, stating that Backman was “unable to sit or stand without pain,” “has failed all treatment plans[, and] uses pain medication sparingly.” (AR 0628.)

On April 18, 2013, Dr. Judith C. Heiler at Kaiser examined Backman due to a back pain flare up and gave her-a Toradol injection. (AR 0846.) Dr. Heiler’s notes indicate that Backman reported the pain was better while swimming on vacation in the Bahamas three weeks prior. (AR 0846.)

On May 20, 2013, Dr. Suchard provided his opinion, based on his review of the medical records and treatment provided to that time, that Backman’s condition was permanent and stationary (“P <& S”). (AR 0718.) His opinion of her work status was:

Ms. Backman will be unable to return to the performance of her prior usual and customary work duties.... She requires ability to sit, stand, and move about as needed for comfort, and I would advise preclusion of lifting of more than about 10 pounds as well as preclusion from bending, stooping, and twisting of the trunk.

(AR 0720.) As to future medical care, Dr. Suchard opined that treatment should include: (1) continued use of NSAIDs with possible trials on alternative NSAIDs to see if any work better; (2) physical therapy in the event of .flares or exacerbations unresponsive to self-care; (3) ongoing independent lumbar stabilization exercises; and (4) additional injections in the event of flares or exacerbations, with consideration to lumbar facet injections. (AR 0720-21.) He noted that “[t]he potential need for surgical intervention directed toward Ms. Backman’s lumbar spine cannot be entirely excluded, but it is likely that a need for this appears relatively remote at this juncture.” (AR 0721.) On July 23, 2013, Dr. Suchard reviewed additional records he was provided and reported that his opinion was unchanged from his May 20, 2013 P & S report. (AR 709.)

' In July 2013, Backman underwent surgery for an unrelated condition, an ovarian cyst. (AR 0911 et seq.) Other than this and some minor changes in medication, the record is silent as to any medical intervention or - further analysis for Backman’s back condition in the latter part of 2013 until after Backman received notice from Unum that it was terminating her benefits. (AR 1282). The record for the latter half of 2013 is mostly comprised of notes of Ünum’s nurses and claims specialists reviewing Backman’s past records to determine whether she continued to meet the definition of disability under the Plan.

5. Unum Terminates Backman’s Benefits

Backman had received Plan benefits until, on December 16, 2013, when Unum advised Backman that it had determined she was no longer considered disabled from performing the material and substantial duties of her usual occupation and her benefits under the Plan were terminated. (AR 1282.) Backman submitted a series of appeals, providing new medical records and information from her treating physicians. (AR 1305, 2001, 2037, 2043.) Unum ultimately denied Backman’s appeal as of July 14, 2014. (AR 2136.) In that final denial, Unum stated: ■

We continue to conclude your report of pain ■ and its limiting effects on your functional capacity are out of proportion to the clinical/diagnostic findings. We have taken into consideration the minimal radiologic findings, lack of electro-diagnostic abnormalities supporting rad-iculopathy, and lower extremity strength described as within normal limits.

Although L3-4 spondylolisthesis may explain your report of limited sitting ability, allowing postural changes (sitting to standing) 2-3 times per hour would not preclude all sitting. This is consistent with SSA who concluded you had the functional capacity to sit for four hours per day.

-As previously communicated the occupation includes a variety of duties and independence to prioritize tasks and structure work activities to allow shifting weight and/or repositioning as needed for comfort. It allows for occasional stand and stretch breaks, and supports the ability to avoid prolonged sitting with intermittent tasks requiring standing and walking.

It would be appropriate in consideration of your reports of pain to limit lifting to 10-15 lbs and avoid bending/stooping/crawling. These activities are not required in the performance of your usual occupation.

6. Medical Records Submitted After December 2013 Termination Decision

On December 18, 2013, shortly after the notice that Unum had terminated her benefits, Backman saw Dr. Prince, presenting with back pain and inability to sit or walk for more than 10-15 minutes and a need to lay down for 30 minutes per hour. (AR 2045.) Dr. Prince noted that Backman exhibited decreased range of motion and tenderness. (AR 2046.) Based on this, Dr. Prince extended Backman’s work modifications. (Id.)

On February 14, 2014, Dr, Prince reported exacerbation of Backman’s low back pain, inability to sit or stand without pain for more than 10-15 minutes, and numbness and tingling in her legs. (AR 2047.) Dr. Prince prescribed an additional Toradol injection, which Backman received that day. (AR 2047, 2050.) Dr. Yee performed an additional evaluation on March 3, 2014, (AR 2055) and referred Backman for lumbar steroid injections/nerve blocks which she received on April 2, 2014 (AR 2068, 2075). Backman was then admitted to Kaiser’s Chronic Pain Program as of March 26, 2014. (AR 2064.)

In April 2014, both Drs. Yee and Prince at Kaiser offered opinions that Backman was not able to return to her job due to her inability to tolerate more than short periods of sitting or standing without pain. (AR 2107, 2108.)

In her notes regarding Backman’s April 4, 2014 office visit, Dr. Prince states that Backman “[w]as given modified [work duties] by [Workers’ Compensation] doctor for outside evaluation] and I agreed to it without much thought.” (AR 2097.) Dr. Prince further noted that Backman was positive for back pain and exhibited decreased range of motion and tenderness. (Id.) Dr. Prince’s letter of April 4, 2014, stated:

“You are specifically unable to stand or sit for more than a few minutes in each position. You have not tolerated pain medicines to the point when you could function taking them in the mental capacity required to drive or do your job.... my current assessment, as your treating physician, is that you are fully disabled from your chronic back pain and cannot return to your job.... ”

(AR 2095.)

Backman had a new MRI on April 13, 2014, which indicated “mild foraminal⁶ encroachment on the right” at L3-4, along with broad based disc bulges at Ll-2, L2-3, L3-4, and L4-5, and “a grade 1 spondylolis-thesis ⁷ at L3-4.” (AR 2099). She thereafter saw Dr. Yee on April 22, 2014. (AR 2104.) Dr. Yee reviewed the MRI and noted that prior injections faded to improve her pain significantly. (AR 2105.) Dr. Yee further indicated that, although she could refer Backman for surgery, she was doubtful that surgery would be advisable “given multilevel degenerative changes and risk of transition syndrome if [Backman] has. fusion [surgery].” (AR 2105.) Dr. Yee’s letter, dated April 4, 2014, stated:

“I have seen you for chronic low back pain related to multilevel lumbar disc degeneration and facet arthropathy. You have not had significant improvement in pain or function with lumbar epidural steroid injections or physical therapy and other non-invasive management. You have been unable to tolerate short periods of sitting or standing well. I am in agreement with Dr. Prince’s recommendation for being unable to return to your job due to your ongoing chronic low back pain given your limited functional tolerance.”

(AR 2108.) Backman also informed Unum that Kaiser had indicated they were “uncomfortable” treating her because she still had a pending Workers’ Compensation claim and they did not consider her injuries, to be caused by her work, so Kaiser could not treat her within the Workers’ Compensation system. (AR 2001.)

D. Unum’s File Reviews Based on Backman’s Internal Appeals

After her claim was denied, Backman submitted appeals and further information to Unum on several occasions. (See AR 1305; 2001, 2037, 2043.) Based on these appeals, Unum’s representatives conducted further reviews of her records. Registered Nurse Brenda Nunn, on behalf of Unum, performed a records analysis dated February 17, 2014. (AR 1966.) Nunn notes that-Drs. Prince and Suchard saw Backman in 2013 (in July and May, respectively) and that Dr. Prince continued to provide medication management for Backman. (AR 1966, 1968.) Nunn opined that “[Back-man’s] limited treatment in 2013 would not be expected of one who reportedly has debilitating back pain to the extent she is unable to perform sitting activities with ability to stand or move about as needed for comfort.”

Nunn’s analysis contains a few statements about Backman’s treatment history that are not consistent with the records. First, Nunn indicated that Backman “waited” five months before starting physical therapy, when in-fact Workers’ Compensation did not approve it for five months (see AR 0819). Second, Nunn concluded that Backman had never participated in. the spine alignment program although her records show she did (see AR 0392-0396, 0415, 0417). -Nunn also stated that “[t]here are no functional studies anywhere in the file to support” Backman’s reports that “she could not sit for more than twenty minutes or stand for more than ten minutes at a time.” (AR 1968.) However, in the same review, Nunn noted that Dr. Pong had conducted a physical residual functional capacity (“RFC”) analysis for purposes of Social Security (AR 1966), which found that Backman was able to stand and/or walk with normal breaks for -a total of 2 hours per day and sit with normal breaks for a total of four hours per day. (AR 1316.) Dr. Pong’s RFC concluded that Backman was “unable to do any work” due to her inability to stand or walk “any more than 2 hrs.” and could not return to past relevant work “which all requires constant sitting,” (AR 1319.) Unum denied Back-man’s first appeal, essentially tracking verbatim Nunn’s conclusions;

Backman appealed again, and forwarded the new April 2014 information from her providers, including their letters and records of the new MRI and nerve blocks she received. Nunn then conducted another review. (AR 2116.) In Nunn’s review of those new records, she stated:

[additional data received does not change my previous opinion in support of [the restrictions and limitations] of ‘ability to sit, stand and move about as needed for comfort—’ Updated imaging studies of 4/14/14 MRI of lumbar spine still do 'not reveal any significant stenosis, foraminal encroachment or nerve root impingement. Physical examination findings continue to provide normal to minimal findings: normal gait, intact sensation, full lumbar flexion, adequate or “ok” lumbar extension, deep tendon reflexes 1+ bilateral patellar and Achilles, negative straight leg raises, strength 6/5 and full hip range of motion in both lower extremities. On exam, the insured did report increased] lower back pain when facets loaded to either side and tenderness to palpation over bilateral low back over L4-5 and L5-S1 facets.

(AR 2119.) Because of the medical disagreement between Drs. Yee and Prince’s new statement of limitations and the prior statement of limitations, Nunn referred the file for review by a Unum pain specialist. (Id.) The synopsis of the issue in Nunn’s referral stated that-Dr. Prince had given limitations that Backman “cannot sit for more than 15 mins, cannot stand for more than 10 mins, has to lay down 20 mins per hour and walk 10 mins per hr.,” but discounted this opinion as based on Backman’s report of her. symptoms, “not based on -changes to her condition.” (AR 2125.)

On June 25, 2014, Unum’s Dr. Andrew Krouskop completed a review of the clinical data in the file, including Kaiser treatment notes from September 2010 to April 2014 from doctors, social workers, and physical therapists who had worked with Backman, as well as notes of visits and treatment with Drs. Botelho, Suchard, and Hunstock, Dr. Pong’s RFC assessment from November 8, 2012, . and notes from Backman’s physical therapy outside Kaiser, (AR 2125.) Based on his review of these notes, Dr. Krouskop’s file review concluded that Backman’s restrictions and limitations were not supported:

No treating [attending physician] has instituted, a medication trial to see if various medications would be tolerated and successful in reducing her pain complaints. Such a medication trial or the use of topical agents would be expected if the insured had impairing levels of pain.

As noted above, the insured’s physical exam has not documented any persistent lower extremity weakness or any evidence of atrophy. One would expect the development of focal muscle atrophy if the insured had a significant radiculopa-thy since her pain complaints have occurred for years. One might also expect description of diffuse muscle atrophy if the insured were not maintaining regular activity, which would include daily walking.

Although, L3-4 spondylolisthesis may offer an explanation for her limited .sitting ability, allowing posture changes (sitting to standing) 2-3 times per hour would not preclude all sitting.

It is noted Social Security limited the insured to sitting 4 hours per day. However, with the use of a sit/stand workstation, allowing for multiple posture changes, one could expect the insured could sit up to frequently, 2/3 of the day.

(AR 2128-2129.) Dr. Krouskop’s review of prior MRI findings reports noted that the September 2011 MRI showed “a minimal Ll-2 broad-based disc bulge without evidence ' of neural ’foraminal' encroachment. No other levels in the lumbar spine exhibited neural foraminal encroachment.” (AR 2128.) He noted that the April 2014 MRI had “described disc bulges in the upper four lumbar levels with L5-S1 listed as unremarkable.. .[and a] Grade I spondylo-listhesis at L3-4 was described but there was no report of central canal stenosis.” (AR 2128, 2129.)

Dr. Krouskop concluded that, “[cjonsid-ering the minimal radiologic findings, no electrodiagnostic abnormality, lower extremity strength generally described as within normal limits, the insured’s pain complaints are out of proportion to the clinical/diagnostic findings.” (AR 2129.)

III. Analysis

The Court reviews the evidence in the record de novo to determine whether Backman is disabled under the terms of the Plan. “When conducting a de novo review of the record, the court does not give deference to the claim administrator’s decision, but rather determines in the first instance if the claimant has adequately established that he or she is disabled under the terms of the plan.” Muniz v. Amec Const. Mgmt., Inc., 623 F.3d 1290, 1295-96 (9th Cir.2010); see also Abatie v. Alta Health & Life Ins. Co., 458 F.3d 955, 963 (9th Cir.2006) (en bang.) (a court employing de novo review “simply proceeds to evaluate whether the plan administrator correctly or incorrectly denied benefits.”). Backman bears the burden of proof by a preponderance of the evidence, and the Court must evaluate the persuasiveness of the conflicting evidence to make its determination. See Kearney, 175 F.3d at 1094-95; Eisner, 10 F.Supp.3d at 1114.

Based upon an exhaustive review of the administrative record here, the Court finds that Backman has established that she was disabled under the Plan’s definition of disability at the time her benefits were discontinued. Backman was: “unable to perform with reasonable continuity the substantial and material acts necessary to pursue [her] usual occupation in the usual and customary way.” (AR 0147.) Each of the doctors who examined Backman determined that she was unable to perform the duties of her sedentary job as an accounting manager. They based their opinions on functional testing, x-rays, MRIs, and their own physical examinations of her. Her condition was degenerative and did not show improvement prior to December 2013. If anything, the medical records indicate that the condition of her lumbar spine declined, based on her April 2014 MRI results and the lack of significant pain reduction after initiating a course of facet injections in April 2014.

The Court finds significant the fact that Unum initially determined Backman to be disabled based on her examining doctors’ opinions. It was only after receiving benefits covering the period from September 2011 to December 2013 that Unum decided Backman was no longer disabled. Unum’s proffered reasons for terminating Back-man’s benefits were that she had not sought significant treatment or additional diagnostic testing in 2013, but had only continued with pain management on the same medications, utilizing ■ the same stretching and exercise regime as before, and getting only one injection for flare up pain in April 2013.⁸ Unum concluded that her reports of pain and its limits on her functioning were “out of proportion” to the information in her medical records.

A number- of factors undermine the foundation for Unum’s decision that Back-man was no longer disabled. The Court considers each in turn.

A. Favoring In-House Consultants’ Opinions Over Examining Physicians’ Opinions

First, Unum’s’ decision relied on the opinions of its own consultants rather than the physicians who examined and treated Backman. Unum’s in-house medical consultants only reviewed the records of other doctors and medical testing. While ERISA does not accord special deference to the opinions of a treating physician, Black & Decker Disability Plan v. Nord, 538 U.S. 822, 831, 123 S.Ct. 1965, 155 L.Ed.2d 1034 (2003) (ERISA does not import treating physician rule from Social Security regulations), courts generally give greater weight to doctors who have actually examined the claimant versus those who only review the file, especially when they are employed by the insurer as here. See Eisner, 10 F.Supp.3d at 1115; Salomaa v. Honda Long Term Disability Plan, 642 F.3d 666, 676 (9th Cir.2011); Minton v. Deloitte & Touche USA LLP Plan, 631 F.Supp.2d 1213, 1219-20 (N.D.Cal.2009); Heinrich v. Prudential Ins. Co. of Am., No. C 04-02943 JF, 2005 WL 1868179, at *8 (N.D.Cal. July 29, 2005) (failure of administrator’s physicians to examine claimant entitles their opinions to less weight than treating physicians since the nature of the condition at issue produces symptoms that must be evaluated through in-person examination); see also Cooper v. Life Ins. Co. of N. Am., 486 F.3d 157, 167 (6th Cir.2007) (reliance on file reviewers rather than actual physical examination may “raise questions about the thoroughness and accuracy of the benefits determination”).

The evidence from every doctor who examined Backman was that she was unable to return to work due to her condition. In January 2012, Dr. Gerst thoroughly examined Backman and confirmed that she was unable to work. (AR 0273.) He opined that a sit/stand table or other accommodation would not allow her to return to work based on his objective findings of “lower lumbosacral tenderness and a positive seated straight leg raise test.” (Id.) Dr. Hunstock’s June 2012 opinion was that Backman could only sit for 10 to 15 minutes before developing significant right leg pain, had pain standing and walking, and “may need some accommodation for actually reclining or lying down periodically as well... several times or more during the day.” (AR 0681.) Dr. Pong’s November 2012 evaluation was that she did not have the functional capacity to return to her sedentary work. (AR 1316.) Dr. Suchard’s May 2013 opinion was that Backman could not return to her sedentary job given the limitations of needing to “sit, stand, and move about as needed for comfort.” (AR 0720.) And Drs. Prince and Yee each opined, before and after December'2013, Backman was unable to work.

B. Insisting on Additional Diagnostic Evidence and Examinations to Establish Continuing Disability

In terminating Backman’s benefits, Unum’s consultants reasoned that if ■ she were truly disabled, she would have had more treatment in 2013. The consultants’ opinions ignore that fact that her course of treatment in 2013 was exactly as Dr. Such-ard suggested it should be. Unum faults Backman for not visiting the doctor for treatment more often in 2013, yet she had already been determined to be “permanent and stationary” in her condition by Dr. Suchard, and apparently continued the same sort of pain management regimen as she had in the past during 2013. The Plan itself states that, once payments begin, the claimant must receive regular care from a physician unless it “will not improve your disabling condition(s); or will not prevent a worsening of your disabling- condition(s).” (AR 0148.) Here, no provider has suggested, either before or after Backman’s benefits were discontinued, that there was any care that would have improved her condition or prevented worsening-of her condition. Thus, under the terms of the policy, Backman was not required to receive regular care in order to continue meeting the definition of totally disabled. To the contrary, Dr. Suchard’s opinions regarding future treatment were simply that Backman: (1) continue to use NSAIDs, possibly trying alternative NSAIDs to see if any work better; (2) physical therapy if she experienced flares or exacerbations unresponsive to self-care; (3) ongoing independent lumbar stabilization exercises; and (4) additional injections in case of flares or exacer-bations, including the possibility of lumbar facet injections. (AR 0720-21.) Surgery or other more aggressive treatment was not recommended. (Id.)

C. Overlooking Records That Conflicted With Unum’s Conclusions

Unum overlooked records that did not agree with its consultants’ conclusions. With respect to the SSA file, even after Unum finally obtained it, Unum’s consultant (Nunn) still insisted that no functional studies supported Backman’s limitations. This conclusion ignored the Social Security-residual functional capacity determination conducted by Dr. Pong in the SSA process. Nunn concluded that Backman had never participated in the prescribed spine alignment program, contrary to the records showing that she did. (AR0392, 0402.) And Nunn’s characterization of Backman as delaying participation in physical therapy for months ignored evidence that the delay was due to a five month wait for approval by the Workers’ Compensation system, not any avoidance by Backman.

Similarly, Dr. Krouskop overlooked or disregarded records to reach his conclusions. He indicated in his opinion that, although Dr. Pong had limited Backman to four hours a day of sitting, “with the use of a sit/stand workstation, allowing for multiple posture changes, one could expect the insured could sit up to frequently, 2/3 of the day.” (AR 2129.) This opinion was in direct conflict with: (1) Unum’s own assessment that Backman’s job. required “constantly sitting, ie., 2/3 or more of. the time” (AR 1238-39); (2) Crosscheck’s statement that her duties required sitting, “constantly 6-8 + hours” per day (AR 0091); (3) SSA’s decision that she was limited to “sit[ting] (with normal breaks) for a total of 4 hours” (AR 1316); (4) and Dr, Gerst’s earlier opinion that, with essentially the same symptoms and limitations, the severity of her pain “would not have permitted her to return to work at that time, even with an ergonomic chair and sit/stand table.” (AR 434.) Notably, none of Unum’s experts addressed whether Backman could perform the duties of her usual occupation “in the usual and customary way” if she needed to lie down periodically throughout the day, as several of Backman’s examining doctors indicated. (AR 0675, 0681, 1120,1308.)

Unum also disregarded additional information provided after its initial December 2013 decision to terminate benefits, despite directing Backman to submit new evidence for its consideration. The records submitted showed that Dr. Yee performed an additional evaluation March 3, 2014, (AR 2055) and referred Backman for lumbar steroid injections/nerve blocks which she received on April 2, 2014 (AR 2068, 2075). Backman was admitted to Kaiser’s Chronic Pain Program as of March 26, 2014. (AR 2064.) In April 2014, both Drs. Yee and Prince concluded that Backman was not able to return to her job because of pain when sitting and standing. (AR 2107, 2108.) Backman’s MRI in April 2014 showed “diffused hypertrophic spurring and disc space narrowing,” as well as “increased L3-4 disc degeneration... [and sjlightly increased facet joint fluid” at L4-5. (AR 2103.) Backman’s trial of lumbar facet nerve block injections in April 2014 did not produce significant improvement in her pain. (AR 2105.)

Despite this evidence, Unum’s consultant Dr. Krouskop indicated that Backman had improved. Dr. Krouskop indicated that Backman’s September 2011 MRI showed “a minimal Ll-2 broad-based disc bulge without evidence of neural foraminal encroachment. No other levels in the lumbar spine exhibited neural foraminal encroachment.” (AR 2128.) Yet his summary omitted that the April 2014 MRI that it showed “mild foraminal encroachment on the right” at L3-4. (AR 2099.) He noted that the April 2014 MRI “described disc bulges in the upper four lumbar levels... [and a] Grade I spondylolisthesis at L3-4” but minimized that finding, stating “but there was no report of central canal stenosis.” (AR 2128, 2129.) In short, a simple comparison of the 2011 and 2014 MRI findings suggests progression from no encroachment to mild encroachment in the forami-nal spaces. Yet, despite this MRI evidence and Backman’s treating doctors finding continued disability, Dr. Krouskop found improvement in Backman’s condition and no continuing disability.

Indeed, the statement Unum seized upon in its decision to terminate her disability benefits—Dr. Prince’s checkmark on a faxed Unum form answering “yes” to the question of whether she agreed that one sentence from Dr. Suchard’s opinion meant Backman could return to work full time—was immediately withdrawn by Dr. Prince. (AR 1308 [work status report of 12/18/13].) Unum’s December 4,2013 fax to Dr. Prince extracted a single sentence from Dr. Suchard’s report, listing Back-man’s functional limitations but omitting Suchard’s opinion that Backman could not return to work due to her disability. (AR 1251, cf. AR 720 [P & S Report]). Without that context, Unum asked Dr. Prince to state a simple “yes” or “no” as to whether she believed those limitations would allow Backman to return to full-time work. Dr. Prince had already informed Unum that she was not comfortable providing opinions about disability and limitations because it was outside her specialty. (AR 0446.) After examining Backman herself on December 18, 2013, Dr. Prince gavé the opinion that Backman “[c]annot sit for more than 15 minutes cannot stand for more than 10 minutes[; h]as to lay down 20 minutes per hour and walk 10 minutes per hour.” (AR 1308.) As Dr. Prince later explained regarding the faxed statement, she “was in error that [she] assumed [Backman] could return to work full-time in December, 2013.” (AR 2107.) In her notes regarding Backman’s April 4, 2014 office visit, Dr. Prince states that she “agreed to it without much thought.” (AR 2097.) Whatever else can be said about Unum’s actions in asking Dr. Prince to agree to an incomplete statement of Dr. Suchard’s opinion, it is not evidence that Backman could return to her sedentary job.

D. Dismissing Evidence of Pain As Merely Subjective . and Therefore Unreliable

Unum dismissed the opinions of Backman’s treating doctors on the'basis that they were merely restating her subjective symptoms, not based on objective evidence. Unum’s rejection on these grounds overlooks the objective evidence in the record, such as the bulging, spurring, and disc space narrowing in her spine shown in her April 2014 MRI, as well as objective evidence of decreased range of motion and lumbar tenderness.⁹ Moreover, the Ninth Circuit has held that “the lack of objective physical findings” is insufficient to justify denial of disability benefits for conditions that lack objective physical evidence. See Salomaa, 642 F.3d at 669; Saffon v. Wells Fargo & Co. Long Term Disability Plan, 522 F.3d 863, 872 (9th Cir. 2008) (criticizing Plan’s denial of benefits for lack of objective evidence of pain since it is inherently subjective); Benecke v. Barnhart, 379 F.3d 587, 590 (9th Cir.2004) (ALJ committed legal error in discounting claimant’s pain testimony and opinions of physicians based bn pain reports). Given the lack of an objective test to confirm the level of pain that a person is experiencing, denying a claim based on a lack of objective evidence of pain is an abuse of discretion. See Saffon, 522 F.3d at 872 (“individual reactions to pain are subjective and not easily determined by reference to objective measurements”); Nolan v. Heald College, 745 F.Supp.2d 916, 936 (N.D.Cal.2010) (“because Nolan’s pain resulting, from the radiculopathy cannot be quantified by objective measurements, it was an abuse of discretion for MetLife to so require, and its decision cannot stand as a result.”); see also Salomaa, 642 F.3d at 678 (with respect to fibromyalgia, “conditioning an award on the existence of evidence that cannot exist is arbitrary and capricious”); James v. AT & T W. Disability Benefits Program, 41 F.Supp.3d 849, 879-80 (N.D.Cal.2014) (“[a] plan’s denial is ‘arbitrary to the extent that it was based on [a consulting physician’s] implicit rejection of [a] Plaintiffs subjective complaints of pain’ ”) (quoting May v. AT & T Umbrella Ben. Plan No. 1, No. C-11-02204 JCS, 2012 WL 1997810, at *17 (N.D.Cal. June 4, 2012), aff'd, 584 Fed.Appx. 674 (9th Cir. 2014).) Backman’s reports of pain, though subjective, were supported by her physicians’ examinations and test results.

E. Terminating Benefits Despite a Lack of Evidence of a Change In Condition

Unum’s justification for the 2013 termination of Backman’s benefits is further undermined by its initial 2012 disability determination, which included subjective reports of pain that were essentially unchanged at the time of the termination. As in Nolan, the Plan here paid benefits for two years before determining that plaintiff was no longer disabled by her radiculopa-thy and back pain. Even under the more deferential standard that applied in Nolan, the reviewing court there concluded it was not proper for the Plan to find the medical evidence was sufficiently objective proof for an initial award of benefits only to require “more objective” evidence of pain to avoid termination of those benefits. Nolan, 745 F.Supp.2d at 936. And, as in Nolan, the Plan’s termination of benefits appears particularly inappropriate given the lack of evidence suggesting that the claimant’s pain had improved or her admittedly degenerative condition had reversed course. Id. Though there are eonclusory statements in the Unum consultants’ notes to the effect that Backman’s condition had improved since the disability determination, the Court’s review of the evidence does not support that conclusion. While Unum is not held to a particular standard to show changed conditions, the credibility of its consultants’ conclusions to terminate benefits are undermined when there is no evidence of improvement. Saffon, 522 F.3d at 871 (“In order to find her no longer disabled, one would expect the MRIs to show an improvement, not a lack of degeneration.”); Schramm v. CNA Fin. Corp. Insured Grp. Ben. Program, 718 F.Supp.2d 1151, 1164-65 (N.D.Cal.2010) (“Although Defendant did not need to prove a material improvement in Plaintiffs condition to defeat her entitlement to benefits, her lack of consistent, marked progress is probative of her continuing disability.”)

F. Inappropriately Discounting SSA Disability Determination

Further undermining Unum’s termination of benefits is the Social Security Administration’s determination that she was disabled. Unum indicated that it would give the SSA decision substantial weight in a disability determination, yet discounted the ■ SSA determination on the grounds that subsequent records showed Backman had improved. In its December 2013 denial determination, Unum said that its decision differed from the Social Security Administration’s because it had additional information that Social Security did not have at the time of its November 2012 determination, specifically examinations by Back-man’s Workers Compensation physicians, including Dr. Suchard’s July 23, 2013 follow-up to his permanent and stationary assessment. (AR 1283.) The credibility of this assertion is undercut by the fact that Unum had not obtained the SSA file at the time of the original denial in December 2013. (AR 1283.)¹⁰

Further, Unum’s efforts to distinguish the SSA disability determination are contradicted by the record. Dr. Suchard’s May 2013 Permanent and Stationary report (AR 0711) indicated the identical limitations as stated in his Qualified Medical Evaluation report of March 2012, which SSDI reviewed in its determination. (AR 0738, duplicate in file, part of SSDI file at AR 1564 and AR 1769). Backman’s work status restrictions and limitations were unchanged in the subsequent reports Dr. Suchard provided in April 2012 and May 2012, which SSDI also-included in its evaluation. (See AR 1563 [copy of Suchard’s reports]). Dr. Suchard’s follow up on July 23, 2013 (signed August 8, 2013) said that his opinion was unchanged. (AR 0709.) Thus, nothing in Dr. Suchard’s July 2013 report would have changed the SSDI determination.

Unum’s later -reviews of the record took into account the contents of-the SSA file, but continued to conclude, that the restrictions and limitations listed in Dr. Such-ard’s report, along with Dr. Prince’s fax form agreement, were entitled to greater weight than either SSA’s or Dr. Suchard’s conclusion that she was disabled from her usual occupation. (AR 1975.) Despite informing Baekman that she must submit new examinations and findings in order for the Unum to reconsider its decision, and Baekman doing" so, Unum persisted in its determination that Baekman was able to work.

G. Conclusion

The Ninth Circuit has cautioned that “complete disregard for a contrary conclusion without so much as an explanation raises questions about whether an adverse benefits determination was ‘the product of a principled and deliberative reasoning process.’ ” Salomaa, 642 F.3d at 679 n. 35; see also Montour v. Hartford Life & Acc. Ins. Co., 588 F.3d 623, 635 (9th Cir.2009). Here, Unum maintained its opinion that Backman’s • pain was out of proportion to the clinical and diagnostic findings in the record, despite contrary conclusions from her treating physicians, with little credible explanation for why it dismissed those conclusions. Unum’s consultants determined that Backman’s pain was not as debilitating as the limitations stated in the examining physicians’ records. They did this despite the fact that all the doctors who examined her determined that her condition made her unable to perform her job. No examining doctor suggests Backman’s pain was not as great as she stated, that the degenerative changes in her spine improved over time, or that her reticence to take stronger or more pain medication indicated that her reported' pain was not credible.

IV. Disposition

Upon de novo review of the record, the Court finds that Plaintiff continued to be disabled within the meaning of the LTD Plan as of December 2013, and was entitled to have the Plan disability benefits continue.

The parties shall, within thirty days of the date of this Order: (1) meet and confer to resolve the amount of disability benefits due Plaintiff, and (2) submit a proposed judgment consistent with the terms of this Order.

, This terminates Docket Nos. 22, 23, 26, 33, and 38.

It Is So Ordered.

1 . The administrative motion to seal the record (Dkt. No. 22) and the motion to seal the one-page errata to the record (Dkt. No. 38) are Granted.

2 . In addition to the administrative record offered by Unum, and the declaration of Denise Legendre of Unum authenticating it, Plaintiff’s counsel submitted Plaintiffs’ interrogatories and responses thereto by Unum, as well as a chronology prepared, by .counsel. Unum objected to and moved to strike the chronology. Because the Court agrees that the chronology is not proper evidence, the Motion to Strike is Granted.

However, the Court notes that the administrative record contains multiple copies of du-plicative medical records and is not organized chronologically. Where an administrative record is as voluminous and difficult to follow as the one here, it would behoove counsel in future matters to make some effort to submit a more logically organized record, or to offer stipulated facts or an agreed chronology with cross-references to the record, to aid the finder of'fact and expedite resolution.

3 . The Glossary section of the Plan states, in part:

REGULAR CARE means:

.-you personally visit a physician as frequently as is medically required, to effectively manage and treat your disabling conditions); and

-you are receiving appropriate medical treatment and care for your disabling conditions), which conforms with generally accepted medical standards

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SUBSTANTIAL AND MATERIAL ACTS means the important tasks, functions and operations generally required by employers from those engaged in your usual occupation that cannot be reasonable omitted or modified.

In determining what substantial and material acts are necessary to pursue your usual

occupation, we will first look' at the specific duties required by your Employer. If you are unable to perform one or more of thése duties with reasonable. continuity, we will then determine whether, those duties are customarily required of other individuals engaged in your usual occupation....

(AR 0165, 0166.)

4 . Dr. Suchard’s records of his March 5, 2012 evaluation, his March 26, 2012 "Supplemental agree panel QME Report,” and the new lumbar spine x-ray all were provided to Unum prior to its initial determination of Backman’s claim on April 18, 2012. (AR 0471 [note showing entry date for Suchard’s records was April 11, 2012].)

5 . Backman participated in physical therapy, as prescribed by Dr. Hunstock, from August 28, 2012, to October 5, 2012. (AR 1110, 1112, 1114, 1116, 1118, 1122, 1124, 1126/ 1129, 1132, 1134, 1138.)

6 . The intervertebral foramina are openings present between every pair of vertebrae in the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine. A number of structures pass through the foramina including the root of each spinal nerve, dorsal root ganglion, the spinal artery of the segmental artery, communicating veins, recurrent meningeal (sinu-vertebral) nerves, and trans-foraminal ligaments. See https://en.Wikipedia. org/wiki/IntervertebraLforamina, last visited June 7, 2016.

7 . Spondylolisthesis is the forward displacement of a vertebra, https://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Spondylolisthesis, last visited June 7, 2016.

8 . Unum’s notes and letters regarding denial of benefits repeatedly focus on the fact that Backman took a vacation to the Bahamas in March 2013, which Unum's consultants interpreted as meaning she was not as limited as she stated. (AR 1232, 1968, 1979, 1981, 2127.) Taking a vacation—particularly when Backman reported that it was a "mistake" and caused a flare up that required an injection of pain medicine in April 2013 (AR 2003, 2004)—is not enough, by itself, to warrant a finding that Backman was no longer disabled.

9 . There was also objective evidence of a positive "straight leg test” and MRI results indi- ■ eating “mild foraminal encroachment on the right” at L3-4 per 4/13/14 in MRI, broad based disc bulges at Ll-2, L2-3, L3-4, and L4-5, and "a grade 1 spondylolisthesis at L3-4.” (AR 0273, 2099.)

10 . Because Unum had been unable to do so, Baekman obtained and submitted to Unum a copy of the SSA file in January 2014. (AR 1357,1360 et seq.)