FILED United States Court of Appeals PUBLISH Tenth Circuit
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS December 22, 2020 Christopher M. Wolpert FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT Clerk of Court _________________________________
LARRY BACA,
Petitioner,
v. No. 19-9536 (MSPB No. DE-0752-19-0022-I-1) DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY, (Merits Systems Protection Board)
Respondent.
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MERIT SYSTEMS PROTECTION BOARD,
Intervenor. _________________________________
ORDER _________________________________
Before BACHARACH, SEYMOUR, and McHUGH, Circuit Judges. _________________________________
This matter is before us on Petitioner’s Petition for Rehearing En Banc or Panel
Rehearing. Petitioner’s request for panel rehearing is granted in part to the extent of the
modifications in the attached revised opinion. The court’s September 2, 2020 opinion is
withdrawn and replaced by the attached revised opinion, which shall be filed as of
today’s date. Because the panel’s decision to partially grant rehearing resulted in only non-substantive changes to the opinion that do not affect the outcome of this appeal,
Petitioner may not file a second or successive rehearing petition. See 10th Cir. R. 40.3.
The rehearing petition and the attached revised opinion were transmitted to all
non-recused judges of the court who are in regular active service. As no judge requested
that the court be polled, the request for rehearing en banc is denied. See Fed. R. App. P.
35(f).
Entered for the Court
CHRISTOPHER M. WOLPERT, Clerk
2 FILED United States Court of Appeals Tenth Circuit PUBLISH December 22, 2020 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Christopher M. Wolpert TENTH CIRCUIT Clerk of Court
Petitioner, v. No. 19-9536 DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY,
--------------------------------------
Intervenor.
PETITION FOR REVIEW FROM AN ORDER OF THE MERIT SYSTEMS PROTECTION BOARD (No. DE-0752-19-0022-I-1)
Andrew B. Indahl, Altura Law Firm, Albuquerque, New Mexico for Petitioner. Domenique Kirchner, Senior Trial Counsel, Commercial Litigation Branch, Civil Division, Department of Justice (Joseph H. Hunt, Assistant Attorney General; Robert E. Kirschman, Jr., Director, United States Department of Justice, Civil Division, National Courts Section; Elizabeth M. Hosford, Assistant Director, United States Department of Justice, Civil Division, National Courts Section, with her on the brief), Washington, D.C., for Respondent. Tristan L. Leavitt, General Counsel; Katherine M. Smith, Deputy General Counsel; Stephen Fung, Attorney, Office of the General Counsel, Merit Systems Protection Board, Washington, D.C, for Intervenor.
Before BACHARACH, SEYMOUR, and MCHUGH, Circuit Judges.
SEYMOUR, Circuit Judge.
On September 18, 2018, Mr. Larry Baca was removed from his position in the
Directorate of Public Works at the U.S. Army White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico.
Mr. Baca sought review of this decision by the Merit Systems Protection Board (MSPB),
asserting three affirmative defenses to his removal. The MSPB rejected all of Mr. Baca’s
defenses and affirmed his removal. He appeals only the MSPB’s determination with
respect to one of his affirmative defenses, that his firing was unlawful retaliation for
whistleblowing in violation of the Whistleblower Protection Act (WPA), 5 U.S.C.
§ 2302(b). We hold that we have jurisdiction over this issue, and we affirm.
I. Background In October 2017, Mr. Baca was hired by the U.S. Army White Sands Missile Range
in New Mexico as a Supervisory Engineer, GS-13, and Chief of the Operations and
Maintenance Division in the Directorate of Public Works. In July 2018, Mr. Baca received
a notice of proposed removal that charged him with: (1) conduct unbecoming a federal
employee; (2) interfering with an agency investigation; (3) abusive, offensive,
2 disgraceful or inflammatory language; and (4) lack of candor. Mr. Baca submitted a
written response to his notice of removal stating that every charge was a “False
Utterance.” Admin. R., vol. I at 185–89. Mr. Baca was removed from his position on
September 18, 2018.
He appealed his removal to the Merit Systems Protection Board (MSPB). An
administrative judge (AJ) adjudicated the appeal in an initial decision and determined that
two of the charges were established and warranted removal. Admin. R., vol. II at 694,
723, 736. That decision became the final decision of the MSPB after neither party
petitioned for further review.1 We review the details of each of the charges in order to
provide context and then we turn to Mr. Baca’s affirmative defenses.
A. Charge 1: Conduct Unbecoming a Federal Employee
The AJ sustained the charge of conduct unbecoming a federal employee based on
several specifications of misbehavior by Mr. Baca. First, Mr. Baca was accused by five
colleagues of showing them pornography at work. The AJ determined that Mr. Baca had
shown colleagues pornography on his cellphone on multiple occasions and had threatened
two colleagues with repercussions if they told anyone about the pornography he showed
them.
1 A decision becomes final 35 days after issuance if neither the employee nor agency petitions for review by the full three-member board in Washington, D.C. 5 C.F.R. §§ 1201.111, 1201.113–14.
3 In addition, at least two of Mr. Baca’s female colleagues reported that he had made
unwanted romantic advances and inappropriate comments toward them. In one instance,
Mr. Baca told Robin Pritchett he liked her and asked her to go dancing with him,
continuing his advances despite her repeated refusals. Based upon his conduct, Ms.
Pritchett filed an EEO sexual harassment complaint against Mr. Baca in March 2018. In
May 2018, Mr. Baca filed an EEO sexual harassment complaint accusing Ms. Pritchett of
making unwanted romantic advances toward him. In his written response to the removal
charges and at his hearing before the MSPB, however, Mr. Baca did not mention his EEO
complaint against Ms. Pritchett but instead simply denied Ms. Pritchett’s accusations.
After an evidentiary hearing, the AJ found that Mr. Baca had made unwelcome
romantic advances toward two female colleagues and that his denials were not credible.
Regarding the incident with Ms. Pritchett, the AJ noted it was “inherently improbable that,
if there were any truth to [Mr. Baca’s] accusation that Pritchett was the one sexually
harassing him, [he] did not raise that claim either in his written response to the proposal to
remove him or at the Board’s hearing.” Id. at 706. Based upon these findings and others,
the AJ sustained charge one for conduct unbecoming a federal employee.
B. Charge 2: Interfering with an agency investigation
The charge of interfering with an agency investigation was based upon a single
specification that on March 8, 2018, Mr. Baca attempted to intimidate his colleague, Bill
Huls, in order to secure a written statement that Ms. Pritchett battered another coworker,
Gus Alvidrez. Another Army employee, Cecilia Montoya, testified that she overheard Mr.
4 Baca pressuring Mr. Huls for almost three hours to write a statement. Notably, she had
written a contemporaneous email to Ms. Pritchett describing what she overheard. The AJ
credited Ms. Montoya’s testimony and found that Mr. Baca had tried to intimidate Mr.
Huls into providing information on behalf of Mr. Alvidrez. But the AJ did not sustain this
charge because there was insufficient evidence that the attempt to intimidate Mr. Huls
interfered with a government investigation.
C. Charge 3: Abusive, Offensive, Disgraceful or Inflammatory Language
Mr. Baca was charged with using abusive, offensive, disgraceful or inflammatory
language during several incidences in which he used derogatory terms to refer to his
colleagues. Based upon the testimony of his coworkers, the AJ found that four of the five
specifications were established, including several incidences of Mr. Baca using derogatory
Spanish terms to refer to his colleagues.
D. Charge 4: Lack of Candor
The agency charged Mr. Baca with lack of candor based upon his statement to an
investigator that his “daily interaction with Robin Pritchett and other subordinates [was]
always extremely professional.” Admin. R., vol. I at 15. The charge asserted that Mr.
Baca misstated his interaction with Ms. Pritchett because he “had in fact previously
sexually harassed Ms. Pritchett, spoken unprofessionally towards other women . . . and
created a hostile work environment.” Id. The AJ found that the charge was not
established because the question posed to Mr. Baca about his relationship with Ms.
5 Pritchett was “extremely generalized.” Admin. R., vol. II at 723. The AJ reasoned that
the charge was “akin to a criminal prosecutor hearing a defendant state under oath that he
is ‘innocent,’ and adding a perjury charge.” Id.
E. Affirmative Defenses
In addition to denying the charges against him, Mr. Baca raised several affirmative
defenses. He originally asserted that his removal was retaliation for his refusal to follow
two unlawful orders by his superior to sign off on an expensive janitorial contract. Mr.
Baca subsequently amended his affirmative defenses, claiming that his removal was
reprisal for (1) a whistleblower disclosure against Ms. Pritchett; (2) two whistleblower
disclosures of “gross mismanagement” related to a janitorial contract; and (3) an EEO
discrimination complaint. Aple. App, vol. I at 445–49. The AJ concluded that Mr. Baca
failed to establish any of his affirmative defenses. The MSPB’s decision became final on
April 4, 2019, after neither party petitioned for administrative review.
Mr. Baca appeals only the Board’s decision with respect to one affirmative defense:
that his removal was a reprisal for whistleblowing against Ms. Pritchett. The facts relevant
to this defense pertain to a meeting that took place on March 7, 2018. All parties agreed
that Ms. Pritchett, Mr. Huls, and Mr. Baca were together in Ms. Pritchett’s office for a
meeting when Mr. Alvidrez entered Ms. Pritchett’s office. She became angry, asked Mr.
Alvidrez to leave, and the door slammed shut behind him. Mr. Baca claimed that he heard
the doorknob strike Mr. Alvidrez in the back, that he immediately told Ms. Pritchett she
had hit Mr. Alvidrez with the door, that Mr. Huls agreed with him, and that Mr. Baca
6 then ended the meeting. The Army denied that Mr. Baca witnessed the doorknob hitting
Mr. Alvidrez and also denied Mr. Baca’s assertion that he stopped the meeting after
accusing Ms. Pritchett of striking Mr. Alvidrez.
The following day, Mr. Baca asked Mr. Huls to provide a written statement about
what he had observed during the meeting. The Army asserted that Mr. Baca was
attempting to intimidate and pressure Mr. Huls into providing a statement to support Mr.
Baca’s version of the meeting. Mr. Huls refused Mr. Baca’s request to provide a
statement on March 8th but did provide one on March 16th at the request of his
supervisor. With respect to Ms. Pritchett shutting the door when Mr. Alvidrez left the
meeting, Mr. Huls’ statement said:
Ms. Pritchett was right there by the door when Mr. Alvidrez turned around to leave. Ms. Pritchett did grab the door and shut it. It might have slammed shut but that door had a broken door closure and it wouldn’t take much for it to sound like it was slammed shut, so I can’t really confirm that it was slammed.
Id. at 239. An AR 15-6 investigation was conducted into the alleged assault and it
concluded that Ms. Pritchett had not struck Mr. Alvidrez with the doorknob.
II. Jurisdiction We must address two jurisdictional questions of first impression that are presented
in this case: (1) whether this court has jurisdiction to review a whistleblower retaliation
claim brought before the MSPB as an affirmative defense to an employment action, and
(2) whether we have jurisdiction over a case raising both discrimination and whistleblower
7 retaliation defenses before the MSPB where the discrimination claim has been waived on
appeal.2 Both questions are straightforward and easily resolved.
The Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit generally has jurisdiction over final
decisions by the MSPB, 5 U.S.C. § 7703(b)(1)(A), with two exceptions. First, an appeal
that also challenges an adverse employment action based upon a claim of prohibited
discrimination (termed a “mixed case”) must be appealed to the appropriate federal district
court. See Perry v. MSPB, 137 S. Ct. 1975, 1988 (2017)).3 Second, a petition for judicial
review of:
[A] final order or final decision of the [MSPB] that raises no challenge to the Board’s disposition of allegations of a prohibited personnel practice described in [5 U.S.C.] section 2302(b) other than practices described in section 2302(b)(8), or 2302(b)(9)(A)(i), (B), (C) or (D) shall be filed in the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit or any court of appeals of competent jurisdiction.
5 U.S.C. § 7703(b)(1)(B) (emphasis added).4
2 The MSPB joined as an intervenor and provided separate briefing in support of this court’s jurisdiction to review the case. 3 A “mixed case” or “mixed claim” raises “a personnel action serious enough to appeal to the MSPB and alleges that the action was based on discrimination.” Perry, 137 S. Ct. at 1981 (quoting Kloeckner v. Solis, 568 U.S. 41, 44 (2012)); see also 29 C.F.R. § 1614.302(a)(2). 4 Previously, petitions for review of final decisions by the MSPB were exclusively reviewed by the Federal Circuit. See Avilés v. MSPB, 799 F.3d 457, 459 (5th Cir. 2015). The WPEA extended judicial review of final MSPB in whistleblower cases. See Pub. L. No. 112-199, 126 Stat. 1469 codified at 5. U.S.C. § 7703(b)(1)(B). Initially set to sunset after two years and then extended another three years, see Pub. L. No. 113-170, the jurisdictional expansion was permanently authorized in 2018 by the All Circuit Review Act. Pub. L. No. 115-195, 132 Stat. 1510 (2018).
8 A. Retaliation Claim as Affirmative Defense
There are two ways whistleblower retaliation claims arise before the MSPB: (1) a
stand-alone claim under 5 U.S.C. § 1221 as an individual right of action; or (2) as an
affirmative defense to an adverse employment action over which the MSPB has
jurisdiction under 5 U.S.C. § 7513. In Mottas v. Dep’t of Army, 720 Fed. App’x 912, 913
(10th Cir. 2017), we exercised jurisdiction to review an MSPB decision on a direct
individual whistleblower action filed under 5 U.S.C. § 1221.5 But we have not had
occasion to exercise jurisdiction over an appeal from a final decision of the MSPB which
includes a whistleblower claim raised as an affirmative defense. Notably, however, the
WPEA’s grant of jurisdiction under 5 U.S.C. § 7703(b)(1)(B) does not differentiate
between whistleblower actions raised as direct claims and those raised as affirmative
defenses but simply refers to “a petition for review.” See 5 U.S.C. § 7703(b)(1)(B), supra
at 8–9. Under the plain language of that statute, therefore, we have jurisdiction over
appeals from final MSPB decisions on whistleblower claims where the claims arise either
directly or as affirmative defenses.
B. Waiver of Employment Discrimination Claim
As we have noted, Mr. Baca originally challenged his removal as retaliation for
5 For jurisdiction, we relied in Mottas on the 2012 version of the WPEA. See 720 F. App’x at 912 n.1. The language of that statute is equivalent to the current language of § 7703(b)(1)(B), which permanently grants jurisdiction to “any court of appeals of competent jurisdiction.” See Pub. L. No. 115-195, 132 Stat. 1510 (2018).
9 three whistleblower disclosures and for his filing of an EEO discrimination complaint,
making his claim a “mixed case.” Aple. App, vol. I at 445–49. The Code of Federal
Regulations explains that an aggrieved employee “may obtain judicial review as provided
by 5 U.S.C. § 7703” where the employee “elects to waive the discrimination issue” on
appeal. 5 C.F.R. §§ 1201.120 & 1201.157. Because Mr. Baca filed an explicit waiver of
his discrimination claim and only appeals the denial of one of his other affirmative
defenses, we have jurisdiction under § 7703 to review this case.
III. Discussion
We must affirm the decision of the MSPB unless it is (1) “arbitrary, capricious, an
abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law; (2) obtained without
procedures required by law, rule or regulation having been followed; or (3) unsupported
by substantial evidence.” 5 U.S.C. § 7703(c). “The board abuses its discretion when it
rests its decision on factual findings unsupported by substantial evidence.” Kirkendall v.
Dep’t of Army, 573 F.3d 1318, 1321 (Fed. Cir. 2009).
Mr. Baca claims that his removal was in retaliation for his protected disclosure to
his supervisor, Jose Gallegos, that he witnessed Ms. Pritchett slam her office door into Mr.
Alvidrez’s back and injure him. An agency may not remove an employee for
whistleblowing, 5 U.S.C. § 2302(b)(8), which is a protected disclosure by a government
employee who “reasonably believes that the disclosure evidences any violation of any
10 law, rule, or regulation, gross mismanagement, a gross waste of funds, an abuse of
authority, or a substantial and specific danger to public health or safety.” 5 C.F.R.
§ 1209.4(b). When asserting a whistleblower reprisal claim, the employee bears the prima
facie burden of establishing that he made a protected disclosure and that it “was a
contributing factor in the personnel action.” 5 U.S.C. § 1221(e)(1); see also Marano v.
Dep’t of Justice, 2 F.3d 1137, 1140 (Fed. Cir. 1993) (explaining that the WPA requires
“evidence only that [a whistleblower’s] protected disclosure played a role in, or was ‘a
contributing factor’ to, the personnel action taken”).
The final decision of the MSPB denied Mr. Baca’s whistleblower reprisal claim
based upon its finding that he did not reasonably believe his disclosure evidenced a
violation. Mr. Baca challenges the Board’s ruling as arbitrary, capricious, and contrary to
law, claiming that it ignored his primary theory of relief, applied the wrong legal standard,
and ignored evidence that supported his reasonable belief that Ms. Pritchett battered Mr.
Alvidrez.
A. Lawful Assistance Under 5 U.S.C. § 2302(b)(9)(B)
Mr. Baca first contends the AJ “completely ignored” his primary theory that he
sought a statement from Mr. Huls in order to assist Mr. Alvidrez in exercising his right to
disclose the alleged assault. Aplt. Br. at 12. “Testifying for or otherwise lawfully
assisting any individual in the exercise” of the right to an appeal, complaint, or grievance
granted by law is protected under the Whistleblower Protection Act. 5 U.S.C.
§ 2302(b)(9)(B). Mr. Baca cites Whitmore v. Dep’t of Labor, 680 F.3d 1353, 1368 (Fed.
11 Cir. 2012), for the principle that “[i]t is error for the MSPB to not evaluate all the pertinent
evidence in determining whether an element of a claim or defense has been proven
adequately.” We agree that the MSPB must consider all pertinent evidence, but it need not
discuss each piece of evidence in its decision. Lowder v. Dep’t of Homeland Sec., 504
F.3d 1378, 1383 (Fed. Cir. 2007). “The failure to discuss particular contentions in a
case . . . does not mean that the [MSPB] did not consider them in reaching its decision.”
Id. Accordingly, we will not presume that the AJ ignored evidence which is not explicitly
referenced in the decision.
Here, the AJ credited the sworn statements of both Ms. Montoya and Mr. Huls.
Ms. Montoya overheard the interaction between Mr. Huls and Mr. Baca and provided a
sworn written statement that Mr. Baca spent “easily 3 hours intimidating [Mr. Huls] into
writing a statement about what happened that morning in [Ms.Pritchett’s] Office.”
Admin. R., vol. I at 45. Her statement is consistent with a contemporaneous email she
sent to Ms. Pritchett in which she said she could overhear Mr. Baca “hammering [Mr.
Huls] about this statement since about 0730,” “telling [Mr. Huls] to ‘tell the story in his
statement’ . . . [and] ‘paint the picture,’” and also explaining that she heard Mr. Huls
respond to Mr. Baca, “I’m not putting all that in my statement.” Id. at 463. In Mr. Huls’
written statement, he explained that he felt “uncomfortable” when Mr. Baca asked him to
provide a statement about the incident. Id. at 38. He also said that “Mr. Baca’s
conversational interactions within the Division with personnel at times, gave me the
12 impression of intimidation and perhaps humiliation.” Id. He reiterated this position in his
oral testimony before the AJ:
[Mr. Baca] would bring people in, he would talk to them, it was almost like an interrogation and . . . I thought that was very unprofessional . . . it was very intimidating . . . having all those people standing around, people [who] had no business being there.
Aple. Supp. App. at 104–05. In considering Mr. Baca’s claim that he was not trying to
intimidate Mr. Huls, the AJ cited Ms. Montoya’s sworn statement and found it
“implausible given Montoya’s undisputed testimony that [Mr. Baca] was in Huls’ office
pushing him for almost three hours,” Admin. R., vol. II at 717, and given the
corroborating evidence from Mr. Huls’ statement and Ms. Montoya’s email.
Attempting to intimidate a witness into providing a false statement is not protected
conduct under the WPA. The Act protects an employee from adverse personnel actions
for “testifying for or otherwise lawfully assisting” another in exercising their right as a
whistleblower. 5 U.S.C. § 2302(b)(9)(B) (emphasis added). After reviewing the sworn
statements and hearing the testimony, the AJ found that Mr. Baca spent three hours
“trying to intimidate” Mr. Huls into providing a statement on behalf of Mr. Alvidrez.
Admin. R., vol. II at 718.
Mr. Baca argues that as a supervisor of Mr. Alvidrez, he was required by Army and
DoD policy to investigate and report on incidences of workplace violence.6 The Army
6 Mr. Baca cites an Army Instruction, which provides that: “[e]mployees will immediately notify their supervisor . . . of a job-related . . . injury. If the immediate supervisor or CDSO is not available, notify the next person in the supervisory chain,” and
13 asserts that Mr. Baca waived this argument by not previously citing either the Army
policy notice or DoD instruction. Generally, courts will not consider an issue on appeal if
it was not raised before the administrative court. Sistek v. Dep’t of Veterans Affairs, 955
F.3d 948, 953 n.1 (Fed. Cir. 2020) (concluding “argument is forfeited for failure to present
it to the Administrative Judge in the first instance”). However, we do allow a party to
provide “new legal authority [on appeal] for the position that he . . . advanced [below].”
Schulenberg v. BNSF Railway Co., 911 F.3d 1276, 1286 n.4 (10th Cir. 2018) (citation
omitted). Here, Mr. Baca’s citations to the Army and DoD policies constitute new legal
authority in support of his claim of lawful assistance rather than a new theory of relief. He
cites these policies to support his argument that Mr. Alvidrez had a right to file a
complaint and that he had a duty to investigate Mr. Alvidrez’s complaint.
Notably, however, Department of Defense (DoD) policies governing workplace
conduct also clearly state that “[v]iolence, threats, harassment, intimidation, and other
disruptive behavior will not be tolerated in the workplace,” and that employees who
engage in these practices will be subject to disciplinary actions including removal. DoD
Instruction No. 1438.06 (3) (emphasis added). While Mr. Baca is correct that providing
lawful assistance is a protected activity under § 2303(b)(9)(B), attempting to intimidate
that “[s]upervisors will investigate and report, as soon as practical after notification, any unplanned event that results in . . . injury to on-duty Department of the Army (DA) Civilian personnel.” Army HQDA Policy Notice 385-3, effective 12 October 2017, Section 11(b)(1) & (c)(1)(a).
14 Mr. Huls in order to secure a statement in support of Mr. Alvidrez violated DoD policy
and did not constitute lawful assistance. Cf. Gunderson v. BNSF Railway Co., 850 F.3d
962, 969–70 (8th Cir. 2017) (holding that a railroad union president’s actions went beyond
the bounds of protected union activity and warranted “adverse action for violating
workplace rules” where the union president harassed and intimidated witnesses during an
investigation).
In sum, although Mr. Baca may have had a duty to investigate and Mr. Alvidrez
may have had a right to report any injury, Mr. Baca’s attempt to intimidate Mr. Huls is not
protected conduct. After a review of the record, we are not persuaded by Mr. Baca’s
claim that the Board failed to consider his theory that he sought a statement from Mr. Huls
in order to assist Mr. Alvidrez in exercising his right to disclose an alleged assault by Ms.
Pritchett. Rather, the AJ credited other employees who saw or overheard the incident and
contradicted Mr. Baca.
B. Substantial Evidence Under 5 U.S.C. § 7703(c)(3)
Next, Mr. Baca contends the AJ’s determination was not supported by substantial
evidence because the record included facts known to Mr. Baca which support a reasonable
belief that a violation occurred, including corroborative evidence. We review the factual
findings of the agency to ensure they are supported by “substantial evidence,” 5 U.S.C.
§ 7703(c)(3), and we will only reverse if the agency’s factual determinations are not
supported by “such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to
support a conclusion.” NLRB v. U.S. Postal Service, 486 F.3d 683, 687 (10th Cir. 2007).
15 Moreover, we have consistently deferred to the credibility determinations of the fact
finder because “he or she is uniquely able to observe the demeanor . . . of the claimant in a
direct and unmediated fashion.” White v. Barnhart, 287 F.3d 903, 910 (10th Cir. 2001);
see also Laborers’ Int’l Union of N. Am. v. NLRB, 594 F.3d 732, 740 (10th Cir. 2010).
To be entitled to protection under the WPA, an employee must “reasonably
believe[]” that his/her disclosure relates to “(i) any violation of any law, rule, or
regulation, or (ii) gross mismanagement, a gross waste of funds, an abuse of authority, or
a substantial and specific danger to public health or safety.” 5 U.S.C. § 2302(b)(8)
(emphasis added). To assess whether the employee had a reasonable belief, the AJ must
determine “whether a disinterested observer with knowledge of the essential facts known
to and readily ascertainable by the employee . . . could reasonably conclude” the alleged
misconduct took place. 5 U.S.C. § 302(b)(14)(ii); see, e.g., Kahn v. Dep’t of Justice, 618
F.3d 1306, 1313 (Fed. Cir. 2010). Applying this standard,7 the AJ considered the
testimony of everyone who witnessed the incident. As the AJ explained:
7 Mr. Baca contends the AJ applied the wrong standard in determining that he did not prove his affirmative defense and “required Mr. Baca to show that his accusations were true” rather than applying the reasonable belief standard. Aplt. Br. at 15 (emphasis in original). An AJ is not required to presume a whistleblower’s testimony is credible in assessing his reasonable belief but instead must assess it from the vantage point of a disinterested observer and weigh contradictory evidence. See 5 U.S.C. § 2302(b)(14)(ii); see also Frederick v. Dep’t of Justice, 73 F.3d 349, 352 (Fed. Cir. 1996). The AJ here did not require Mr. Baca to prove that Ms. Pritchett battered Mr. Alvidrez. Instead, he properly assessed whether there was sufficient, credible evidence to support a reasonable belief that the battery occurred and found the evidence lacking. Admin. R., vol. II at 724– 28.
16 I find no dispute that on March 7, 2018, Pritchett, Huls, and the appellant were in Pritchett’s office for a meeting, and when Alvidrez came into her office, Pritchett became angry, told Alvidrez to leave, and closed the door in a manner that the door slammed behind Alvidrez. Beyond that, the witnesses’ accounts diverge.
Admin. R., vol. II at 725. As a part of the May 2018 agency investigation, both Ms.
Pritchett and Mr. Huls provided written statements contradicting Mr. Baca’s claim that he
witnessed the door hit Mr. Alvidrez. Admin. R., vol. I at 38–40, 62–65. The AJ noted
that Mr. Huls’ statement on March 16, 2018, was “entirely inconsistent” with Mr. Baca’s
testimony. Admin. R., vol. II at 726; see also Admin. R., vol. I at 239–40. In addition,
Ms. Pritchett testified that she had a “little window” on her door through which she could
see that Mr. Alvidrez was no longer in front of the door when she shut it. Aple. Supp.
App. at 82. Reviewing all of the evidence, the AJ determined that Mr. Baca’s testimony
was not credible.8
Mr. Baca also maintains that instead of applying the reasonable belief standard, the AJ incorrectly relied on the factors specified in Hillen v. Dep’t of Army, 35 M.S.P.R. 453 (M.S.P.B. 1987), to assess which “set of competing disputed facts [was] true.” Aplt. Br. at 13. We are not persuaded. Hillen sets out the “general internal procedural requirements that the MSPB has established for its adjudicative processes” in order to resolve issues of credibility. Haebe v. Dep’t of Justice, 288 F.3d 1288, 1301–02 n.32 (Fed. Cir. 2002). An AJ’s determination as to the credibility of a whistleblower, however, is relevant to the reasonable belief assessment. Kahn, 618 F.3d at 1313; see also Horton v. Dep’t of Navy, 66 F.3d 279, 283 (Fed. Cir. 1995) (“credibility is indeed relevant in determining [the whistleblower’s] reasonable belief”), superseded by statute on other grounds see Armstrong v. The Arcanum Group, Inc., 897 F.3d 1283, 1287 (10th Cir. 2018). 8 The AJ’s determination is also supported by testimony from Jason Benjamin, who worked across the hall from Ms. Pritchett’s office. He testified that he could clearly see Mr. Alvidrez from the hallway and that he heard Ms. Pritchett’s “door slam, total slam,
17 The AJ provided three additional reasons for his determination that Mr. Baca’s
version of events was not believable. First, Mr. Baca’s claim that the door hit Mr.
Alvidrez during the meeting was implausible because he could not have seen the door hit
Mr. Alvidrez from his location in Ms. Pritchett’s office. In addition, Mr. Alvidrez
testified that he walked away and did not return to alert anyone he had been struck by the
door. Aple. Supp. App. at 397. Second, the AJ found implausible Mr. Baca’s claim that
he immediately accused Ms. Pritchett of battery, that Mr. Huls agreed with his accusation,
and that Mr. Baca then stopped the meeting because his version of events was not
corroborated by either Ms. Pritchett or Mr. Huls. Third, noting that Mr. Baca had
previously accused another colleague of assaulting Mr. Alvidrez, the AJ found it
implausible Mr. Baca would “repeatedly witness the same employee get physically
attacked or threatened.” Admin. R., vol. II at 727. Any remaining doubt the AJ had as to
whether Mr. Baca could have twice observed Mr. Alvidrez being attacked by a colleague
was eliminated by Mr. Baca’s attempt to intimidate Mr. Huls into providing a statement
on March 8th. Accordingly, Mr. Baca’s testimony did not provide credible “essential
facts” on which a disinterested observer could rely. 5 U.S.C. §2302(14)(b)(ii). For all
these reasons, the AJ provided more than sufficient support for the conclusion that a
disinterested observer could not have reasonably concluded Ms. Pritchett battered Mr.
[the door] didn’t touch [Mr. Alvidrez] . . . [who] had already taken four or five steps away from the door.” Aple. Supp. App. at 25–26.
18 With virtually no citations to the record, Mr. Baca also contends the AJ “ignored
and failed to address a mountain of evidence” including the testimony of Mr. Alvidrez as
well as medical records that allegedly corroborate his testimony. Aplt. Br. at 17. An AJ is
required to decide whether a whistleblower had a reasonable belief based upon the facts
“known to [or] readily ascertainable by” the whistleblower. 5 U.S.C. § 2302(b)(14)(ii).
Thus, Mr. Alvidrez’s testimony and subsequent medical records are only relevant to Mr.
Baca’s reasonable belief if they were “known to [or] readily ascertainable by” Mr. Baca at
the time of his March 8th disclosure. See id.; see also Webb v. Dep’t of Interior, 122
M.S.P.R. 248, 255 (2015) (Under the statute, “the test is whether the appellant had a
reasonable belief that he was disclosing a violation of law, rule, or regulation at the time he
made the disclosure, not in light of events or conversations occurring thereafter.”); El v.
Dep’t of Commerce, 123 M.S.P.R. 76, 89 n. 11 (2015)(same), aff’d, 663 Fed. Appx. 921
(Fed. Cir. 2016) (unpublished): White v. Dep’t of Air Force, 391 F.3d 1377, 1384 (Fed.
Cir. 2004) (whether asserted whistleblower had a reasonable belief is determined “at the
time of his disclosure”).
Mr. Baca failed to introduce credible evidence to establish the relevance of Mr.
Alvidrez’s testimony or medical records. While Mr. Baca testified that immediately after
the incident he received an email from Mr. Alvidrez “saying he was going to the McAfee
Clinic . . . [and] that he was going to the Department, the Director of Emergency Services
to report the incident,” Aple. Supp. App. at 205, the AJ determined Mr. Baca was not
credible. Indeed, Mr. Baca’s testimony is contradicted by Mr. Alvidrez, who testified that
19 he sent an email to Mr. Baca and Mr. Gallegos after returning from the McAfee Clinic.
He testified the email said that he “was going home because [he] had a lower-back
injury,” without mentioning that he had gone to the medical clinic or that the injury was
Ms. Pritchett’s fault. Id. at 400–01. The email is not included in the record and the record
does not otherwise contain any evidence that Mr. Alvidrez communicated to Mr. Baca,
prior to Mr. Baca’s disclosure, that he suffered an assault or sought medical treatment.
Based upon the evidence included in the agency record, the AJ focused his assessment on
Mr. Baca’s claim that he witnessed the events inside Ms. Pritchett’s office and correctly
disregarded Mr. Alvidrez’s testimony and the medical evidence as irrelevant to assessing
Mr. Baca’s reasonable belief at the time of his disclosure.
Because we affirm the AJ’s finding that Mr. Baca did not make a protected
disclosure under 5 U.S.C. § 2302(b)(8), we need not address the remainder of Mr. Baca’s
arguments that he is entitled to relief under the WPA. The decision of the MSPB is
AFFIRMED.