COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Chief Judge Felton, Judges Benton and Petty Argued at Richmond, Virginia
BABETTE C. WHITNEY MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY v. Record No. 2192-06-2 JUDGE JAMES W. BENTON, JR. MAY 15, 2007 CHRISTOPHER J.R. WHITNEY
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF HANOVER COUNTY John Richard Alderman, Judge
Donald K. Butler (ButlerCook, L.L.P., on briefs), for appellant.
Terrence R. Batzli (Tracy H. Spencer; Batzli Wood & Stiles, PC, on brief), for appellee.
This matter arises from an action to enforce the parties’ separation agreement. Babette
Whitney contends the trial judge erred in refusing to award her judgment interest on unpaid
expenses and in refusing to order reimbursement for certain other expenses. Christopher Whitney
contends the trial judge erred by refusing to grant him credit against his financial obligation to his
wife for mortgage payments he made pursuant to a pendente lite order. We reverse the trial judge’s
rulings limiting judgment interest and payment of accounting fees, and we affirm the judge’s denial
of the wife’s request for reimbursement for other expenses and denial of the husband’s request for
credit for his mortgage payments.
I.
The parties married December 29, 1971 and separated February 14, 1997. Six months
before their separation, they entered into an “Agreement and Stipulation” to determine matters
* Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. “both now and in the future, concerning custody, visitation, support, spousal support, equitable
distribution and attorney’s fees and costs.” Section 4 of the Agreement, which contained several
handwritten interlineations, provides, in part, as follows:
(a) Husband agrees that he will pay child support under the guidelines then in effect in the Commonwealth of Virginia.
(b) Husband further agrees that he will maintain hospitalization insurance for Wife and children and will pay all medical, dental and psychological expenses not covered by said insurance.
(c) Husband agrees that he will pay all school and college tuition, book fees and living expenses for the children.
(d) In the event the parties separate, . . . Husband shall pay to Wife spousal support & child support in an amount to be no less than Thirty Five Hundred Dollars per month beginning the month that the parties separate.
* * * * * * *
(f) Husband & Wife agree that in the event of failure of the reconciliation and separation of the parties he will pay all attorneys’ fees and costs incurred as a result of the separation and subsequent divorce.
During the divorce litigation, the trial judge entered a pendente lite order, requiring the
husband to pay child and spousal support and to make mortgage payments on the marital home.
On December 16, 1998, the trial judge entered a decree granting the parties a divorce, ordering
spousal support, child support and custody, and remanding to a commissioner in chancery issues
concerning interpretation of the Agreement.
Following an evidentiary hearing, the commissioner in chancery ruled the Agreement
was unambiguous, found the wife incurred legal fees in the amount of $62,390.36 and
accounting expenses in the amount of $30,258.90, and the commissioner ruled those fees and
expenses were reasonable. In his report, which was filed April 17, 2000, the commissioner
ordered the husband to pay both amounts within thirty days of the filing of the report. On
August 22, 2000, the trial judge entered two orders: one confirmed the commissioner’s report -2- and also affirmed, ratified and incorporated by reference the Agreement into the final decree; the
other “ordered that the amount of attorney’s fees . . . is fixed as of June 30, 2000 in the amount
of $67,640.36.”
The husband appealed to this Court from the trial judge’s order confirming the
commissioner’s report and affirming the Agreement. In an unpublished opinion, Whitney v.
Whitney, Record No. 2267-00-2 (Va. Ct. App. Oct. 2, 2001), we affirmed the judgment order,
and we held the record supported the trial judge’s order confirming the commissioner’s report
and incorporating the Agreement into the divorce decree.
Several months after we issued the opinion, the wife filed in the trial court a motion to
enforce the prior orders. She alleged the husband had failed to pay expenses in compliance with
the terms of the Agreement, failed to pay attorney’s fees and costs, and failed to reimburse her
for other expenses. Prior to the evidentiary hearing, the trial judge ordered the husband to pay to
the wife within forty-five days the attorney’s fees and accounting fees assessed by the
commissioner on April 17, 2000 and confirmed by the trial judge’s August 22, 2000 orders.
At the evidentiary hearing, both parties presented witnesses and exhibits on the issues of
the wife’s fees, costs, and expenses. The trial judge ruled the husband and the wife were equally
responsible for the fees of the accountant who documented the wife’s expenses at the evidentiary
hearing; the husband was to reimburse the wife $1,276 for the unpaid balance owed for
attorney’s fees under the August 22, 2000 order; the husband was responsible to reimburse the
wife for various other specified expenses; the husband was not responsible for tutoring expenses
incurred for the benefit of a child at the Sylvan Learning Center; and the husband was not
responsible for expenses incurred by the wife for “health food supplements, vitamins, or
over-the-counter additives.” The judge’s order also denied the husband’s request for credit for
mortgage payments required of him by the pendente lite order and denied the wife’s request for
-3- “interest on attorney’s fees, medical expenses, educational expenses, and health insurance
expenses.” The order further provided that “interest on the sums [ordered to be paid] herein shall
accrue at the judgment rate, as provided for in Virginia Code Section 6.1-330.54, commencing
ninety (90) days from the date of this order, unless sooner paid.”
II.
The wife contends the trial judge erred in (1) ruling she was not entitled to interest on
unpaid accounting fees and attorney’s fees assessed by the orders entered in 2000; (2) failing to
award her judgment interest on unpaid medical expenses, health expenses, school expenses, and
other expenses in the nature of child and spousal support; (3) refusing to award reimbursement
for expenses incurred by their child at the Sylvan Learning Center; (4) failing to order the
husband reimburse her for certain “health care expenses”; and (5) failing to require the husband
pay all the accounting expenses she incurred in connection with the hearing.
Judgment Interest on Attorney’s Fees and Expert’s Fees
The trial judge specifically denied the wife’s motion for interest on the attorney’s fees
and expert’s fees awarded in 2000. Citing Code § 8.01-382, wife argues that the two August 22,
2000 orders, granting fees for her expert and attorney, entitled her to receive interest at the
judgment rate from the date of entry through the date of payment. Husband contends the orders
do not constitute money judgments. He argues the order does not permit interest because the
trial judge declared only that the fee amount was “fixed” and struck the “judgment language”
from the order. He further argues that Code § 20-107.3(D), which provides that monetary
awards “shall constitute a judgment,” implies attorney fee awards entered in divorce proceedings
are not judgments.
By statute, “a decree or order requiring the payment of money, shall have the effect of a
judgment for such . . . money, and be embraced by the word ‘judgment.’” Code § 8.01-426; see
-4- e.g. Bennett v. Commonwealth, 15 Va. App. 135, 141, 422 S.E.2d 458, 462 (1992) (holding that
“a spousal support order is . . . an order requiring the payment of money and is a judgment
embraced within the provisions of Code § 8.01-426”). Another statute expressly mandates that if
a judgment “does not provide for interest, the judgment or decree awarded . . . shall bear interest
at the judgment rate of interest as provided for in [Code] § 6.1-330.54 from the date of entry.”
Code § 8.01-382.
The orders entered by the trial judge on August 22, 2000 required the husband to pay
expenses pursuant to the parties’ Agreement. One order confirmed the commissioner’s report,
which required the husband to pay for the accounting fees “the sum of $30,258.90 within thirty
(30) days of the date of the filing of this Report” and to “pay all attorney’s fees . . . within thirty
(30) days of the date of the filing of this Report.” The other order was styled “Order for
Judgment” and “[o]rdered that the amount of attorney’s fees . . . is fixed as of June 30, 2000 in
the amount of $67,640.36.” Although the trial judge deleted the words “judgment is hereby
entered” from the body of the latter order and inserted “the amount of attorney’s fees . . . is
fixed,” the combined effect of the orders required the payment of expert’s fees and attorney’s
fees. Simply put, the orders required the payment of money assessed against the husband as an
obligation under the Agreement; they constitute, therefore, enforceable money judgments. See
American Standard Homes Corp. v. Reinecke, 245 Va. 113, 124, 425 S.E.2d 515, 520 (1993)
(holding, when provided by contract, the trial judge may “enter a money judgment enforcing the
attorney’s fees commitments as legal claims ex contractu”).
The accrual of post-judgment interest is mandatory. Dairyland Insurance Co. v. Douthat,
248 Va. 627, 631-32, 449 S.E.2d 799, 801 (1994). The Supreme Court held in Dairyland that
“postjudgment interest is not an element of damages, but is a statutory award for delay in the
payment of money actually due.” 248 Va. at 632, 449 S.E.2d at 801. We hold, therefore, that
-5- the trial judge erred in ruling the wife was not entitled to post-judgment interest on the judgments
for fees awarded to the wife by the orders entered in 2000.
Delay of Judgment Interest
The trial judge limited the interest due on other expenses owed to the wife by ruling that
“interest on the sums set forth [in the order] shall accrue at the judgment rate, as provided in
[Code §] 6.1-330.54 commencing ninety (90) days from the date of this order, unless sooner paid
by the [husband].” The wife argues the trial judge had no authority to postpone the accrual of
post-judgment interest. The husband argues the trial judge did not abuse his discretion.
The statute specifically provides that a “judgment . . . shall bear interest . . . from the date
of entry.” Code § 8.01-382 (emphasis added). Under this statute, the trial judge did not have the
authority to delay the accrual of post-judgment interest involving moneys owed under the
parties’ contract. Although the husband argues Code § 20-107.3(D) supports the judge’s ruling,
this case is distinguished from the trial judge’s discretionary authority in matters of equitable
distribution. Code § 20-107.3(D) provides, in part, that “[a]n award entered pursuant to this
subsection shall constitute a judgment within the meaning of [Code] § 8.01-426 and . . . [t]he
provisions of [Code] § 8.01-382, relating to interest on judgments shall apply unless the court
orders otherwise.” In other words, Code § 20-107.3(D) explicitly grants the trial judge
discretionary authority regarding post-judgment interest where the judge grants a “monetary
award” in the course of the equitable distribution of marital property. See Ragsdale v. Ragsdale,
30 Va. App. 283, 293, 516 S.E.2d 698, 703 (1999) (holding the wife not entitled to post-decree
interest where the order instructed the husband to make equitable distribution payment within
thirty days of entry of order and the record contained no proof husband did not comply with
order).
-6- The present matter, however, does not involve the granting of a monetary award under
the equitable distribution statute. This is a contract dispute about support obligations. Thus, the
trial judge lacked the authority to postpone the accrual of interest and to decree that the wife was
not entitled to post-judgment interest in accordance with Code § 8.01-382. See Dairyland, 248
Va. at 632, 449 S.E.2d at 802 (holding “the duty to pay postjudgment interest is an extra-
contractual obligation that is imposed as a statutory penalty for failure to pay a liquidated debt
when due”). To the extent the trial judge postponed the accrual of post-judgment interest for
ninety days on moneys he ordered the husband to pay the wife, we hold the postponement was
error.
Interest for Other Expenses Ordered by the Decree
The trial judge ruled in his order “that the [wife’s] request for interest on attorney’s fees,
medical expenses, educational expenses, and health insurance expenses, is denied for the reasons
noted by the Court.” The judge’s letter opinion is the only place in the record disclosing his
reasons. There, he ruled that the husband “will not be charged interest on this award if he pays
within ninety days from the date the order is signed” and further that interest will accrue after
that time as provided in Code § 6.1-330.54.
Wife argues the “other expenses” the trial judge ordered the husband to pay are in the
nature of child and spousal support and, by statute, interest on these expenses accrued from the
date they became due until the date of payment. The husband responds that the “provision for
medical expenses and educational expenses are not necessarily support provisions.” He also
argues Code § 8.01-382 does not apply because the “the trial court specifically stated that there
was no interest to be charged.”
Paragraph 4 of the Agreement contains separate subparagraphs addressing child support,
spousal support, medical and health insurance expenses, education expenses, costs, and
-7- attorney’s fees. The Agreement was affirmed, ratified, and incorporated into the final decree of
divorce. The final decree also expressly ordered the husband to pay $646 monthly as child
support; to “maintain hospital and medical insurance on both children”; and to pay the wife
“$3000 per month . . . as spousal support.” In addition, the final decree contained statutory
notice pursuant to Code § 20-60.3 concerning support payments.
Subsection 12 of Code § 20-60.3 provides “the support obligation as it becomes due and
unpaid creates a judgment by operation of law.” The statute expressly includes both child
support and spousal support payments in this category. Because health care coverage is required
in an order for support, see Code § 20-60.3(2); Zubricki v. Motter, 12 Va. App. 999, 1002, 406
S.E.2d 672, 674 (1991), expenses related to health care coverage are “in the nature of child and
spousal support.” The husband had an obligation to pay support, including health insurance
expenses, when due, and his failure to do so created a judgment by operation of law. See e.g.,
Mackie v. Hill, 16 Va. App. 229, 232-33, 429 S.E.2d 37, 39 (1993) (holding that “[b]y
incorporating the [separation] agreement, the divorce decree satisfied the requirements of Code
§ 20-60.3”). Wife is entitled to interest on the judgment for those support payments as provided
by statute. See Dairyland, 248 Va. at 631, 449 S.E.2d at 801.
The other expenses provided for in the Agreement, however, are not support-related
expenses because the language of the Agreement indicates the parties regarded these expenses as
distinct from support.1 Cf. Smith v. Smith, 18 Va. App. 427, 435, 444 S.E.2d 269, 275 (1994)
(holding the child support statutory scheme implies educational expenses are included in the
presumptive amount of child support calculated under the Code). Because the other expenses are
not in the nature of support as contemplated by the Agreement, the wife was not entitled to
1 The other expense obligations the husband was ordered to pay included reimbursement to the wife for commissioner’s fees, accounting fees, court reporter fees, and other expenses of litigation. -8- interest on these payments prior to entry of the August 15, 2006 order. Moreover, to the extent
wife argues the trial judge erred in failing to award prejudgment interest, we hold the trial judge
acted within his discretion. See Ragsdale, 30 Va. App. at 292, 516 S.E.2d at 702 (holding that
under Code § 8.01-382 an award of prejudgment interest is within the sound discretion of the
trial judge).
Sylvan Learning Center Expenses
The wife contends she is entitled to reimbursement for expenses incurred for tutoring
services to bring the parties’ minor child “up to grade level.” She argues the language of the
Agreement is “broad enough to cover [these] expenses.” The husband argues the services were
“not part of the school’s program” and, therefore not “school expenses” as contemplated by the
Agreement.
The Agreement provides that the “Husband agrees that he will pay all school and college
tuition, book fees and living expenses for the children.” At the evidentiary hearing, the wife
testified the child’s school recommended the child receive services from Sylvan Learning Center
because she was “found to be behind . . . in all her classes.” In his opinion letter, the trial judge
explained that this expense was “neither college [n]or school tuition, nor a book fee, it is not
covered by the [Agreement].” Thus, the order ruled the husband was “not responsible for the
expenses incurred . . . with the Sylvan Learning Center.”
“Where the agreement is plain and unambiguous in its terms, the rights of the parties are
to be determined from the terms of the agreement and the court may not impose an obligation not
found in the agreement itself.” Jones v. Jones, 19 Va. App. 265, 268-69, 450 S.E.2d 762, 764
(1994). The plain language of the agreement requires the husband to pay all school tuition, not,
as wife argues, all school expenses. Cf. Douglas v. Hammet, 28 Va. App. 517, 524, 507 S.E.2d
98, 101 (1998) (holding the phrase, “expenses for college education,” in parties’ separation
-9- agreement included “tuition, room, board, books, fees, clothing, allowances and incidentals”).
The trial judge’s decision about the nature of the expense was a factual determination that was
not plainly wrong. We hold, therefore, the evidence supports the trial judge’s ruling applying the
terms of the Agreement to this expense.
Over-the-Counter Medication Expenses
The wife contends the trial judge improperly excluded from reimbursement her “health
food supplements, vitamins, or other over-the-counter additives” by using an “overly strict”
interpretation of the word “medical.”
The Agreement requires the husband to “pay all medical . . . expenses not covered by the
[wife’s medical] insurance.” At the hearing, the wife submitted as evidence a document titled
“Miscellaneous Medical Expenses,” and she testified the document included descriptions of
purchases of over-the-counter calcium and other supplements likewise available over-the-
counter. The trial judge ruled that “[a]ny bills in this category that are doctor’s bills or represent
prescriptions administered by doctors are payable under the Agreement. Any expense for a
health food supplement, vitamin, or other non-doctor prescribed additive is not covered under the
Agreement.”
When the terms of an Agreement are clear and unambiguous, judges are required to give
those terms their plain meanings. Plunkett v. Plunkett, 271 Va. 162, 167, 624 S.E.2d 39, 42
(2006). “[W]ords the parties use are normally given their ‘usual, ordinary, and popular
meaning.’” Douglas, 28 Va. App. at 525, 507 S.E.2d at 102 (quoting D.C. McClain, Inc. v.
Arlington County, 249 Va. 131, 135, 452 S.E.2d 659, 662 (1995)). The question of which
expenses were reimbursable as medical expenses was a factual matter for the trial judge to
- 10 - determine. See id. The trial judge did not err in ruling the expenditures for over-the-counter
vitamins and supplements were not “medical expenses” as contemplated by the terms of the
Fees for the Accountant
The wife contends the trial judge erred in ruling the husband was responsible for only
one-half the accounting fees owed to Stephens & Associates. She argues the accounting services
were related to enforcing the terms of the Agreement and were necessary to satisfy the “strict
proof” demanded by the husband for her claimed expenses. The husband argues the wife chose
to hire the accounting firm to provide a summary of her expenses and the documents produced
did not require an accounting background.
The wife testified she hired the accountant to prepare an exhibit of the expenses because
she received no response from the husband when she sent him a request for reimbursements and
later received a letter from his attorney asking for verifications. The accountant testified he
examined the expenses and receipts and prepared an exhibit categorizing the various expenses
according to the Agreement. He testified he sent a draft of the exhibit to the husband’s attorney
and was later informed “full documentation” was needed. The accountant then prepared the
exhibit showing payments and receipts.
The Agreement provides the husband is to “pay all attorneys’ fees and costs incurred as a
result of the separation and subsequent divorce.” The judge explained that because the husband
“demand[ed] strict proof thereof, I guess you have to expect the sort of strict proof that you get.”
He ruled, however, “that Mr. Stephens’s engagement resulting in this hearing today is one that
ought to be a mutual expense, both of them ought to bear it.”
The record reflects, and the husband does not contest, that the wife’s action to enforce the
Agreement is a “result of” the divorce. The judge did not rule this was an unnecessary expense.
- 11 - Indeed, in his explanation the judge implicitly ruled the wife’s engagement of the accountant’s
services was a reasonable response to the husband’s demand for “strict proof.” The judge’s
refusal to award the full expense is unexplained and is inconsistent with the express terms of the
parties’ Agreement. “A court is not at liberty to rewrite a contract simply because the contract
may appear to reach an unfair result.” Rogers v. Yourshaw, 18 Va. App. 816, 823, 448 S.E.2d
884, 888 (1994) (citations omitted). Under the terms of the Agreement, the expense of the
enforcement must be borne by the husband. We hold, therefore, the trial judge erred in failing to
assign to the husband the totality of the expenses related to preparing the exhibit in response to
the husband’s demand for strict proof.
III.
The husband contends the trial judge erred in refusing to grant him credit against his
financial obligations to the wife for mortgage payments he made pursuant to a pendente lite
order. He argues the pendente lite order required him to make the mortgage payments in the
absence of such a provision in the Agreement; therefore, he argues he is entitled to a credit for
payments erroneously ordered by the pendente lite order. The wife responds that the husband’s
failure to raise this issue in the first appeal of this case bars his claim. We agree the claim is now
barred.
The husband appealed from entry of the final decree in 2000 and contested the validity of
the Agreement. The husband did not challenge in that appeal the pendente lite order or the trial
judge’s authority to order mortgage payments where the Agreement did not so provide. We
affirmed the final decree on that appeal.
This current proceeding was brought by the wife to enforce the final decree. Denying the
husband’s request for credit for the mortgage payments made pursuant to the pendente lite order,
the judge explained he “was not required to use the Agreement as a basis for a Pendente Lite
- 12 - award. This being the rule of the case, this court may not grant a credit for what the award
required [the husband] to pay.” We hold the trial judge did not err in refusing to grant the credit
the husband requested.
“Under [the] law of the case doctrine, a legal decision made at one [stage] of the litigation, unchallenged in a subsequent appeal when the opportunity to do so existed becomes the law of the case for future stages of the same litigation, and the parties are deemed to have waived the right to challenge that decision at a later time.”
Kondaurov v. Kerdasha, 271 Va. 646, 658, 629 S.E.2d 181, 188 (2006) (citation omitted).
Because the husband did not raise this issue in the appeal from the final decree, it is now the law
of the case and governs these proceedings. Id.; see also Searles v. Gordon, 156 Va. 289, 294,
157 S.E. 759, 761 (1931) (holding the failure to raise a trial objection at two earlier appeals acts
as a bar under “res judicata, or as has been sometimes said more accurately perhaps, that decree
has become the law of the case”). Therefore, we hold the trial judge did not err in refusing to
grant credit to the husband for mortgage payments made pursuant to the pendente lite order.
IV.
In summary, the trial judge erred in refusing to grant the wife post-judgment interest on
her monetary judgments and postponing the accrual of post-judgment interest for ninety days.
The trial judge also erred in refusing to order the husband to reimburse the wife for expenses
incurred by the accountant in compiling the expense exhibit for use in the proceeding to enforce
the Agreement. The trial judge did not err in refusing to award to the wife reimbursement for
tutoring and vitamin expenses not contemplated by the Agreement and did not err in finding the
husband was not entitled to a credit for mortgage payments made pursuant to the pendente lite
order.
Affirmed, in part, reversed, in part, and remanded.
- 13 -