DECISION AND ORDER
VICTOR MARRERO, District Judge.
Appellant Automodular Corporation (“Automodular”) appealed, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 158(a)(1), from an order dated March 3, 2008 (the “Bankruptcy Order”) of the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of New York (the “Bankruptcy Court”) which denied Auto-modular’s motion to compel assumption or rejection of executory contracts and to allow and direct payment of certain administrative expense claims as against appellee Delphi Corporation (“Delphi”). For the reasons set forth below, the Bankruptcy Order is AFFIRMED.
I.
BACKGROUND
Automodular is in the business of sub-assembling and sequencing automotive modules, which are delivered to the original equipment manufacturers (the “OEM”) on a just-in-time basis. Automodular receives directions only from the OEM’s final assembly plants, regardless of whether Auto-modular is under contract to the OEM or a Tier 1 supplier to the OEM. Delphi is a Tier 1 supplier to the OEM.
Automodular entered into various requirements contracts with Delphi through its subsidiary Delphi Automotive Systems LLC (“DAS”). In the instant matter, Delphi and Automodular entered into a series of purchase orders beginning in June 2004, which obligated Delphi to purchase and Automodular to provide all of Delphi’s requirements for a particular automobile part at the Lordstown, Ohio location (the “Lordstown Contract”). Similarly, Delphi and Automodular entered an agreement in June 2005, which obligated Delphi to purchase and Automodular to provide all of Delphi’s requirements for a particular automobile part at the Oshawa, Ontario location (the “Oshawa Contract”) (collectively, the Lordstown and Oshawa Contracts are
referred to here as the “Contracts”). The Contracts incorporated Delphi’s General Terms and Conditions (the “Terms”). Pursuant to the Terms, the buyer could require Automodular to implement changes to the specifications or design of the goods or to the scope of any services covered by the Contracts. General Motors Corporation (“GM”), the relevant OEM in the instant matter, informed Automodular that it needed fewer components and directed Automodular to, among other requirements, reduce shifts, change the assembly line speed, and change the length of workers’ shifts (the “Delphi Changes”). As a result of the Delphi Changes, Auto-modular requested from Delphi a price increase per unit assembled because Auto-modular believed that such an increase was warranted pursuant to the Terms’s change-in-seope provision. Delphi, however, refused to negotiate any price increase. The Bankruptcy Order denied Automodu-lar’s motion seeking payment of an administrative expense claim in the amount of the requested price increase. Automodu-lar has appealed the Bankruptcy Order to this Court.
II.
DISCUSSION
A.
STANDARD OF APPELLATE REVIEW
The Bankruptcy Court’s findings of fact are subject to the clearly erroneous standard, and its conclusions of law are reviewed de novo.
See In re Yohannes,
No. 06 Civ. 461, 2007 WL 2034301, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. July 17, 2007) (citations and quotation marks omitted). In reviewing a lower court’s contract interpretation, a de novo standard is used when the contract at issue is unambiguous, but a clearly erroneous standard is employed only where a court is reviewing an ambiguous agreement.
See Hatalmud v. Spellings,
505 F.3d 139, 145-46 (2d Cir.2007);
see also In re Chateaugay Corp.,
156 B.R. 391, 404-05 (S.D.N.Y.1993). Finally, the Bankruptcy Court’s evidentiary rulings are subject to an abuse of discretion standard of review.
See General Elec. Co. v. Joiner,
522 U.S. 136, 142-43, 118 S.Ct. 512, 139 L.Ed.2d 508 (1997).
B.
APPLICATION
After reviewing the relevant record and the parties’ submissions, the Court affirms the Bankruptcy Order for substantially the reasons set forth by the Bankruptcy Court.
When interpreting the Contracts under Michigan law
, the Court must look to the parties’ intent as expressed by the words in the agreement, and where the words used are clear and unambiguous, the Court “does not have a right to make a different contract for the parties or to look to extrinsic testimony to determine their intent.”
UAW-GM Human Res. Ctr. v. KSL Recreation Corp.,
228 Mich.App. 486, 579 N.W.2d 411, 414 (Mich.App.1998) (citations and quotation marks omitted).
In the instant matter, it was the clear intent of the parties to enter into requirement contracts. In a requirement contract, the parties’ do not fix a quantity term, but instead, the quantity will be the buyer’s needs of the specific commodity over the contract’s life.
See J & B Sausage Co. v. Department of Mgmt. & Budget,
No. 259230, 2007 WL 28409, at *3 (Mich.Ct.App. Jan. 4, 2007). Specifically, this intent is demonstrated by language in the Contracts requiring Automodular to supply 100 percent of Delphi’s particular subassembly needs, typically at a fixed price. Because the Contracts are requirement contracts, Delphi cannot generally be
held liable under the Contracts for mere reductions in volume unless Delphi acted with bad faith. Automodular has not alleged that Delphi acted with bad faith in reducing its requirements, and the record clearly demonstrates that Delphi’s reduced requirements were a result of GM’s lowered demand, not bad faith on the part of Delphi.
Automodular counters that, although the Contracts may have been requirements contracts, it is entitled to an increase in price because the Delphi Changes altered the scope of services and were not merely reductions in requirements. Section 3 of the Terms states that:
Buyer may at any time require [Auto-modular] to implement changes to the specifications or design of the goods or to the scope of any services or work covered by this Contract, including work related to inspection, testing or quality control.... Buyer will equitably determine any adjustment in price or delivery schedules resulting from such changes....
(The Terms § 3, attached as Ex. K to Automodular’s Supplemental App.) Auto-modular argues that by requiring the Delphi Changes, Delphi effectively altered the scope of the services or work covered by the Terms and that, pursuant to § 3 of the Terms, Automodular is entitled to a price adjustment. However, when the entirety of the Terms are reviewed, particularly §§ 2.5, 2.7, and 29, it is clear that the parties did not intend for alterations such as the Delphi Changes to constitute changes to the “scope of any services or work covered” by the Terms.
(Id.)
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
DECISION AND ORDER
VICTOR MARRERO, District Judge.
Appellant Automodular Corporation (“Automodular”) appealed, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 158(a)(1), from an order dated March 3, 2008 (the “Bankruptcy Order”) of the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of New York (the “Bankruptcy Court”) which denied Auto-modular’s motion to compel assumption or rejection of executory contracts and to allow and direct payment of certain administrative expense claims as against appellee Delphi Corporation (“Delphi”). For the reasons set forth below, the Bankruptcy Order is AFFIRMED.
I.
BACKGROUND
Automodular is in the business of sub-assembling and sequencing automotive modules, which are delivered to the original equipment manufacturers (the “OEM”) on a just-in-time basis. Automodular receives directions only from the OEM’s final assembly plants, regardless of whether Auto-modular is under contract to the OEM or a Tier 1 supplier to the OEM. Delphi is a Tier 1 supplier to the OEM.
Automodular entered into various requirements contracts with Delphi through its subsidiary Delphi Automotive Systems LLC (“DAS”). In the instant matter, Delphi and Automodular entered into a series of purchase orders beginning in June 2004, which obligated Delphi to purchase and Automodular to provide all of Delphi’s requirements for a particular automobile part at the Lordstown, Ohio location (the “Lordstown Contract”). Similarly, Delphi and Automodular entered an agreement in June 2005, which obligated Delphi to purchase and Automodular to provide all of Delphi’s requirements for a particular automobile part at the Oshawa, Ontario location (the “Oshawa Contract”) (collectively, the Lordstown and Oshawa Contracts are
referred to here as the “Contracts”). The Contracts incorporated Delphi’s General Terms and Conditions (the “Terms”). Pursuant to the Terms, the buyer could require Automodular to implement changes to the specifications or design of the goods or to the scope of any services covered by the Contracts. General Motors Corporation (“GM”), the relevant OEM in the instant matter, informed Automodular that it needed fewer components and directed Automodular to, among other requirements, reduce shifts, change the assembly line speed, and change the length of workers’ shifts (the “Delphi Changes”). As a result of the Delphi Changes, Auto-modular requested from Delphi a price increase per unit assembled because Auto-modular believed that such an increase was warranted pursuant to the Terms’s change-in-seope provision. Delphi, however, refused to negotiate any price increase. The Bankruptcy Order denied Automodu-lar’s motion seeking payment of an administrative expense claim in the amount of the requested price increase. Automodu-lar has appealed the Bankruptcy Order to this Court.
II.
DISCUSSION
A.
STANDARD OF APPELLATE REVIEW
The Bankruptcy Court’s findings of fact are subject to the clearly erroneous standard, and its conclusions of law are reviewed de novo.
See In re Yohannes,
No. 06 Civ. 461, 2007 WL 2034301, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. July 17, 2007) (citations and quotation marks omitted). In reviewing a lower court’s contract interpretation, a de novo standard is used when the contract at issue is unambiguous, but a clearly erroneous standard is employed only where a court is reviewing an ambiguous agreement.
See Hatalmud v. Spellings,
505 F.3d 139, 145-46 (2d Cir.2007);
see also In re Chateaugay Corp.,
156 B.R. 391, 404-05 (S.D.N.Y.1993). Finally, the Bankruptcy Court’s evidentiary rulings are subject to an abuse of discretion standard of review.
See General Elec. Co. v. Joiner,
522 U.S. 136, 142-43, 118 S.Ct. 512, 139 L.Ed.2d 508 (1997).
B.
APPLICATION
After reviewing the relevant record and the parties’ submissions, the Court affirms the Bankruptcy Order for substantially the reasons set forth by the Bankruptcy Court.
When interpreting the Contracts under Michigan law
, the Court must look to the parties’ intent as expressed by the words in the agreement, and where the words used are clear and unambiguous, the Court “does not have a right to make a different contract for the parties or to look to extrinsic testimony to determine their intent.”
UAW-GM Human Res. Ctr. v. KSL Recreation Corp.,
228 Mich.App. 486, 579 N.W.2d 411, 414 (Mich.App.1998) (citations and quotation marks omitted).
In the instant matter, it was the clear intent of the parties to enter into requirement contracts. In a requirement contract, the parties’ do not fix a quantity term, but instead, the quantity will be the buyer’s needs of the specific commodity over the contract’s life.
See J & B Sausage Co. v. Department of Mgmt. & Budget,
No. 259230, 2007 WL 28409, at *3 (Mich.Ct.App. Jan. 4, 2007). Specifically, this intent is demonstrated by language in the Contracts requiring Automodular to supply 100 percent of Delphi’s particular subassembly needs, typically at a fixed price. Because the Contracts are requirement contracts, Delphi cannot generally be
held liable under the Contracts for mere reductions in volume unless Delphi acted with bad faith. Automodular has not alleged that Delphi acted with bad faith in reducing its requirements, and the record clearly demonstrates that Delphi’s reduced requirements were a result of GM’s lowered demand, not bad faith on the part of Delphi.
Automodular counters that, although the Contracts may have been requirements contracts, it is entitled to an increase in price because the Delphi Changes altered the scope of services and were not merely reductions in requirements. Section 3 of the Terms states that:
Buyer may at any time require [Auto-modular] to implement changes to the specifications or design of the goods or to the scope of any services or work covered by this Contract, including work related to inspection, testing or quality control.... Buyer will equitably determine any adjustment in price or delivery schedules resulting from such changes....
(The Terms § 3, attached as Ex. K to Automodular’s Supplemental App.) Auto-modular argues that by requiring the Delphi Changes, Delphi effectively altered the scope of the services or work covered by the Terms and that, pursuant to § 3 of the Terms, Automodular is entitled to a price adjustment. However, when the entirety of the Terms are reviewed, particularly §§ 2.5, 2.7, and 29, it is clear that the parties did not intend for alterations such as the Delphi Changes to constitute changes to the “scope of any services or work covered” by the Terms.
(Id.)
Section 2.5 states in relevant part that “[d]eliveries will be made in the quantities, on the dates, and at the times specified by Buyer in this Contract or any subsequent releases or instructions Buyer issues under this Contract,” and that “[i]f the requirements of Buyer’s customers or market, economic or other conditions require changes in delivery schedules, Buyer may change the rate of scheduled shipments or direct temporary suspension of scheduled shipments without entitling [Automodular] to a price adjustment or other compensation.”
(Id.
§ 2.5.) This provision demonstrates the intent of the parties to allow the buyer to effectively control the timing and quantity of deliveries without entitling Automodular to an adjustment in price.
Section 2.7 states that:
Buyer may provide [Automodular] with estimates, forecasts or projections of its future anticipated volume or quantity requirements for goods. [Automodular] acknowledges that any such forecasts are provided for informational purposes only and, like any other forward looking projections, are based on a number of economic and business factors, variables and assumptions, some or all of which may change over time. Buyer makes no representation, warranty, guaranty or commitment of any kind or nature, express or implied, regarding any such forecasts provided to [Automodular], including with respect to the accuracy or completeness of such forecasts.
(Id.
§ 2.7.) In the Court’s reading, this provision unambiguously demonstrates the intent of parties not to enter into any commitments based on forecasts.
Section 29, the integration provision, states that the Terms, which the Contracts expressly incorporate, “constitutes the entire agreement between [Automodular] and Buyer” and “supersedes all prior oral or written representations and agreements.”
(Id.
§ 29.)
Taking into account the entirety of the Terms, the Court does not find the scope change language in § 3 of the Terms to be ambiguous, and thus, the Bankruptcy
Court properly excluded extrinsic evidence when determining the parties’ intent. The express language in the Terms clearly demonstrates that the parties entered into requirement contracts, which did not allow for adjustments to price terms based on reductions in requirements. The Court finds that the Bankruptcy Order properly concluded that the Delphi Changes constituted a reduction in requirements, not changes in the scope of the services or work covered by the Terms, and as such, Automodular is not entitled to a price adjustment pursuant to the Terms. Accordingly, the Court affirms the Bankruptcy Order for substantially the reasons set forth by the Bankruptcy Court.
III.
ORDER
Accordingly, it is hereby
ORDERED that the Order of the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of New York dated March 3, 2008, from which Appellant Automodular Corporation appealed in this action (Docket No. 1), is AFFIRMED.
The Clerk of Court is directed to withdraw any pending motions and to close this case.
SO ORDERED.