TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN
NO. 03-09-00454-CV
Austin Brice, Appellant
v.
Stephen Hanna and The Other Place, L.L.C., Appellees
FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF COMAL COUNTY, 274TH JUDICIAL DISTRICT
NO. C2005-0408C, HONORABLE CHARLES R. RAMSAY, JUDGE PRESIDING
M E M O R A N D U M O P I N I O N
Appellant Austin Brice appeals from the trial court’s orders granting summary
judgment in favor of appellees Stephen Hanna and The Other Place, LLC (“TOP”) in Brice’s suit
for false imprisonment and malicious prosecution in connection with his arrest for public
intoxication. We reverse the orders granting summary judgment and remand for further proceedings.
BACKGROUND
On the evening of Brice’s arrest, Hanna, an officer with the New Braunfels Police
Department, was working off-duty as a security officer for TOP, a condominium complex on the
Comal River. Brice was staying at his parents’ condominium in a nearby complex, Camp Warnecke
Estates, which shares a common entry street with TOP.
The facts surrounding the arrest are largely disputed. According to Brice, he was
studying in his parents’ condominium when, shortly after midnight, he decided to take a break and
go for a swim in the Comal River. As he was walking from Camp Warnecke Estates to the river,
he observed a man standing with a woman on the riverbank and shouting. Brice then jumped into
the river and swam for a few minutes before heading back in the direction of his parents’
condominium. When he reached the top of the stairs, a few feet away from the condominium, Hanna
approached him and asked if he liked to scream. Brice responded that he had not been screaming,
but Hanna began to lecture him, stating that Brice “was a smart ass, that [he] had no sense, that [he]
was a liar and that [his] whole family was stupid except for [his] younger brother.”
Hanna then
informed Brice that he could have arrested him a few weeks earlier, referencing a prior incident in
which Hanna had observed Brice in the hot tub of another nearby condominium complex with some
other individuals who were either totally or partially nude.
Brice further alleges that Hanna informed him that if he stepped out of his
condominium after consuming any alcoholic beverages, Hanna could arrest him for public
intoxication. Brice responded that he had consumed two beers earlier in the day, but had not had any
alcoholic beverages for several hours. According to Brice, he offered to take a blood or breath test
to verify that he was not intoxicated, but Hanna refused to allow him to do so. Hanna then told Brice
that he would arrest him if he came outside at night again, to which Brice responded that Hanna
should go ahead and arrest him, as he planned to be out at night in the future. Hanna arrested Brice,
handcuffed him, put him in his car, and drove back to TOP, where they waited until New Braunfels
police officers arrived and took Brice to the police station. Brice claims that he asked Hanna several
times if he could change out of his wet bathing suit into dry clothes, but that Hanna refused to allow
him to do so. Brice then spent the night in jail and was bailed out the next morning. According to
Brice, the criminal proceeding arising from his arrest was dismissed prior to trial.
Hanna’s version of the facts differs significantly from the facts alleged by Brice.
According to Hanna, he was working security at TOP when, at approximately 1:00 a.m., he heard
shouting and yelling coming from the area of the Comal River. In investigating the disturbance,
Hanna approached Brice, whom he recognized from the prior hot tub incident. Hanna and Brice then
had a conversation regarding Brice’s level of intoxication, during which Brice stated that he had
consumed two beers and taunted Hanna to arrest him. Hanna claims that he detected a strong odor
of alcoholic beverages on Brice’s breath and observed that Brice had slurred speech and bloodshot
eyes. When Brice indicated that he intended to continue swimming in the river, Hanna arrested him
for public intoxication.
Brice filed suit against Hanna and TOP for false imprisonment and malicious
prosecution. After a hearing, the trial court granted summary judgment in favor of both Hanna and
TOP. This appeal followed. Brice’s four issues on appeal can be summarized as two complaints
that (1) summary judgment was improper on the basis of the affirmative defense of official immunity
and (2) summary judgment was improper on the claim for false imprisonment because Hanna and
TOP have not conclusively negated any element of that cause of action.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
Summary judgments are reviewed de novo. Valence Operating Co. v. Dorsett,
164 S.W.3d 656, 661 (Tex. 2005). To prevail on a motion for summary judgment, the movant must
show that there is no issue of material fact and that it is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. TX
Far West, Ltd. v. Texas Invs. Mgmt., Inc., 127 S.W.3d 295, 301 (Tex. App.—Austin 2004, no pet.).
Evidence favorable to the non-movant is taken as true and every reasonable inference must be
indulged in favor of the non-movant and any doubts resolved in its favor. Id.
DISCUSSIONTOP’s No-Evidence Motion for Summary Judgment
Before addressing Brice’s points of error, we must first clarify the grounds for
summary judgment that are properly before us in this appeal. The record reflects that the
first summary-judgment motion filed in this case was a no-evidence motion filed by TOP on
January 7, 2008. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 166a(i). The certificate of service on this motion reflects an
incorrect address for Brice’s counsel. Brice’s counsel did not file a response to TOP’s no-evidence
motion for summary judgment, and asserts that he was unaware that such a motion existed until he
discovered it in the clerk’s record on appeal.
On November 18, 2008, Hanna filed a traditional motion for summary judgment.
Brice responded to Hanna’s motion on December 11, 2008, and the trial court signed an order
granting the motion on January 9, 2009. On June 4, 2009, TOP filed a second motion for summary
judgment, adopting the arguments made in Hanna’s motion. TOP’s second motion for summary
judgment raised no arguments beyond those asserted in Hanna’s motion and made no mention of its
previously filed no-evidence motion, for which no hearing had been set and no ruling obtained.
Brice filed a response to TOP’s second motion on June 29, 2009, adopting by reference his response
to Hanna’s motion for summary judgment. On July 6, 2009, the trial court signed an order granting
TOP’s motion for summary judgment, without expressly stating which motion was being granted.
The order indicates that only one motion was considered and granted, referring to TOP’s “motion,”
rather than the plural, “motions.” Specifically, the order states, “[TOP’s] Motion for Summary
Judgment has been submitted to and duly considered by the Court. The Court hereby GRANTS
[TOP’s] motion for summary judgment.” At oral argument, there was some disagreement among
the parties as to whether the no-evidence motion was argued at the same hearing as TOP’s second
motion, but Brice has consistently maintained that the no-evidence motion was never heard and that
he never received constructive or actual notice of it prior to this appeal.
On appeal, TOP takes the position that the summary judgment in its favor can be
affirmed based on the lack of evidence that TOP was vicariously liable for Hanna’s actions, a ground
presented in its no-evidence motion. Brice argues that summary judgment cannot be affirmed on any
ground presented solely in TOP’s no-evidence motion because he was not properly served with the
motion and had no notice of it until it appeared in the clerk’s record on appeal. Where, as here, it
appears on the face of the record that notice of a summary-judgment motion was served at the wrong
address, we may conclude that the non-movant was never properly served.
See Rozsa v. Jenkinson,
754 S.W.2d 507, 509 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1988, no writ). Proper notice to the non-movant
is a prerequisite to summary judgment. Id.
According to the trial court’s order, it considered and granted only one of the motions
for summary judgment filed by TOP. This order was issued on July 6, 2009, approximately one
month after TOP had filed its traditional motion for summary judgment and one week after Brice
had filed a response to that motion. TOP’s no-evidence motion, on the other hand, had been pending
for eighteen months by that time, had not been properly served on the opposing party, and had
elicited no response. Because proper notice is a prerequisite to summary judgment, see id., and the
lack of either constructive or actual notice of a summary-judgment motion violates fundamental
requirements of due process, we must presume that the motion referenced in the trial court’s July 6
order granting summary judgment was TOP’s traditional motion, the motion for which Brice had
actual notice. See Peralta v. Heights Med. Ctr., Inc., 485 U.S. 80, 84 (1988) (“[A] judgment entered
without notice of service is constitutionally infirm.”); Tanksley v. CitiCapital Commercial Corp.,
145 S.W.3d 760, 763 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2004, pet. denied) (stating that lack of notice to non-movant of hearing on motion for summary judgment violates non-movant’s due-process rights).
While an appellate court may consider summary-judgment grounds not ruled on by
the trial court in the interest of judicial economy, we decline to do so under the circumstances
presented here, where a no-evidence motion has been filed and the non-movant has not had a proper
opportunity to respond. See Cincinnati Life Ins. Co. v. Cates, 927 S.W.2d 623, 626 (Tex. 1996).
As a result, our review is limited to the grounds for summary judgment presented in Hanna’s
November 2008 motion and adopted by reference in TOP’s June 2009 motion. These motions
sought summary judgment on the grounds that (1) the affirmative defense of official immunity
defeats Brice’s claims of false imprisonment and malicious prosecution, and (2) a necessary element
of Brice’s claim of false imprisonment has been conclusively negated.
Official Immunity
In his first two issues on appeal, Brice argues that Hanna and TOP failed to establish
the affirmative defense of official immunity as a matter of law. Official immunity applies to Hanna’s
actions if they represented (1) discretionary duties, (2) within the scope of his authority as a peace
officer, (3) that were performed in good faith. See Ballantyne v. Champion Builders, Inc.,
144 S.W.3d 417, 424 (Tex. 2004). To be entitled to summary judgment, Hanna and TOP must have
established each of these three elements as a matter of law. See Joe v. Two Thirty Nine Joint
Venture, 145 S.W.3d 150, 162 (Tex. 2004).
In determining whether the element of good faith has been established as a matter of
law, the relevant question is whether a reasonably prudent officer, under the same or similar
circumstances, could have believed his conduct was justified based on the information he possessed
when the conduct occurred. Ballantyne, 144 S.W.3d at 426. To support this element, Hanna relies
on the expert affidavit of Albert Ortiz, a former police chief, who averred that after reading Hanna’s
arrest report and Brice’s deposition testimony, he was of the opinion that “Hanna acted as a
reasonably prudent officer would have acted under the same or similar circumstances,” and that “any
reasonable and prudent law enforcement officer could have taken the same or similar actions that
were presented to Officer Hanna at the time of the incident.”
Our review of the affidavit, however, reflects that Ortiz’s opinion was based on the
facts as presented by Hanna, rather than the significantly different version of the facts presented by
Brice. For example, the affidavit states:
Officer Hanna had probable cause to arrest Mr. Brice for public intoxication once he
observed and could smell the strong odor of intoxicants on the breath of Mr. Brice
along with Officer Hanna’s observation of Mr. Brice’s bloodshot eyes and slurred
speech. Any reasonable law enforcement officer faced with these facts could have
believed that Mr. Brice was intoxicated and in danger if he went back into the river.
Brice, on the other hand, in the affidavit attached to his summary-judgment response, stated that
during his interaction with Hanna, “I was not intoxicated, my eyes were not bloodshot and I had not
slurred any words.” Brice also alleged in his pleadings and stated in his affidavit that he had
requested a blood or breath test to confirm that he was not intoxicated, and that Hanna had refused
these requests. Ortiz’s affidavit does not address the potential actions or beliefs of a reasonable and
prudent police officer under the circumstances as alleged by Brice.
When the expert opinion of another officer is relied upon to establish the element of
good faith as a matter of law, the officer’s affidavit must address disputed facts in the light most
favorable to the suspect. See Adams v. Downey, 124 S.W.3d 769, 775 (Tex. App.—Houston
[1st Dist.] 2003, no pet.) (stating that “an official fails to conclusively establish good faith when the
official’s motion for summary judgment relies on expert affidavits that do not address the facts in
the light most favorable” to non-movant); Kistner v. Pfannstiel, 107 S.W.3d 7, 12-13
(Tex. App.—San Antonio 2002, no pet.) (holding that affidavits based on officers’ version of
disputed facts cannot be dispositive on issue of good faith); City of Houston v. Davis, 57 S.W.3d 4,
7 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2001, no pet.) (determining that good faith had not been
established where expert affidavits were based on officers’ “largely controverted version of the
facts”). Because Ortiz’s affidavit is based solely on Hanna’s accounting of disputed facts, it is
insufficient to establish the element of good faith.
Given the disputed facts involving the interaction between Brice and Hanna on the
night in question and the absence of evidence that a reasonable and prudent officer could have
believed Hanna’s conduct was justified under the circumstances as alleged by Brice, we hold that
a fact issue exists on the issue of good faith, a necessary element of official immunity.
See Kistner,
107 S.W.3d at 11 (holding that summary judgment is improper where “there is contradictory proof
regarding the material facts” on which party bases claim of good faith). As a result, Hanna and TOP
are not entitled to summary judgment on their affirmative defense of official immunity.
False Imprisonment
In addition to the issue of official immunity, Hanna and TOP also sought summary
judgment on the ground that Brice cannot prove all of the elements of his cause of action for false
imprisonment as a matter of law.
The essential elements of false imprisonment are: (1) willful
detention (2) without consent and (3) without authority of law. Sears, Roebuck & Co. v. Castillo,
693 S.W.2d 374, 375 (Tex. 1985). Hanna and TOP assert that the summary-judgment evidence
conclusively negates the necessary element that Brice’s detention was without legal authority. In his
third and fourth issues on appeal, Brice argues that summary judgment cannot be affirmed on this
ground because a fact issue exists as to whether Hanna’s actions were without legal authority.
Where, as here, an arrest is made without a warrant, legal authority for the arrest must
be established by a showing of probable cause. See Wal-Mart Stores v. Odem, 929 S.W.2d 513, 519
(Tex. App.—San Antonio 1996, writ denied) (“Legal authority or legal justification is met either by
the procurement of an arrest warrant or by the showing of existence of probable cause.”). Hanna
takes the position that he was acting with legal authority because he had probable cause to believe
that Brice was committing the offense of public intoxication. See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 49.02
(West Supp. 2010).
A person commits the offense of public intoxication by appearing in a public place
“while intoxicated to the degree that the person may endanger the person or another.” Id. In
reviewing whether Hanna had probable cause to arrest Brice for public intoxication, we must take
as true all evidence favorable to Brice, indulging all reasonable inferences and resolving all doubts
in his favor. See Joe, 145 S.W.3d at 157. Under that standard, we must assume that Brice’s version
of the events as described in his affidavit is true, including the facts that Brice did not have bloodshot
eyes or slurred speech when Hanna approached him, that Hanna refused Brice’s requests to take a
blood or breath test to confirm that he was not intoxicated, and that at the time of his arrest, Brice
was walking back to his parents’ condominium and “was in no way a danger to [him]self or others.”
While Hanna’s incident report indicates that Brice exhibited slurred speech and bloodshot eyes and
smelled of alcoholic beverages, the discrepancy between Hanna’s report and Brice’s affidavit raises
a genuine issue of material fact as to whether there was probable cause to believe Brice was
committing the offense of public intoxication, and by extension, whether Hanna was acting with
legal authority when he arrested Brice. As a result, Hanna and TOP have not conclusively negated
a necessary element of Brice’s cause of action for false imprisonment and are not entitled to
summary judgment on that claim.
CONCLUSION
We reverse the trial court’s orders granting summary judgment in favor of Hanna and
TOP and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
__________________________________________
Diane M. Henson, Justice
Before Chief Justice Jones, Justices Patterson and Henson
Reversed and Remanded
Filed: November 5, 2010