CHASANOW, Judge.
This extremely troubling disciplinary matter reached this Court when the Attorney Grievance Commission (the Commission) filed a petition for disciplinary action against George J. Goldsborough, Jr. alleging violations of the Disciplinary Rules of the Code of Professional Responsibility and the Maryland Rules of Professional Conduct. The petition arose from a complaint filed with the Commission by Catharine Sweitzer, a former client of Goldsborough, as well as from other information the Commission discovered while investigating Sweitzer’s complaint. In accordance with Rule BV9.b. of the Maryland Rules of Procedure, we transmitted the matter to Judge D. William Simpson of the Circuit Court for Wicomico County for a hearing on the charges. The conclusions we reach below are based on Judge Simpson’s findings of fact, which we consider prima facie correct and will not disturb unless they are shown to be clearly erroneous. Attorney Grievance Comm’n v. Powell, 328 Md. 276, 287-88, 614 A.2d 102, 108 (1992); Attorney Grievance Comm’n v. Bakas, 323 Md. 395, 402, 593 A.2d 1087, 1091 (1991); Attorney Grievance Comm’n v. Winters, 309 Md. 658, 665, 526 A.2d 55, 58 (1987).
I. Facts
Catharine Sweitzer retained Mr. Goldsborough to seek recovery for injuries she received in 1978 when she was accidentally shot by a trespassing deer hunter. In connec[348]*348tion with his representation, Goldsborough visited Sweitzer at her home. At one point during the visit, Goldsborough told Sweitzer she was a “bad girl,” pulled her over his knee, and lightly spanked her several times on her buttocks. A second incident occurred in Goldsborough’s Easton office when Sweitzer visited to tell Goldsborough she had become engaged to be married. Goldsborough became upset with Sweitzer because he believed her engagement might make a jury less sympathetic to her injuries, thereby affecting her lawsuit. Again calling her a “bad girl,” he pulled Ms. Sweitzer across his knee and, as before, spanked her lightly several times.
While investigating Sweitzer’s complaint, the Commission’s investigators learned of allegations that Goldsborough had behaved improperly toward at least one other female client, and had also repeatedly spanked a young woman who had been his personal secretary several years earlier. Ultimately, both of these women testified before the Commission’s Inquiry Panel and before Judge Simpson. The client, Peggy Porter, had retained Goldsborough in the summer of 1984 to represent her in a divorce proceeding. At a meeting in Goldsborough’s office in the fall of that year she became emotionally upset and, as she was leaving, Goldsborough put his arm around her and kissed her on the neck and cheek. She pulled back, said “I don’t think you should be doing this,” and left the office. Porter subsequently retained another attorney.
In January 1986, Sandy Schisler, then seventeen years old, applied to Goldsborough’s office for a job as a secretary. She was interviewed once and then called back by Goldsborough for a second interview which took place in Goldsborough’s office at which only she and Goldsborough were present. During this second interview, Goldsborough explained that he intended to teach Schisler to be a good secretary and would accomplish this by disciplining her with spankings. He demonstrated this by placing her over his knee and patting her on the buttocks. Schisler was offered a job and eventually became Goldsborough’s personal secre[349]*349tary.1 Schisler testified that during her employment from January 1986 to November 1987, Goldsborough spanked her approximately once a week. By Schisler’s account, on “more than just a handful” of occasions Goldsborough required her to bare her buttocks for the spankings. She testified that these disciplinary measures were provoked by typing errors she made in Goldsborough’s documents and elementary mistakes that Goldsborough called “no brainers.” Schisler testified that she did not want to be spanked, but felt that Goldsborough was trying to teach her to be a good secretary. When asked if she believed she could lose her job if she did not submit to the spankings, Schisler testified that she thought so, “because I wouldn’t be learning, and I wouldn’t be trying to correct my mistakes.” In November 1987, Goldsborough’s wife heard of the spankings and suggested that Schisler leave her job. Mrs. Golds-borough referred Schisler to counseling, for which Mrs. Goldsborough paid. Schisler also received over three times her gross weekly salary in severance pay.
In written response to an inquiry from Bar Counsel, and in sworn testimony before the Inquiry Panel and Judge Simpson, Goldsborough has consistently denied spanking Catharine Sweitzer. In written response to another inquiry from Bar Counsel asking Goldsborough whether he had “subjected [Sandy Schisler] to regular spankings that continued throughout the course of her employment,” Golds-borough said that “at no time during the course of her employment here, was Ms. [Schisler] ever ‘subjected’ to anything, including, specifically, ‘regular spankings.’ ” In subsequent testimony before the Inquiry Panel and Judge Simpson, however, Goldsborough admitted that he had in fact spanked Schisler on one occasion when he became frustrated with her poor work. He explained that she told [350]*350him that was how her father or grandfather had “gotten her attention.” Goldsborough denied under oath that he had spanked Schisler on any regular basis, or that he had ever spanked her bare buttocks. Judge Simpson found by clear and convincing evidence, however, that Schisler’s testimony was truthful.
Bar Counsel also alleged that during the investigation, Goldsborough failed to cooperate in responding to the Commission’s inquiries. In her complaint about the spankings, Catharine Sweitzer had stated, “I know of two dissolutions of partnerships that have stemmed directly from this unethical misconduct.” In his written response to Bar Counsel’s inquiry on this point, Goldsborough stated, “No partnerships of which I have ever been a member have been dissolved.” What the evidence in fact established was that Goldsborough was engaged in the practice of law in 1983 as a member of two professional associations (P.A.’s), one in Easton and the other in Annapolis. In late 1982 and early 1983, members of the Easton P.A. became concerned about continuing allegations regarding Goldsborough’s relationship with female clients and employees. One employee of the firm discovered a book entitled Spanking and a Single Girl in Goldsborough’s desk. There were apparently rumors and reports of Goldsborough’s spanking clients. As a result, the Easton P.A. adopted a policy that Goldsborough not accept domestic relations cases representing female clients. Although he agreed to accept this policy, Goldsborough violated it soon thereafter. For these reasons, and because of other internal conflicts over economic policies, the Easton P.A. terminated Goldsborough’s employment on July 23, 1983. As a spillover, the Annapolis P.A. also terminated Goldsborough’s employment. Judge Simpson found that Goldsborough’s assertion that no partnerships of which he was a member had ever been dissolved was technically correct, noting that it was not a partnership that was terminated but his membership in a professional association. Judge Simpson also found, however, that this response was “anything but candid.”
[351]*351At the close of the evidence, Judge Simpson found that the incidents involving the spanking of Catharine Sweitzer and the kissing of Peggy Porter, occurring prior to January 1, 1987, constituted a violation of Disciplinary Rules 1-102(A)(1), (5), and (6).2 Judge Simpson also found that the incidents involving Sandy Schisler which occurred over a period of time terminating after January 1,1987 constituted a violation of Rules 8.4(a) and (d) of the Rules of Professional Conduct.3 Finally, Judge Simpson found that Goldsborough’s misrepresentations in his correspondence with Bar Counsel and his false testimony before the Inquiry Panel violated Rule 8.1 of the Rules of Professional Conduct.4
[352]*352II. Goldsborough’s Exceptions
Goldsborough raises a number of exceptions to Judge Simpson’s findings of fact and conclusions of law. We address them seriatim.
A.
Upon the completion of its investigation, and in accordance with Maryland Rule BV6.a.4., Bar Counsel referred Sweitzer’s complaint to an Inquiry Panel. After a two-day hearing, the Inquiry Panel filed its findings and recommendations with Bar Counsel, who transmitted these recommendations to the Review Board as per Rule BV6.d.4(b). After its review of the Inquiry Panel’s report, the Review Board, under Rule BV9.a., directed Bar Counsel to file a petition for disciplinary action in this Court. Goldsborough’s initial contention is that the Commission violated his due process rights by failing to provide adequate notice of the charges against him throughout the progressive stages of this disciplinary process.
Specifically, Goldsborough objects to: (1) the Inquiry Panel’s findings that he violated Rules 8.1(a) and (b), charges which were not specifically raised before or during the Inquiry Panel proceedings, and (2) the Review Board’s finding that he violated DR 1-102(A)(5) when the Inquiry Panel found no such violation. He also objects to the petition’s charge that he violated DR 1-102(A)(1) & (6) and Rule 8.4(a) and excepts to Judge Simpson’s finding violations thereof when the Review Board did not specifically find he had violated these Rules. Finally, he contends that he was surprised by and unprepared for the testimony of Ms. Porter and Ms. Schisler and was “prejudiced” in the preparation of his defense at the Inquiry Panel. Overall, he protests what he considers a “moving target” of charges and witnesses.
Of course, due process considerations dictate that attorneys are entitled to notice of the charges against them when disciplinary proceedings begin. In re Ruffalo, 390 [353]*353U.S. 544, 550-51, 88 S.Ct. 1222, 1226, 20 L.Ed.2d 117, 122 (1968). Formal charges of misconduct do not exist, however, until a petition for disciplinary action is docketed in this Court. Attorney Grievance Comm ’n v. Harris, 310 Md. 197, 203, 528 A.2d 895, 898 (1987), cert. denied, 484 U.S. 1062, 108 S.Ct. 1020, 98 L.Ed.2d 985 (1988). Further,
"[a]s long as these charges are 'sufficiently clear and specific’ so as to reasonably inform the respondent what he is compelled to answer for and defend against, and there are no substantive transgressions of the Commission’s own Guidelines or the BV Rules, the respondent is generally precluded from contesting what occurred in the preliminary stages before the Inquiry Panel and the Review Board leading to the filing of charges in this Court.” (Citation omitted). ,,
Id. Although Rule BV6.a.4 generally requires Bar Counsel to notify the attorney when the matter is first referred to an Inquiry Panel, this is not a due process requirement. As we have previously said,
"proceedings conducted by the Inquiry Panel and Review Board are similar to the proceedings conducted by a grand jury in criminal cases. They are investigatory in nature — designed to aid in determining whether disciplinary action is warranted — and informal to the extent that the rules of evidence need not apply. Moreover, any irregularity in the proceedings before the Inquiry Panel and Review Board ordinarily will not amount to a denial of due process, as long as the lawyer is given notice and an opportunity to defend in a full and fair hearing following the institution of disciplinary proceedings in this Court.” (Citations omitted).
Id. at 202, 528 A.2d at 897. To demand that the charges against an attorney remain fixed from the moment an Inquiry Panel is convened would defeat the investigatory purpose of the Inquiry Panel and Review Board scheme. Therefore, we overrule Goldsborough’s exceptions with respect to the violations found by the Inquiry Panel and the Review Board.
[354]*354Goldsborough’s second contention is that it was improper for Bar Counsel to charge in the petition a number of Rule violations not specifically found by the Review Board. Therefore, he excepts to Judge Simpson’s finding of violations based on those charges. He bases his objection on Maryland Rule BV9.a., which provides that charges against an attorney “shall be filed by the Bar Counsel acting at the direction of the Review Board.”
We have examined the Review Board’s report and recommendation. The Review Board adopted the Inquiry Panel’s findings of fact in toto. The Review Board separately found, as did the Inquiry Panel, that Goldsborough’s communications to Bar Counsel and his testimony before the Inquiry Panel were “deliberately untruthful.” Based on Goldsborough’s conduct, the Review Board'found he had violated Rules 8.1(a) and 8.1(b), as well as Rules 8.4(d) and DR 1-102(A)(5), and concluded “that charges should be filed against the Respondent.” Bar Counsel filed those charges found by the Review Board and, based on the conduct found by both the Inquiry Panel and Review Board, also charged Goldsborough with violations of Rule 8.4(a), DR 1-102(A)(1), and DR 1-102(A)(6). It is the filing of these latter charges to which Goldsborough objects.
We find no merit to Goldsborough’s objection. This Court considered a comparable situation in Attorney Grievance Comm’n v. Hamby, 322 Md. 606, 589 A.2d 53 (1991). In that case, the Review Board found that Hamby had violated Rule 8.4(b), making it professional misconduct for a lawyer to “commit a criminal act that reflects adversely on the lawyer’s honesty, trustworthiness or fitness as a lawyer in other respects.” The Review Board instructed Bar Counsel to file disciplinary charges in this Court. Bar Counsel not only charged Hamby with violating Rule 8.4(b), but also Rule 8.4(d), prohibiting “conduct prejudicial to the administration of justice.” The judge to whom we assigned the matter for a hearing found that Hamby had violated both Rules. Hamby excepted to the petition’s charge of Rule 8.4(d) and the hearing judge’s finding that he violated that [355]*355Rule, because the Review Board did not explicitly direct Bar Counsel to charge him with a Rule 8.4(d) violation. The Court held that Rule BV9.a. had not been violated because the Rule 8.4(d) charge was “plainly related” to the Rule 8.4(b) charge and was therefore “within the authority vested in Bar Counsel under the Rule.” Id. at 611, 589 A.2d at 56.
As in Hamby, the three charges to which Goldsborough objects in the instant case are plainly related to other violations found by the Review Board. DR 1-102(A)(6) proscribes an attorney’s conduct that “adversely reflects on his fitness to practice law.” DR 1-102(A)(1) and Rule 8.4(a) are the previous and current versions of the same rule, prohibiting an attorney from violating (or attempting to violate) the Rules of Professional Conduct. As more general catch-all Rules, these Rules are closely related to the other more specific violations found by the Review Board. Moreover, they stem from the identical conduct which the Review Board found to have occurred, and upon which the Board based its findings. Accordingly, their charging was within the authority vested in Bar Counsel under Rule BV9.a. We therefore overrule Goldsborough’s exception.
In sum, Goldsborough was afforded notice and an opportunity to defend himself in a full and fair hearing following the institution of disciplinary proceedings in this Court. Before that hearing, he was fully apprised of the charges against him. His contentions asserting a denial of due process are without merit.
B.
Goldsborough next excepts to Judge Simpson’s finding of fact that there was “clear and convincing evidence” that he was “deliberately untruthful” in his testimony before the Inquiry Panel and the circuit court. He suggests that there was only a conflict in testimony between himself and each of the three women who testified, and that a court’s refusal to believe a respondent’s evidence does not, of itself, mean [356]*356that a witness is being “deliberately untruthful.” This may be correct as a general rule, but in this case the hearing judge chose to make an additional finding that, with respect to these incidents, Goldsborough was deliberately untruthful. It is the essence of the fact-finding function that a trial judge clearly “ ‘may elect to pick and choose which evidence [or story] to rely upon.’ ” Powell, 328 Md. at 292, 614 A.2d at 110 (quoting Attorney Grievance Comm’n v. Nothstein, 300 Md. 667, 684, 480 A.2d 807, 816 (1984)). A judge may also decide that the evidence supports an additional finding that a witness was deliberately untruthful. As we have noted, we regard a hearing judge’s findings of fact in attorney grievance matters as prima facie correct. We will not disturb them unless they are clearly erroneous, “giving due regard to the trial court’s opportunity to assess the credibility of the witnesses.” Powell, 328 Md. at 287-88, 614 A.2d at 108; Bakas, 323 Md. at 402, 593 A.2d at 1091. In light of the substantial evidence presented at the hearing, and giving appropriate deference to the hearing judge, we cannot say that Judge Simpson was clearly erroneous when he found Goldsborough was deliberately untruthful in his denials. Therefore, we overrule this exception.
C.
Goldsborough next invokes the doctrine of laches in an attempt to convince us to “disregard”' at least the Sweitzer and Porter incidents, which occurred in the late 1970s and 1984 respectively. This Court has previously expressed doubt about the applicability of the laches defense in attorney grievance proceedings. Attorney Grievance Comm’n v. Engerman, 289 Md. 330, 346, 424 A.2d 362, 370 (1981); Anne Arundel Bar Ass’n v. Collins, 272 Md. 578, 583, 325 A.2d 724, 728 (1974). This doubt springs from our concern for the underlying purpose of the Attorney Grievance process. As the Court has said:
“ ‘It ought to be made clear ... that the primary purpose of professional disciplinary proceedings is to protect the [357]*357public. The punishment of an offending member of the profession is indeed a serious matter, but it is incidental to the protection of the public. If the conduct of a member of the Bar disqualifies him from the practice of law, it would not be in the public interest to dismiss the disciplinary proceedings for no reason other than the Bar’s failure to prosecute them with the proper dispatch.’ ”
Engerman, 289 Md. at 346, 424 A.2d at 370 (quoting In re Weinstein, 254 Or. 392, 459 P.2d 548, 549 (1969), cert. denied, 398 U.S. 903, 90 S.Ct. 1689, 26 L.Ed.2d 61 (1970)). The issue in Engerman and Collins was the disciplinary authorities’ delay in pursuing action against an attorney once a complaint was brought, rather than a complainant’s delay in bringing the complaint. Nonetheless, the Court’s prior comments are especially applicable to this case. While we encourage and expect members of the public to promptly pursue attorney grievance actions when they are warranted, the mere failure of a complainant to promptly file a complaint should not necessarily foreclose disciplinary action against the attorney. In this case, to the extent that the investigation sparked by the complaint revealed a pattern of conduct stretching from Catharine Sweitzer’s experience in the late 1970s to Sandy Schisler’s as late as 1987, we believe it was appropriate to pursue both an investigation and the filing of disciplinary charges.5
Goldsborough also rests his laches argument upon Attorney Grievance Comm’n v. Howard, 282 Md. 515, 385 A.2d [358]*3581191 (1978), in which this Court adopted the Attorney Grievance Commission’s recommendation of a reprimand over suspension or disbarment because “much water ha[d] gone over the dam” since the violations complained of had occurred. Id. at 523, 385 A.2d at 1196. This reliance is misplaced, since Howard addressed the passage of time only as a mitigating circumstance affecting the Court’s sanction. Howard did not suggest that the passage of time should in any way affect whether the violation itself should be found, and it is therefore inapplicable.
D.
Next, Goldsborough raises a constitutional challenge to both Rule 8.4(d) and its application to this case. Rule 8.4(d) states that “[i]t is professional misconduct for a lawyer to ... engage in conduct that is prejudicial to the administration of justice,” and Goldsborough initially argues that the Rule is overbroad and vague. We considered and rejected this argument in Attorney Grievance Comm’n v. Alison, 317 Md. 523, 538-39, 565 A.2d 660, 667-68 (1989), where we noted that the proscription is sufficiently definite to pass constitutional muster. The Rule “ ‘applies only to lawyers, who are professionals and have the benefit of guidance provided by case law, court rules and the “lore of the profession.” ’ ” Id. at 538, 565 A.2d at 667 (citation omitted) (quoting Howell v. State Bar of Texas, 843 F.2d 205, 208 (5th Cir.1988) and citing In re Snyder, 472 U.S. 634, 645, 105 S.Ct. 2874, 2881, 86 L.Ed.2d 504, 513 (1985)).
Goldsborough’s second constitutional argument, that Rule 8.4(d) is unconstitutional as applied in this case, is equally unpersuasive. He argues that Rule 8.4(d) can only be read to govern conduct related to “the court process,” and that prior application of the Rule failed to put him on notice that it could be applied to conduct not “related to judicial proceedings.” He could not be more incorrect. Rule 8.4(d) and its substantially identical predecessor, DR 1-102(A)(5), have often been applied to an attorney’s con[359]*359duct outside of the judicial process. See, e.g., Hamby, 322 Md. 606, 589 A.2d 53 (attorney received indefinite suspension under Rule 8.4(d) for criminal involvement with controlled dangerous substances); Attorney Grievance Comm’n v. Ezrin, 312 Md. 603, 541 A.2d 966 (1988) (attorney disbarred under DR 1-102(A)(3), (4), (5), (6) for conversion of partnership funds); see also Maryland State Bar Ass’n v. Agnew, 271 Md. 543, 318 A.2d 811 (1974) (federal income tax evasion constitutes conduct “prejudicial to the administration of justice”). It strains credulity to say that, merely because this Court had never previously addressed similar circumstances, an attorney with Goldsborough’s experience was not “on notice” that the conduct alleged by Bar Counsel could violate the Rules of Professional Conduct. We overrule these exceptions.
E.
In a related argument, Goldsborough contends that whether Rule 8.4(d) is constitutional or not, his conduct is simply not proscribed by the Rule. The Comment to Rule 8.4 of the Maryland Rules of Professional Conduct, he notes, provides that “[although a lawyer is personally answerable to the entire criminal law, a lawyer should be professionally answerable only for offenses that indicate lack of those characteristics relevant to law practice." (Goldsborough’s emphasis). We can only surmise that Goldsborough suggests we should view the nonconsensual kissing of clients and spanking of clients and employees as not “relevant to law practice.” We do not agree. Golds-borough’s actions, particularly with respect to his clients Catharine Sweitzer and Peggy Porter, are directly relevant to law practice. We need not expound on the centrality of the attorney-client relationship to say that when an attorney compromises the attorney-client relationship as Goldsborough did in this case, such action is indeed “relevant to law practice.”
Goldsborough also relies on the Comment to the American Bar Association’s Annotated Model Rules, which states [360]*360that “[i]n most cases ... violations of Rule 8.4(d) involve misconduct during litigation.” The Comment’s language itself indicates that at least some violations occur outside the litigation context. It cites quite a few such cases. See, e.g., In re Wood, 489 N.E.2d 1189 (Ind.1986) (lawyer offered to reduce legal fees if client would engage in sex); In re Rudawski, 407 N.W.2d 683 (Minn.1987) (lawyer notarized a forged signature on articles of incorporation without knowing whether the signature was genuine). We overrule Goldsborough’s exception to the applicability of Rule 8.4(d).
III. Bar Counsel’s Exceptions
Bar Counsel raises only one exception to Judge Simpson’s findings of fact and conclusions of law. In its petition for disciplinary action, the Commission charged Goldsborough with violating Rule 8.4(c), which proscribes attorney conduct “involving dishonesty, fraud, deceit or misrepresentation.” Bar Counsel contends that certain of the trial judge’s findings of fact necessitated a finding that Golds-borough violated Rule 8.4(c).
First, Bar Counsel focuses on Judge Simpson’s findings that (1) Goldsborough’s written responses to Bar Counsel contained false statements, and (2) his testimony before the Inquiry Panel was “deliberately untruthful.” Either finding, contends Bar Counsel, necessitated a finding of a Rule 8.4(c) violation. Both the Inquiry Panel and Judge Simpson found that this behavior violated Rule 8.1, which provides:
“An applicant for admission or reinstatement to the bar, or a lawyer in connection with a bar admission application or in connection with a disciplinary matter, shall not:
(a) knowingly make a false statement of material fact; or
(b) fail to disclose a fact necessary to correct a misapprehension known by the person to have arisen in the matter____”
Indeed, such dishonesty before disciplinary authorities could fall under both the narrow proscription of this Rule as [361]*361well as the broader proscription of Rule 8.4(c), which provides:
“It is professional misconduct for a lawyer to:
* * * * * #
(c) engage in conduct involving dishonesty, fraud, deceit or misrepresentation.”
Judge Simpson elected to find that Goldsborough’s conduct before the disciplinary authorities violated the more specific Rule 8.1. There was no need for the judge to make a further finding that this same conduct also violated the more general Rule 8.4(c) and, accordingly, we overrule this exception. Cf. Attorney Grievance Comm’n v. Protokowicz, 329 Md. 252, 258 n. 2, 619 A.2d 100, 103 n. 2 (1993).
Bar Counsel also contends that Judge Simpson’s finding that Goldsborough was “deliberately untruthful” in his testimony before the circuit court necessitated a finding that he violated Rule 8.4(c). While Goldsborough’s conduct before the circuit court might be relevant in determining an appropriate sanction,6 it does not permit a separate finding of a Rule 8.4(c) violation. The charges brought against Goldsborough were based on his pattern of conduct occurring before the petition for disciplinary action was filed in this Court. Due process considerations dictate that attorneys are entitled to notice of the charges against them when disciplinary proceedings begin. Ruffalo, 390 U.S. at 550-51, 88 S.Ct. at 1226, 20 L.Ed.2d at 122. While the charges are not necessarily fixed until a petition is docketed in this Court, once the petition is docketed, the charges become fixed. The existing charges cannot be expanded to include an attorney’s post-charge conduct during the circuit court hearing itself. Judge Simpson’s findings regarding Goldsborough’s untruthfulness before the circuit court might serve as the basis for subsequent formal charges, but [362]*362only after Goldsborough is provided adequate notice. Judge Simpson was correct in not finding a violation of Rule 8.4(c) based on Goldsborough’s post-charge deliberate untruthfulness at the circuit court hearing. We therefore overrule Bar Counsel’s exception.
IV. Sanction
Having addressed the parties’ exceptions, we turn to the difficult task of imposing an appropriate sanction for Goldsborough’s violations of DR-102(A)(1), (5) & (6), Rule 8.1, and Rules 8.4(a) & (d). We cannot proceed without first noting Goldsborough’s suggestion that the media attention paid to these proceedings, having already “ruined” his reputation, should mitigate the sanction. Media attention, however embarrassing or humiliating to the attorney, is no substitute for the responsibility of this Court to enforce the Rules of Professional Conduct. Our role in these proceedings, unpleasant and difficult as it may sometimes be, is one of utmost importance, and we will not shirk it or delegate it to the media or public opinion.
In determining the appropriate sanction in this case, we believe there are three important factors. The first, quite obviously, is Goldsborough’s behavior itself. The second is Goldsborough’s continuing unwillingness to acknowledge that he has any behavioral problem. Finally, there is the mitigating factor of Goldsborough’s demonstrated abilities as a practitioner of law.
Undeniably, Mr. Goldsborough has made significant contributions to both his community and his profession. He has practiced law in Maryland for forty-two years. He has been an active member of the Maryland State Bar Association, where he has held a number of leadership positions. He chaired the State Bar’s Litigation Section and served as an At-Large Member of the Bar Association’s Committee on Judicial Appointments. He also served as chairperson of the Task Force on the creation, vel non, of a southern division of the United States District Court for the District of Maryland. Mr. Goldsborough received his law degree [363]*363from the George Washington University, where he was awarded membership in The Order of the Coif for his academic achievements and was an editor of the law review. From 1957 to 1972, he taught law at George Washington. Mr. Goldsborough was graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point. He served in the United States Air Force, was awarded the Bronze Star during the Korean War, and was honorably discharged as a captain.
It is most regrettable that, despite his many significant professional accomplishments, Goldsborough clearly has a serious problem which he cannot or will not acknowledge, let alone control. His abusive conduct toward Catharine Sweitzer, Peggy Porter, and Sandy Schisler is unacceptable under any standard; it certainly violates the rigorous standards we impose upon members of the Bar. A psychiatrist who examined Goldsborough characterized him as an “anachronism,” as if this were somehow an exoneration. If the psychiatrist meant to suggest that Goldsborough’s behavior might once have been acceptable, and we doubt that it ever was, we are absolutely certain that it is unacceptable now. An attorney of Goldsborough’s experience and capabilities should reasonably be expected to know that spanking and kissing one’s clients and spanking one’s secretary will not be tolerated. We are also disturbed by Goldsborough’s distinction between a “spanking” and a “pat,” as if the issue were how much physical pain was caused to his victims. Neither the complainants nor Bar Counsel have ever suggested that the harm in question was actual physical pain; the harm in question was emotional, psychological, and social, and we remain troubled by Goldsborough’s distinction without a difference.
Goldsborough’s conduct exemplifies the arrogance that so frequently underlies instances of sexual harassment and abuse. Unfortunately, the legal profession is not yet entirely free of such arrogance or such behavior.7 The courts [364]*364and the bar must be aware of our obligation to keep the legal profession free of sexual harassment. Since attorneys are its officers, this Court has the duty “to insist upon the maintenance of the integrity of the bar and to prevent the transgressions of an individual lawyer from bringing its image into disrepute.” Agnew, 271 Md. at 549, 318 A.2d at 814. Any sanction we impose also protects the public interest because it demonstrates to members of the legal profession the type of conduct that will not be tolerated. Attorney Grievance Comm’n v. Kerpelman, 288 Md. 341, 382, 420 A.2d 940, 959 (1980), cert. denied, 450 U.S. 970, 101 S.Ct. 1492, 67 L.Ed.2d 621 (1981). We also note that, while the purpose of disciplinary proceedings is to protect the public rather than punish the erring attorney, “concepts of general and specific deterrence are consistent with that primary goal.” Protokowicz, 329 Md. at 262-63, 619 A.2d at 105; Attorney Grievance Comm’n v. Owrutsky, 322 Md. 334, 355, 587 A.2d 511, 521 (1991); Alison, 317 Md. at 540-41, 565 A.2d at 668.
While sexual harassment in any context is patently unacceptable, sexual harassment by an attorney of a client is especially deserving of condemnation. A divorce client mistreated by her spouse or a personal injury client recovering from severe injuries relies on her attorney to act solely in her best interest in assessing options and charting a legal course. The attorney-client relationship is based on trust, with the client necessarily placing total trust in the attorney and the attorney pledging to act in the client’s best interest. Goldsborough, by his conduct, failed to demonstrate his recognition of, and respect for, his clients’ trust. Peggy [365]*365Porter became so uncomfortable with Goldsborough that she felt compelled to find another attorney. Catharine Sweitzer testified that, as time went on, she had increasing concerns about trusting Goldsborough. She testified that she was “thoroughly disgusted, frightened, confused. I couldn’t understand what was happening or why. I just made it a point not to put myself in a position where I was alone with him again.” She said that she “tried to make sure that the door was open or that I was not alone.” We can think of few circumstances as fundamentally antithetical to the attorney-client relationship as a client so untrusting of her attorney that she is afraid to be alone with him. When Goldsborough chose to spank Catharine Sweitzer and kiss Peggy Porter, he abused the power that accompanied his license to practice law. When he gratified his psychological or sexual need at his clients’ expense, he breached the trust indispensable to the attorney-client relationship. These acts, combined with Goldsborough’s exploitative and abusive behavior toward a secretary in his law office, harmed not only his victims, but also the profession and the entire judicial system.
When we fashion an appropriate sanction, we consider any underlying causes of an attorney’s misconduct and the prospects for rehabilitation. We are not unmindful of the benefits of returning a rehabilitated attorney to the productive practice of law. Thus, in determining the severity of the sanction, we consider the totality of the facts and circumstances of each case. Attorney Grievance Comm’n v. Howard, 299 Md. 731, 736, 475 A.2d 466, 468 (1984); Maryland Rules of Professional Conduct, Scope at 503 (1993). When an attorney’s behavior is caused by alcoholism, drug addiction, or a mental disorder beyond the individual’s control, we have often imposed an indefinite suspension to allow the attorney an opportunity to receive help. See, e.g., Attorney Grievance Comm’n v. Reid, 308 Md. 646, 650-51, 521 A.2d 743, 745 (1987); Attorney Grievance Comm’n v. Willemain, 305 Md. 665, 679-80, 506 A.2d 245, 252-53 (1986).
[366]*366In this case, Bar Counsel recommends disbarment, partly because of the serious charges, but largely because of what it perceives as Goldsborough’s unrepentant denial of his conduct. The fact that Goldsborough has refused to offer any explanation, instead denying that all but a single incident ever occurred, certainly complicates our choice of sanction. If Goldsborough is suffering from a serious but treatable disorder, then, in light of his long and otherwise exemplary professional career, we could be doing a disservice by forever barring him from returning to the practice of law. Because of his demonstrated legal ability and contributions to the profession, we believe the better course is to suspend him indefinitely from the practice of law so that he may take whatever time and whatever steps are necessary to identify and address his underlying problems. Although it may be late in his career, we hope that the possibility of being reinstated will motivate him to aggressively seek appropriate help.
Without assurance that similar incidents will not be repeated, we do not believe Goldsborough should be allowed to continue practicing law in this State. Therefore, he shall be indefinitely suspended from the practice of law, with the right to apply for reinstatement no sooner than two years from the date of this opinion, and only when he is able to persuade this Court that the conduct which necessitated his suspension will never be repeated.
IT IS SO ORDERED; RESPONDENT SHALL PAY ALL COSTS AS TAXED BY THE CLERK OF THIS COURT PURSUANT TO RULE BV15.C. FOR WHICH SUM JUDGMENT IS ENTERED IN FAVOR OF THE PETITIONER.