Attilius LLC v. Larsen-Haslem Dental, LLC

• Court: District Court, S.D. California
• Decided: November 7, 2022
• Docket: 3:22-cv-00899
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 2 3 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 4 SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 5 6 ATTILIUS LLC, Case No.: 22-cv-0899-L-KSC

7 Plaintiff, ORDER DENYING DEFENDANT’S 8 v. MOTION TO DISMISS, STAY OR TRANSFER 9 LARSEN-HASLEM DENTAL, LLC, dba

COMPASSIONATE DENTAL 10 [ECF No. 6] SERVICES, 11 Defendant. 12 13 Pending before the Court is Larsen-Haslem Dental, LLC’s (“Defendant”) motion 14 to dismiss, stay or transfer. (ECF No. 6.) Attilius LLC (“Plaintiff”) opposed, (ECF No. 15 9), and Defendant replied, (ECF No. 10). The Court decides the matter on the papers 16 submitted and without oral argument. Civ. L.R. 7.1(d)(1). For the reasons stated below, 17 Defendant’s motion is denied in part and granted in part. 18 I. BACKGROUND 19 According to the allegations in the Complaint (ECF No. 1), this action arises out of 20 a breach of a contract for consulting services (“Consulting Agreement”), executed by 21 both parties on October 1, 2018. (ECF No. 1, at 3.) Pursuant to the Consulting 22 Agreement, Defendant, a dental business owned by Dr. Daren Larsen and Dr. Josh 23 Haslem, engaged Plaintiff, through its managing director Hamilton “Butch” Dorian, to 24 provide consulting and other requested services. (Id.) Plaintiff was to be paid $10,000 at 25 the beginning of each month as a retainer, in addition to travel and other reasonable 26 expenses. (Id.) The Consulting Agreement anticipated an initial one-year term and 27 would automatically renew for additional thirty-day terms unless either party provided 28 notice of intent not to renew thirty days in advance. (Id.) 1 Defendant paid Plaintiff the $10,000 monthly retainer from October 2018 through 2 October 2019. (Id.) Plaintiff has not received a monthly payment since October of 2019. 3 (Id.) On January 7, 2022, Defendant sent a letter notifying Plaintiff of its intent to pay 4 one additional retainer payment of $10,000, which Plaintiff never received. (Id. at 3–4.) 5 Plaintiff asserts that the letter would cause termination of the Consulting Agreement on 6 February 7, 2022. (Id. at 4.) Plaintiff claims to be owed $280,000 ($10,000 for every 7 month Plaintiff was not paid from November of 2019 to February of 2022, a total of 8 twenty-eight months). (Id. at 3.) 9 Defendant moves to dismiss Plaintiff’s Complaint under the doctrine of forum non 10 conveniens, stay the case under the Colorado River Doctrine, and transfer venue pursuant 11 to 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a). (See ECF No. 6-1.) Additionally, Defendant moves to dismiss 12 Plaintiff’s second and third claims for failure to state a claim under Federal Rule of Civil 13 Procedure 12(b)(6). 1 (Id.) 14 II. MOTION TO DISMISS UNDER FORUM NON CONVENIENS 15 According to Defendant’s motion and documents attached thereto, Mr. Dorian 16 formed an LLC called Sweetwater DSO (“Sweetwater”) with Drs. Larsen and Haslem in 17 October of 2019. (ECF No. 6-3, at 3.) Sweetwater would provide administrative support 18 to several dental practices in Utah and one in Arizona. (Id.) The owners of Sweetwater 19 are the family trusts of Drs. Larsen and Haslem and Dorian’s entity Attilius Dental LLC 20 (as distinguished from Attilius LLC, the Plaintiff in this matter). (Id.) By late 2021 and 21 into early 2022, the relationship between Mr. Dorian and Drs. Larsen and Haslem turned 22 sour and Drs. Larsen and Haslem began the process of exerting control over Sweetwater 23 and the related dental practices. (Id.) 24 25 26 27 1 The Court assumes from the language used in its argument that Defendant moves to dismiss Plaintiff’s second and third claims for failure to state a claim pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) 28 1 On March 29, 2022, Mr. Dorian, in the name of Attilius Dental LLC (not Attilius 2 LLC) and derivatively on behalf of Sweetwater, filed suit in a Utah state court (“Utah 3 Action”). (See ECF No. 6-4.) The Utah Complaint names eleven defendants including 4 Drs. Larsen and Haslem and Larsen-Haslem Dental LLC, the Defendant in the instant 5 action. (See id.) The Utah Complaint asserts fifteen claims for relief, all arising out of 6 the business relationship between Dorian and Drs. Larsen and Haslem that began with the 7 formation of Sweetwater. (See id.) 8 Defendant characterizes the present action as a “spinoff” of the Utah Action by 9 claiming that Plaintiff is attempting to “peel[] off” a contract claim from the broader 10 dispute. (ECF No. 6-1, at 12–13.) Defendant’s motion to dismiss under forum non 11 conveniens is based on the argument that Utah is the “epicenter” of this dispute and the 12 witnesses and property at issue are overwhelmingly found in Utah, making the Utah state 13 court the appropriate forum. (Id. at 13.) 14 “A district court has discretion to decline to exercise jurisdiction in a case where 15 litigation in a foreign forum would be more convenient for the parties.” Lueck v. 16 Sundstrand Corp., 236 F.3d 1137 (9th Cir. 2001) (citing Gulf Oil Corp. v. Gilbert, 330 17 U.S. 501, 504 (1947)). The doctrine of forum non conveniens is a “drastic exercise” of 18 the court's power and is reserved for “exceptional circumstances.” Carijano v. 19 Occidental Petroleum Corp., 643 F.3d 1216, 1224 (9th Cir. 2011). The decision to 20 dismiss a case for forum non conveniens is committed to the Court's “sound discretion.” 21 Piper Aircraft Co. v. Reyno, 454 U.S. 235, 257 (1981). 22 “A party moving to dismiss based on forum non conveniens bears the burden of 23 showing (1) that there is an adequate alternative forum, and (2) that the balance of private 24 and public interest factors favors dismissal.” Dole Food Co. v. Watts, 303 F.3d 1104, 25 1118 (9th Cir. 2002) (citing Lueck, 236 F.3d at 1142–43). Plaintiff does not contest 26 Defendant’s assertion that Utah state court would be an adequate alternative forum, and 27 the Court concurs. Thus, dismissal turns on the analysis of the private and public interest 28 factors. 1 The private interest factors include: “(1) the residence of the parties and the 2 witnesses; (2) the forum's convenience to the litigants; (3) access to physical evidence 3 and other sources of proof; (4) whether unwilling witnesses can be compelled to testify; 4 (5) the cost of bringing witnesses to trial; (6) the enforceability of the judgment; and (7) 5 all other practical problems that make trial of a case easy, expeditious and inexpensive.” 6 Bos. Telecomms. Grp., Inc. v. Wood, 588 F.3d 1201, 1206–07 (9th Cir. 2009) (quoting 7 Lueck, 236 F.3d at 1145). 8 Defendant has not demonstrated that the private interest factors weigh strongly in 9 favor of dismissal. See Gates Learjet Corp. v. Jensen, 743 F.2d 1325, 1334–35 (9th Cir. 10 1984) (“[U]nless the balance is strongly in favor of the defendant, the plaintiff's choice of 11 forum should rarely be disturbed.” (internal quotations omitted)). Defendant is domiciled 12 in California while Plaintiff is domiciled in Utah. (ECF No. 1, at 2.) Further, the parties 13 name potential witnesses that reside in California and Utah. (ECF No. 6-1, at 13–14; 14 ECF No. 9, at 17.) Dismissing this action would merely shift the obligation to travel to 15 Plaintiff and its witnesses. Thus, Defendant has not shown that the first private interest 16 factor weighs strongly in favor of dismissal. The same is true of the second, third, fifth, 17 and seventh factors. Evidence likely exists in both California and Utah, and potential 18 witnesses exist in each forum. Any inconvenience that Defendant claims it will suffer 19 should the Court maintain the present action would fall to Plaintiff upon dismissal, which 20 is not an appropriate basis for dismissal. 21 Additionally, in arguing that the potential witnesses are beyond this Court’s 22 subpoena power, Defendant only cites to cases that involve international parties which is 23 not the case here. (ECF No. 6-1, at 18.) Relatedly, Defendant has not offered any 24 evidence that a judgment in this Court would be unenforceable. It follows that the private 25 interest factors do not favor dismissal. 26 Courts must also consider the following public interest factors: “(1) the local 27 interest in the lawsuit, (2) the court's familiarity with the governing law, (3) the burden on 28 local courts and juries, (4) congestion in the court, and (5) the costs of resolving a dispute 1 unrelated to a particular forum.” Bos. Telecomms. Grp., Inc., 588 F.3d at 1211 (quoting 2 Tuazon v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., 433 F.3d 1163, 1181 (9th Cir. 2006)). 3 The public interest factors are of no more help to Defendant. Plaintiff is a 4 corporation operating in California, and the Consulting Agreement is governed by 5 California law. (ECF No. 1, at 2; ECF No. 1-2, at 3.) The community in this District has 6 an interest in protecting local companies, Dole Food Co. v. Watts, 303 F.3d 1104, 1119 7 (9th Cir. 2002), and this Court would certainly be more familiar with California law than 8 a Utah state court. Defendant does not provide compelling evidence that the remaining 9 factors weigh strongly in favor of dismissal, and thus the public interest factors as a 10 whole do not tip scale in favor of dismissal. 11 Taking the private interest factors together with the public interest factors, 12 Defendant has failed to meet its “heavy burden” in order to overcome Plaintiff’s choice 13 of forum. Sinochem Int'l Co. v. Malaysia Int'l Shipping Corp., 549 U.S. 422, 430 (2007). 14 Consequently, Defendant’s motion to dismiss under forum non conveniens is denied. 15 III. MOTION TO STAY 16 Next, Defendant argues that “[s]hort of dismissal, the Court should stay this case 17 under the principles” laid out in Colorado River Water Conservation Dist. v. United 18 States, 424 U.S. 800 (1976). 19 The Colorado River Doctrine “is a form of deference to state court jurisdiction.” 20 Coopers & Lybrand v. Sun-Diamond Growers of CA, 912 F.2d 1135, 1137 (9th Cir. 21 1990). The Supreme Court recognized that “there may be circumstances in which 22 traditional abstention principles do not apply, yet considerations of ‘wise judicial 23 administration, giving regard to conservation of judicial resources and comprehensive 24 disposition of litigation,’ nonetheless justify a decision to stay or dismiss federal 25 proceedings pending resolution of concurrent state court proceedings. Smith v. Cent. 26 Ariz. Water Conservation Dist., 418 F.3d 1028, 1032–33 (9th Cir. 2005) (quoting 27 Colorado River, 424 U.S. at 817). But due to the “virtually unflagging obligation of the 28 federal courts to exercise the jurisdiction given them,” a stay under Colorado River is 1 appropriate only under “exceptional circumstances.” Colorado River, 424 U.S. at 813, 2 817. 3 “The threshold question when considering the Colorado River doctrine is whether 4 the state and federal actions are ‘substantially similar.’” Goodin v. Vendley, 356 F. Supp. 5 3d 935, 944 (N.D. Cal. 2018) (quoting Nakash v. Marciano, 882 F.2d 1411, 1416 (9th 6 Cir. 1989)). In other words, a stay is only appropriate where the “state-court litigation 7 will be an adequate vehicle for the complete and prompt resolution of the issues between 8 the parties. If there is any substantial doubt as to this, it would be a serious abuse of 9 discretion to grant the stay or dismissal at all.” Moses H. Cone Mem'l Hosp. v. Mercury 10 Constr. Corp., 460 U.S. 1, 28 (1983). “Exact parallelism” between the federal action and 11 the state action “is not required.” Nakash, 882 F.2d at 1416. 12 The Court finds that the instant action is not substantially similar to the Utah 13 Action. Defendant argues that “[w]ithout identifying the consulting agreement by name, 14 the Utah complaint alleges the facts that give rise” to this federal action. (ECF No. 6-1, 15 at 12.) Specifically, Defendant points out that the Utah Complaint includes factual 16 allegations concerning the introduction between Mr. Dorian and Drs. Larsen and Haslem 17 and the formation of Sweetwater in October of 2019. (Id.) Defendant also recognizes the 18 relationship between the parties in both actions. (Id.) 19 The Utah Complaint makes no mention of any events that took place from the time 20 the parties were introduced until the formation of Sweetwater, notably leaving out any 21 events surrounding the execution and performance of the Consulting Agreement in 2018. 22 (See ECF NO. 6-4.) In fact, the Utah Complaint contains none of the factual allegations 23 that are included in the present Complaint. (Compare ECF No. 6-4, with ECF No. 1.) 24 Moreover, the Utah Complaint does not include a claim for breach of contract arising 25 from breach of the Consulting Agreement. (See ECF No. 6-4.) Without the relevant 26 factual basis or a claim alleging breach of the Consulting Agreement, the Utah Action is 27 not an adequate vehicle for completely resolving the issues between the parties. Thus, 28 1 the state and federal actions are not substantially similar, and Defendant does not meet 2 the threshold requirement under Colorado River. The motion to stay is denied. 3 IV. MOTION TO TRANSFER 4 Defendant asserts that should the Court decline to dismiss or stay this action, it 5 should be transferred to a federal court in the District of Utah. (ECF No. 6-1, at 27.) 6 Section 1404(a) of Title 28 of the United States Code gives the District Court 7 discretion to transfer an action “[f]or the convenience of parties and witnesses, in the 8 interest of justice, . . . to any other district or division where it might have been brought.” 9 28 U.S.C. § 1404(a). “[T]he purpose of [this] section is to prevent the waste ‘of time, 10 energy, and money’ and ‘to protect litigants, witnesses and the public against unnecessary 11 inconvenience and expense.’” Van Dusen v. Barrack, 376 U.S. 612, 616 (1964) (quoting 12 Cont'l Grain Co. v. The FBL-585, 364 U.S. 19, 26–27 (1960)). Defendant maintains, and 13 Plaintiff does not dispute, that the present action could have originally been brought in 14 the District of Utah. (ECF No. 6-1, at 27–28; ECF No. 9, at 27.) Thus, the Court turns to 15 whether this action should be transferred for the convenience of the parties and witnesses, 16 in the interest of justice. 17 Absent a forum selection clause, motions to transfer under § 1404(a) are analyzed 18 under the same framework as forum non conveniens motions. Atl. Marine Constr. Co. v. 19 U.S. Dist. Ct. for the W. Dist. of Texas, 571 U.S. 49, 62 (2013). But § 1404(a) was 20 “intended to permit courts to grant transfers upon a lesser showing of inconvenience” 21 than in forum non conveniens cases and impart broader discretion on the Court. Norwood 22 v. Kirkpatrick, 349 U.S. 29, 32 (1955). Nevertheless, a transfer will be denied where the 23 effect would simply be to shift or equalize the inconvenience. See Decker Coal Co. v. 24 Commonwealth Edison Co., 805 F.2d 834, 843 (9th Cir. 1986) (affirming district court’s 25 denial of venue transfer where “transfer would merely shift rather than eliminate the 26 inconvenience”). The burden of showing that the alternative forum is more appropriate is 27 on the moving party. Jones v. GNC Franchising, Inc., 211 F.3d 495, 499 (9th Cir. 2000). 28 1 Courts look to a number of factors in considering § 1404(a) motions, all of which 2 overlap with the factors considered under forum non conveniens except for two: (1) the 3 plaintiff’s choice of forum, and (2) feasibility of consolidation of other claims. Compare 4 Jones, 211 F.3d at 498–99 (listing the factors considered in a motion to transfer under 5 § 1404(a)), with Bos. Telecomms. Grp., Inc., 588 F.3d at 1206–07, 1211 (listing the 6 factors considered in a forum non conveniens analysis). Having already determined that 7 the coinciding factors weigh in favor of maintaining the suit, the Court now evaluates 8 only the Plaintiff’s choice of forum and feasibility of consolidation. 9 Here, both factors weigh against transfer. Plaintiff elected to bring the case in the 10 Southern District of California, and there are no pending claims in the District of Utah 11 with which the present claims could be consolidated. Therefore, even under the more 12 lenient § 1404(a) standard, Defendant has not met its burden of showing the District of 13 Utah is a more appropriate forum. 14 V. MOTION TO DISMISS FOR FAILURE TO STATE A CLAIM 15 Lastly, Defendant contends that even if the Court does not dismiss, stay, or transfer 16 the case, Plaintiff’s claims for conversion and accounting should be dismissed because 17 Plaintiff failed to state plausible claims for either. (ECF No. 6-1, at 31–34.) 18 A 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss tests the sufficiency of the complaint. 2 Navarro v. 19 Block, 250 F.3d 729, 732 (9th Cir. 2001). A pleading must contain, in part, “a short and 20 plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 21 8(a)(2). But plaintiffs must also plead “enough facts to state a claim to relief that is 22 plausible on its face.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007); see also 23 Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). The plausibility standard demands more than “a formulaic 24 recitation of the elements of a cause of action,” or “‘naked assertions’ devoid of ‘further 25 26 27 2 In considering a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6), the Court only considered the contents of the Complaint and matters judicially noticed. Warren v. Fox Fam. Worldwide, Inc., 328 F.3d 1136, 1141 28 1 factual enhancement.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Twombly, 2 550 U.S. at 557). Instead, the complaint “must contain allegations of underlying facts 3 sufficient to give fair notice and to enable the opposing party to defend itself effectively.” 4 Starr v. Baca, 652 F.3d 1202, 1216 (9th Cir. 2011). 5 In reviewing a 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss, “[a]ll allegations of material fact are 6 taken as true and construed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party.” Cahill 7 v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 80 F.3d 336, 337–38 (9th Cir. 1996). However, a court need not 8 take legal conclusions as true merely because they are cast in the form of factual 9 allegations. See Roberts v. Corrothers, 812 F.2d 1173, 1177 (9th Cir. 1987). Similarly, 10 “conclusory allegations of law and unwarranted inferences are not sufficient to defeat a 11 motion to dismiss.” Pareto v. FDIC, 139 F.3d 696, 699 (9th Cir. 1998). 12 A. Second Claim for Relief – Conversion 13 Defendant contends that Plaintiff’s claim for conversion cannot stand because 14 Plaintiff “generically claims conversion” of funds generated by Plaintiff’s provision of 15 services to Defendant under the contract. (ECF No. 6-1, at 31–32.) 16 “Conversion is the wrongful exercise of dominion over the property of another.” 17 Oakdale Vill. Grp. v. Fong, 50 Cal. Rptr. 2d 810, 812 (1996). To state a claim, a plaintiff 18 must allege his “ownership or right to possession of the property at the time of the 19 conversion; the defendant's conversion by a wrongful act or disposition of property 20 rights; and damages.” Farmers Ins. Exch. v. Zerin, 61 Cal. Rptr. 2d 707, 709 (1997) 21 (internal citations omitted); see also Jud. Council of Cal., Civ. Jury Instr. 2100. “‘Money 22 cannot be the subject of a cause of action for conversion unless there is a specific, 23 identifiable sum involved, such as where an agent accepts a sum of money to be paid to 24 another and fails to make the payment.’ A ‘generalized claim for money [is] not 25 actionable as conversion.’” PCO, Inc. v. Christensen, Miller, Fink, Jacobs, Glaser, Weil 26 & Shapiro, LLP, Cal. Rptr. 3d 516, 524 (2007) (internal citations omitted). 27 Here, Plaintiff claims that it “owned, possessed, and/or had a right to possess and 28 still owns and/or has the right to possess any and all of its tangible and intangible 1 property generated by its provision of services to Defendant.” (ECF No. 1, at 5.) 2 Plaintiff further contends that Defendant “intentionally, wrongfully and substantially 3 converted this property for its own use and for its personal benefit and gain . . . by 4 retaining funds owed to [Plaintiff].” (Id.) 5 In claiming an ownership interest in funds owed under the Consulting Agreement, 6 Plaintiff is simply asserting a contractual right of payment which is not a sufficient basis 7 to state a claim for conversion. Farmers Ins. Exch., 61 Cal. Rptr. 2d at 709 (“[A] mere 8 contractual right of payment, without more, will not suffice” to prevail on a claim for 9 conversion.). Plaintiff’s conclusory allegations do not rise above a generalized claim for 10 money. Defendant’s motion to dismiss Plaintiff’s second claim for conversion is granted. 11 B. Third Claim for Relief – Accounting 12 Defendant argues that Plaintiff’s accounting claim rises and falls with the 13 conversion claim. (ECF No. 6-1, at 34.) Defendant also asserts that the accounting claim 14 fails for the independent reason that Plaintiff cannot allege that an accounting is 15 necessary. (Id.) 16 “An action for an accounting has two elements: (1) that a relationship exists 17 between the plaintiff and defendant that requires an accounting and (2) that some balance 18 is due the plaintiff that can only be ascertained by an accounting.” Sass v. Cohen, 477 19 P.3d 557, 562 (Cal. 2020) (citation omitted). “The action carries with it an inherent 20 limitation; an accounting action is not available where the plaintiff alleges the right to 21 recover a sum certain or a sum that can be made certain by calculation.” Id. (citation 22 omitted). To be sure, “[a]n accounting cause of action is equitable and may be sought 23 where the accounts are so complicated that an ordinary legal action demanding a fixed 24 sum is impracticable.” Herrejon v. Ocwen Loan Servicing, LLC, 980 F. Supp. 2d 1186, 25 1207 (E.D. Cal. 2013) (citing Civic W. Corp. v. Zila Indus., Inc., 135 Cal. Rptr. 915, 923 26 (1977)). “[A] fiduciary relationship between the parties is not required to state a cause of 27 action for accounting.” Teselle v. McLoughlin, 92 Cal. Rptr. 3d 696, 716 (2009). 28 1 Plaintiff claims that an accounting is warranted because “Defendant owes a duty to 2 account” to Plaintiff, and that Plaintiff is “unaware of the exact amounts owed to it.” 3 (ECF No. 1, at 6.) Plaintiff has sufficiently alleged that a relationship exists between it 4 and Defendant such that an accounting is required. But simply stating that the amount 5 owed to Plaintiff is unknown is insufficient to show that the accounts are so complicated 6 that an ordinary claim for breach of contract would be inadequate to afford proper relief. 7 Defendant’s motion to dismiss Plaintiff’s third claim for relief is granted. 8 C. Leave to Amend 9 In the event Plaintiff’s second and third claims are dismissed, Plaintiff requests 10 leave to amend the Complaint. (ECF No. 9, at 32–33.) Because the Court cannot 11 conclude that leave to amend would be futile, the Court grants Plaintiff leave to amend. 12 See Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a)(2); Schreiber Distrib. Co. v. Serv-Well Furniture Co., 806 F.2d 13 1393, 1401 (9th Cir. 1986) (“[L]eave to amend should be granted unless the court 14 determines that the allegation of other facts consistent with the challenged pleading could 15 not possibly cure the deficiency.”) 16 VI. REQUEST FOR JUDICIAL NOTICE 17 Defendant requests judicial notice of the docket from the Utah Action, the 18 complaint filed in the Utah Action, and the Federal Court Management Statistics, 19 National Judicial Caseload Profile for the most recent period found on the U.S. Courts 20 website. (ECF No. 6-2, at 2.) 21 Federal Rule of Evidence 201 permits a court to take judicial notice of an 22 adjudicative fact if it is “not subject to reasonable dispute.” Fed. R. Evid. 201(b). A fact 23 is “not subject to reasonable dispute” if it is “generally known,” or “can be accurately and 24 readily determined from sources whose accuracy cannot reasonably be questioned.” Fed. 25 R. Evid. 201(b)(1)–(2). Under this rule, “federal courts may take judicial notice of other 26 courts' proceedings . . . if the proceedings directly relate to matters before the court.” 27 Hayes v. Woodford, 444 F. Supp. 2d 1127, 1137 (S.D. Cal. 2006), aff'd, 276 F. App'x 576 28 (9th Cir. 2008) (citing U.S. ex rel. Robinson Rancheria Citizens Council v. Borneo, Inc., 1 F.2d 244, 248 (9th Cir. 1992)). Additionally, “the court can take judicial notice of 2 || ‘[p]ublic records and government documents available from reliable sources on the 3 || Internet,’ such as websites run by governmental agencies.” Gerritsen v. Warner Bros. 4 || Ent. Inc., 112 F. Supp. 3d 1011, 1033 (C.D. Cal. 2015); see also Daniels-Hall v. Nat'l 5 || Educ. Ass'n, 629 F.3d 992, 998-99 (9th Cir. 2010) (taking judicial notice of information 6 || that was “made publicly available by government entities . . . and neither party disputes 7 authenticity of the web sites or the accuracy of the information displayed therein’’). 8 The documents that Defendant seeks to have judicially noticed fall into the above 9 || categories. Accordingly, the Court finds the two court documents pertaining to the Utah 10 || Action and the governmental record available on the U.S. Courts website appropriate for 11 judicial notice under Federal Rule of Evidence 201. Defendant’s request for judicial 12 || notice is granted. 13 || VIL CONCLUSION 14 For the reasons stated above, Defendant’s motion to dismiss under forum non 15 || conveniens is DENIED. Defendant’s motion to stay is DENIED. Defendant’s motion to 16 transfer is DENIED. Defendant’s motion to dismiss Plaintiff's second claim for 17 || conversion and third claim for accounting for failure to state a claim is GRANTED. 18 || Plaintiff is granted leave to amend. If Plaintiff chooses to amend, the amended 19 complaint must be filed and served no later than December 5, 2022. Defendant shall 20 || file and serve a response, if any, no later than the time provided in Federal Rule of Civil 21 || Procedure 15(a)(3). 22 IT IS SO ORDERED. 23 24 || Dated: November 7, 2022 1 fee fp 2%6 H . James Lorenz, United States District Judge 27 28