MILLER, J.
This is a suit by John C. Knight against the Atlanta
&
St. Andrews Bay Railway Company, a corporation, • for damages for negligently erecting a culvert over a stream running through his land, which caused the water to overflow some of his land, making it continually wet, boggy, injuring the land, caused trees on it to die, and two cows and a mule, in a pasture in which is located this land, went into this wet, boggy place, and could not get out and died. The jury returned a verdict in favor of the plaintiff, and from a judgment thereon by the court this appeal is prosecuted by the defendant.
The original complaint contained one count. Demurrers of thp defendant to it were sustained by the court. The plaintiff then amended by adding counts 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7. Demurrers of defendant to each of these counts of the amended complaint were overruled by the court.
The appellant insists these demurrers to each of these counts should have been sustained, because there was joined in one and the same count two separate causes of action. This is the only ground mentioned and insisted on in the brief. The court did not err in overruling the demurrers to these counts. Count 2 avers the defendant negligently constructed a culvert over a stream of water running through the land of plaintiff, and over the right of way of defendant, which proximately caused the water naturally running down the stream to back on and overflow the lands of plaintiff, to stand continuously there in ponds, made it unusually muddy and boggy over about five acres of his land, and rendered it valueless. Count 3 is the same as count 2, except it avers about five or six acres of the land of plaintiff, adjacent to the boggy five acres, remains wet, and is rendered unfit for cultivation on account of this water, and plaintiff was deprived of its rental value and claims damages for it. Count 4 is the same as count 2, except it avers this boggy, wet, overflowed land was in a pasture of plaintiff, and in May or June, 1921, a cow of plaintiff, of the value of $25, bogged down therein and died, for which plaintiff claims damages. Count 5 is the same as counts 2 and 4, except it claims $25 damages for the value of a cow of plaintiff that bogged down in this wet land in November, 1921, and died. Count 6 is the same as count 2, 4, and 5, except it claims $200 damages for the value of a mule of plaintiff that bogged down in this wet land in November, 1921, and died. Count 7 is the same as count 2, except it claims $200 damages for standing trees on this land that died as a proximate result of negligence of defendant in the construction of the culvert causing this water to back and stand continuously on this land.
In the construction of culverts over streams running across the' right of way, railroads are bound to use ordinary care so as not to obstruct, to the, damage of others, the flow of water from rainfalls, such as may be reasonably expected from frequent or rare occurrences. Columbus & Western Ry. Co. v. Bridges, 86 Ala. 448, 5 South. 864, 11 Am. St. Rep. 58; South. Ry. Co. v. Plott, 131 Ala. 312, 31 South. 33.
Each of these counts avers facts showing that duty owing by the defendant to the plaintiff; each count avers a negligent construction of the culvert which caused a constant overflow of water upon the land of
plaintiff, and each count avers an injury as - a proximate result thereof, to the land, or trees or stock of plaintiff. Each count states , a cause of action, and two causes of action ; are not averred in either count. It appears by averment in each count that the stream; was obstructed during the year 1921, and now j by a permanent culvert so small as to cause j a constant overflow of water upon lands of j plaintiff, and to keep water thereon continuously. S. S. S. & I. Co. v. Mitchell, 181 Ala. 576, 61 South. 934; South. Ry. Co. v. Plott, 131 Ala. 312, 31 South. 33; Cent. of Ga. Ry. Co. v. Windham, 126 Ala. 552, 28 South. 392; Shahan v. A. G. S. R. R. Co., 115 Ala. 181, 22 South. 449, 67 Am. St. Rep. 20.
The defendant pleaded the general issue, and the cause was tried thereon by the jury.
The plaintiff purchased this land in 1911. He was permitted by the court to testify, over objection of the defendant, that at that time the defendant had an embankment on each side and a trestle over this stream, and later in 1914 erected a large culvert over the stream and filled in between the embankments; and that during this time the opening under the trestle and afterwards this culvert carried off the water, and this land of plaintiff was not covered with water. Later this large culvert was taken out and a smaller culvert was put in its place by the defendant for the water to run through, and since then “the water has to force its way there,” and “that land is covered practically all the time and worse at other times”; and since the small culvert was put in “that in his best judgment in ordinary times the water stands.on something like six or eight acres,” and there was evidence tending to show that from twelve to fourteen acres of land were kept damp and wet. This was relevant and competent evidence; it tended to show that prior to the construction of the small culvert this land of plaintiff did not overflow, and its overflow was due to the negligent construction of the small culvert as averred iii the complaint, and it tended to show permanent injury to and constant overflow of the land. The defendant cannot justly complain at these rulings of the court. The defendant had full opportunity to cross-examine the plaintiff thereon. Ala. Con. C. & I. Co. v. Vines, 151 Ala. 398, 44 South. 377; S. S. S. & I. Co. v. Mitchell, 181 Ala. 576, 61 South. 934.
Will Crawford, witness for the defendant, saw the culvert and this land of plaintiff just before the trial; was sent there by defendant, and measured it; he has been a civil engineer for 26 years. He testified on cross-examination that the culvert had about three inches fall, from upper to lower end. The court did not err in allowing plaintiff to ask him, and for him to answer “that in his judgment that culvert should have had a fall of from six to ten inches.” He saw the culvert, had had 26 years’ experience as a civil engineer, saw the surroundings, was sent there to examine it by the defendant, and was competent and qualified to give an opinion, and this testimony, in connection with other evidence, tended to show the culvert was not properly constructed so as to carry off the water from ordinary rainfalls, “The rule excluding ‘opinions’ as evidence is not applied so strictly to questions of ‘values’ and ‘estimates’ as to many other subjects.” Mobile, Jackson & K. C. R. Co. v. Riley, 119 Ala. 260, 24 South. 858; Jackson Lbr. Co. v. Cunningham, 141 Ala. 214, 37 South. 445, and authorities supra.
The court did not err in allowing evidence tending to show this land was wet and boggy, was permanently injured, that trees growing therein died, that adjacent cultivated land was kept wet and unfit for growing crops. S. S. S. & I. Co. v. Mitchell, 181 Ala. 576, 61 South. 934.
F. G. Benfroe, witness for defendant, testified that he was section foreman of defendant from September, 1918, to August, 1922, on the roadbed that ran through this land of plaintiff. It was low land; he observed the land during 1921; he knew the ' land where the pasture was located; did not remember seeing any dead timber on this land; there was dead timber there before 1921; the land there contiguous to the railroad is generally low, flat land.
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MILLER, J.
This is a suit by John C. Knight against the Atlanta
&
St. Andrews Bay Railway Company, a corporation, • for damages for negligently erecting a culvert over a stream running through his land, which caused the water to overflow some of his land, making it continually wet, boggy, injuring the land, caused trees on it to die, and two cows and a mule, in a pasture in which is located this land, went into this wet, boggy place, and could not get out and died. The jury returned a verdict in favor of the plaintiff, and from a judgment thereon by the court this appeal is prosecuted by the defendant.
The original complaint contained one count. Demurrers of thp defendant to it were sustained by the court. The plaintiff then amended by adding counts 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7. Demurrers of defendant to each of these counts of the amended complaint were overruled by the court.
The appellant insists these demurrers to each of these counts should have been sustained, because there was joined in one and the same count two separate causes of action. This is the only ground mentioned and insisted on in the brief. The court did not err in overruling the demurrers to these counts. Count 2 avers the defendant negligently constructed a culvert over a stream of water running through the land of plaintiff, and over the right of way of defendant, which proximately caused the water naturally running down the stream to back on and overflow the lands of plaintiff, to stand continuously there in ponds, made it unusually muddy and boggy over about five acres of his land, and rendered it valueless. Count 3 is the same as count 2, except it avers about five or six acres of the land of plaintiff, adjacent to the boggy five acres, remains wet, and is rendered unfit for cultivation on account of this water, and plaintiff was deprived of its rental value and claims damages for it. Count 4 is the same as count 2, except it avers this boggy, wet, overflowed land was in a pasture of plaintiff, and in May or June, 1921, a cow of plaintiff, of the value of $25, bogged down therein and died, for which plaintiff claims damages. Count 5 is the same as counts 2 and 4, except it claims $25 damages for the value of a cow of plaintiff that bogged down in this wet land in November, 1921, and died. Count 6 is the same as count 2, 4, and 5, except it claims $200 damages for the value of a mule of plaintiff that bogged down in this wet land in November, 1921, and died. Count 7 is the same as count 2, except it claims $200 damages for standing trees on this land that died as a proximate result of negligence of defendant in the construction of the culvert causing this water to back and stand continuously on this land.
In the construction of culverts over streams running across the' right of way, railroads are bound to use ordinary care so as not to obstruct, to the, damage of others, the flow of water from rainfalls, such as may be reasonably expected from frequent or rare occurrences. Columbus & Western Ry. Co. v. Bridges, 86 Ala. 448, 5 South. 864, 11 Am. St. Rep. 58; South. Ry. Co. v. Plott, 131 Ala. 312, 31 South. 33.
Each of these counts avers facts showing that duty owing by the defendant to the plaintiff; each count avers a negligent construction of the culvert which caused a constant overflow of water upon the land of
plaintiff, and each count avers an injury as - a proximate result thereof, to the land, or trees or stock of plaintiff. Each count states , a cause of action, and two causes of action ; are not averred in either count. It appears by averment in each count that the stream; was obstructed during the year 1921, and now j by a permanent culvert so small as to cause j a constant overflow of water upon lands of j plaintiff, and to keep water thereon continuously. S. S. S. & I. Co. v. Mitchell, 181 Ala. 576, 61 South. 934; South. Ry. Co. v. Plott, 131 Ala. 312, 31 South. 33; Cent. of Ga. Ry. Co. v. Windham, 126 Ala. 552, 28 South. 392; Shahan v. A. G. S. R. R. Co., 115 Ala. 181, 22 South. 449, 67 Am. St. Rep. 20.
The defendant pleaded the general issue, and the cause was tried thereon by the jury.
The plaintiff purchased this land in 1911. He was permitted by the court to testify, over objection of the defendant, that at that time the defendant had an embankment on each side and a trestle over this stream, and later in 1914 erected a large culvert over the stream and filled in between the embankments; and that during this time the opening under the trestle and afterwards this culvert carried off the water, and this land of plaintiff was not covered with water. Later this large culvert was taken out and a smaller culvert was put in its place by the defendant for the water to run through, and since then “the water has to force its way there,” and “that land is covered practically all the time and worse at other times”; and since the small culvert was put in “that in his best judgment in ordinary times the water stands.on something like six or eight acres,” and there was evidence tending to show that from twelve to fourteen acres of land were kept damp and wet. This was relevant and competent evidence; it tended to show that prior to the construction of the small culvert this land of plaintiff did not overflow, and its overflow was due to the negligent construction of the small culvert as averred iii the complaint, and it tended to show permanent injury to and constant overflow of the land. The defendant cannot justly complain at these rulings of the court. The defendant had full opportunity to cross-examine the plaintiff thereon. Ala. Con. C. & I. Co. v. Vines, 151 Ala. 398, 44 South. 377; S. S. S. & I. Co. v. Mitchell, 181 Ala. 576, 61 South. 934.
Will Crawford, witness for the defendant, saw the culvert and this land of plaintiff just before the trial; was sent there by defendant, and measured it; he has been a civil engineer for 26 years. He testified on cross-examination that the culvert had about three inches fall, from upper to lower end. The court did not err in allowing plaintiff to ask him, and for him to answer “that in his judgment that culvert should have had a fall of from six to ten inches.” He saw the culvert, had had 26 years’ experience as a civil engineer, saw the surroundings, was sent there to examine it by the defendant, and was competent and qualified to give an opinion, and this testimony, in connection with other evidence, tended to show the culvert was not properly constructed so as to carry off the water from ordinary rainfalls, “The rule excluding ‘opinions’ as evidence is not applied so strictly to questions of ‘values’ and ‘estimates’ as to many other subjects.” Mobile, Jackson & K. C. R. Co. v. Riley, 119 Ala. 260, 24 South. 858; Jackson Lbr. Co. v. Cunningham, 141 Ala. 214, 37 South. 445, and authorities supra.
The court did not err in allowing evidence tending to show this land was wet and boggy, was permanently injured, that trees growing therein died, that adjacent cultivated land was kept wet and unfit for growing crops. S. S. S. & I. Co. v. Mitchell, 181 Ala. 576, 61 South. 934.
F. G. Benfroe, witness for defendant, testified that he was section foreman of defendant from September, 1918, to August, 1922, on the roadbed that ran through this land of plaintiff. It was low land; he observed the land during 1921; he knew the ' land where the pasture was located; did not remember seeing any dead timber on this land; there was dead timber there before 1921; the land there contiguous to the railroad is generally low, flat land. The plaintiff on cross-examination asked him, over the objection of the defendant, this question, “Hid plaintiff ever ask you to open up this culvert so the water would run off?” Witness answered:
“He came to me one day when I was working near by, possibly near the corner of the pasture, and was telling me that he had made complaint to Mr. Sherman about that. He didn’t never come to me directly.”
The court would not exclude this evidence on motion of defendant. It is evident that this conversation took place after the small culvert was constructed. It was during the time Benfroe was section foreman of defendant. He had charge of, this part of the road. He was Working near this land at the time. This evidence was relevant, tending to show that this culvert did not carry off the water, that it needed to be opened, and the defendant’s section foreman knew it.
The defendant objected to and moved to exclude the evidence showing that two cows and one mule of plaintiff went into this wet, boggy land, bogged up, died, and the reasonable market value of each, because this damage to the stock was not the proximate result of the water, backing on the land caused by the defective construction of this small culvert by defendant. And for the same reason the defendant insists the court erred in refusing written charges 1, 2, 3, and 4, separately requested by it; that if the jury
believed .the evidence, they cannot give plaintiff any -damages for the loss of either cow or mule.
Was the defendant guilty of negligence in the construction of this culvert? Did this negligence of the defendant in the construction of this small culvert proximately contribute to the death of the cows and mule? Does it appear from the evidence or any phase of'the evidence that the injury to and death of the cows and mule would not have happened but for this negligence of the defendant? If'these questions can be answered affirmatively from the evidence, then the court did not err in allowing the testimony to be introduced showing injury to, death of, and value of the cows and mule, and the court did not err in refusing to give to the jury the written charges requested by the defendant, mentioned above. 10 Michie, Dig. p.
574,
§
24
[Proximate Cause of Injury]; and authorities there cited.
Prior to the construction of this small culvert by defendant, it appears from certain parts of the evidence that this land of plaintiff was dry, and not muddy and boggy, and after its construction water stood on five or six acres of it all the time, kept it wet, made it muddy and boggy, and the culvert was insufficient to carry off the water of usual and ordinary rains. This land was located in an inelosure used by the plaintiff to pasture his cows and mule. Two cows and one mule of the plaintiff, in the pasture, attempted to go through this wet land, overflowed from the culvert, got in a boggy place, the cows died, and the mule was prized out and died soon afterwards. There was also evidence tending to show that this land was naturally low and wet, and water remained on it naturally; and the water on it and its muddy and boggy condition were not due to the negligent construction or maintenance of this culvert by the defendant.
There was evidence from which the jury could reasonably infer that this injury to and death of the cows and mule would not have occurred, except for the negligence of the defendant in the construction of this culvert, which caused the water to back up on this' land of plaintiff in his pasture, kept it wet, and made it boggy with water remaining on it constantly. It was competent and relevant for the plaintiff to prove that his two cows and mule were in this pasture, walked into this overflowed land from the culvert, got bogged up therein, died, and the value of each. The court properly refused the written charges requested by the defendant that if they believed the evidence they could not give plaintiff any damages for the loss of either of the cows or the mule. Under the conflicting evidence and its tendencies in this cause, the court properly left the question of the right to recover damages for loss of the cows and mule for the consideration and determination of the jury. Authorities supra.
There are many errors assigned. Only a few of them have been argued, and presented in brief in a way which entitles them to consideration of this court. We have considered the errors assigned, argued, and presented by appellant, and the errors assigned, but not argued and insisted on in the brief, are waived. South. Ry. Oo. v. Cunningham, 112 Ala. 496, 20 South. .639; Syllacauga Land Co. v. Hendrix, 103 Ala. 254, 15 South. 594; Haley v. Miller, 193 Ala. 482 [1st par. of opinion], 69 South. 564.
The judgment is affirmed.
Affirmed. '
ANDERSON, C. J., and SAYRE and GARDNER, JJ., concur.