McOLELLAN, J.
There are. suggestions in the present bill looking to relief by way of quieting, and removing a cloud from, complainants’ title to the land in controversy. But [487]*487neither'the averments nor proof are sufficient to authorize such reliéf.
1. With respect to bills to quiet titles we have no such., statutory provisions as exist in some of the States under which such bills have come to be an ordinary mode of trying disputed titles, and the jurisdiction of chancery can be invoked to this end only upon the general principles of equity jurisprudence, which afford this remedy to a complainant “in possession holding the legal title, when successive actions at law, all of which had failed, were brought against him by a single-person out of possession, or when many persons assert equitable titles against-a plaintiff in possession holding the legal oían equitable title.” — 3 Pom. Eq. Jur., § 1396. None of these necessary facts are in this case, and the suggestion as to relief by way of quieting titles may be dismissed from further consideration.
2. As to removing a cloud from complainant’s title, the suggestion is equally lacking in averment and proof. There is no allegation or evidence of any muniment of title, proceeding, written contract, or paper showing any color of title in the defendant, which could cast a shadow on the title of complainants to any part of the land; there is no over-lapping of description in the muniments held by either. The land of complainants and defendant join. The line which separates them is in dispute and is to be determined by evidence aliunde. Each admits that the other has title up to his line wherever it may be, and the title papers of neither fix its precise location. So that there is no paper, the existence of which clouds the title of either party, and nothing could be delivered up and cancelled under the decree of the court undertaking to remove a cloud. That suggestion may also be summarily dismissed. The real purposes of the bill appear to be two : first, to establish by a decree of the court a disputed boundary line between the coterminous proprietors; and second, to enjoin the defendant from trespassing upon any part of the land thus found to belong to complainants.
3. The jurisdiction of chancery to establish disputed boundaries is ancient and well defined. It does not arise upon any mere dispute as to the location of the boundary between adjacent parcels of land, or even upon a mere dispute as to-such location of a confused or obliterated line. There must in addition to all this be some special ground of equitable interposition. Such grounds, it is said, may be predicated of the fraud or neglect of duty of the defendant, whereby the confusion and obliteration has resulted; and where the line, is [488]*488marked upon the surface of the ground, and is plowed over and obliterated for the purposes of a fraudulent insistence that it is elsewhere than at its true location ; or by a person having at the time possession of his own and the adjoining parcel, and thus being under a duty of maintaining and preserving the demarcation of the two tracts. — 3 Pom. Eq. Jur., 1384-5; Wake v. Conyers, 1 Eden Ch. 227; Rous v. Baker, 4 Town P. C. 660; Speer v. Crowter, 2 Merio, 410-17; Norris' Appeal, 64 Pa. St. 275; Hill v. Proctor, 10 W. Va. 59 ; Wetherber v. Dunne, 36 Cal. 249.
And where the line is marked only by monuments at its terminal points — the boundary running directly between them — the destruction of these monuments under like circumstances, and consequent confusion and dispute as to the location of the line, would present a case for equitable action in fixing and declaring the boundary. In the case at bar, it is alleged that the true boundary was indicated originally both by a road or “turn row” running the whole length of the coterminous ownership, between, or on the line between, the two parcels, and by monuments standing at either end of the dine thus superficially indicated. And while it is averred that the “ turn row ” has been obliterated by the defendant, it is also alleged that the monuments standing -at either end of the boundary are still standing. Rot only so but it appears more or less clearly in the averments, and with entire clearness in the testimony, that the line between these monuments was at the time the bill was filed, and at the time of the hearing, fully marked by posts at short intervals throughout its course, these posts having supported a fence built on the line, but which, except the posts, had been removed. On the case made by complainants, therefore, there is no confusion of boundaries, no obliteration of the true line, no state of fads which renders the interposition of -chancery necessary to a determination of the line between the adjacent parcels. In like manner, fhe defendant relies upon a line as the true one between his land and that of complainants, which is also so marked and indicated by monuments as not to involve such confusion or obliteration as is essential to equity jurisdiction being exercised to its establishment. It is quite true that the two lines are not identical. On the contrary, while they have a common initial point on the eastern boundary, they strike the western line of the two parcels at points sufficiently distant from each other as to make a difference of about ten acres in the contents of either parcel; that is, if the line contended for by complainants is the true one, ten acres of the land claimed by defendant belongs to the former, and vice [489]*489versa. Neither side, it thus appears, concedes that there is any confusion as to the true boundary, but each insists that that boundary is a direct line between certain initial and terminal points which is also marked along its, course by certain other monuments and surface indicia. It is at once manifest from the foregoing that the real nature of this proceeding, so far as the first purpose of the bill is concerned, is not to establish an obliterated and confused boundary — not to have a commission issue to bring order out of confusion and to ascertain and redefine an obliterated line — but to invoke the powers of the chancery court to an adjudication of title to the ten acres of land in dispute, a purely legal question triable alone by jury in a law court-. Chancery jurisdiction to establish disputed boundaries is effectuated through a commission appointed to go upon the land and ascertain, fix ánd mark the true line, or being unable to determine and rehabilitate the real boundary, to establish a line between the adjacent proprietors which, though it is not assumed or intended to be-identical with the original and true line, yet. leaves to each proprietor the acreage to which he is entitled. The duty that would devolve*upon such commission in this case manifestly, ■would not be the ascertainment and location of the original line, or the establishment of an equitable boundary not identical with the original, but, merely a determination upon the contention of the parties pro and con whether one or the other' line claimed by them respectively is the true boundary, involving in reality a decision by the commission, subject to-confirmation or rejection by the court-, as to the ownership of the fen acres in controversy.
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McOLELLAN, J.
There are. suggestions in the present bill looking to relief by way of quieting, and removing a cloud from, complainants’ title to the land in controversy. But [487]*487neither'the averments nor proof are sufficient to authorize such reliéf.
1. With respect to bills to quiet titles we have no such., statutory provisions as exist in some of the States under which such bills have come to be an ordinary mode of trying disputed titles, and the jurisdiction of chancery can be invoked to this end only upon the general principles of equity jurisprudence, which afford this remedy to a complainant “in possession holding the legal title, when successive actions at law, all of which had failed, were brought against him by a single-person out of possession, or when many persons assert equitable titles against-a plaintiff in possession holding the legal oían equitable title.” — 3 Pom. Eq. Jur., § 1396. None of these necessary facts are in this case, and the suggestion as to relief by way of quieting titles may be dismissed from further consideration.
2. As to removing a cloud from complainant’s title, the suggestion is equally lacking in averment and proof. There is no allegation or evidence of any muniment of title, proceeding, written contract, or paper showing any color of title in the defendant, which could cast a shadow on the title of complainants to any part of the land; there is no over-lapping of description in the muniments held by either. The land of complainants and defendant join. The line which separates them is in dispute and is to be determined by evidence aliunde. Each admits that the other has title up to his line wherever it may be, and the title papers of neither fix its precise location. So that there is no paper, the existence of which clouds the title of either party, and nothing could be delivered up and cancelled under the decree of the court undertaking to remove a cloud. That suggestion may also be summarily dismissed. The real purposes of the bill appear to be two : first, to establish by a decree of the court a disputed boundary line between the coterminous proprietors; and second, to enjoin the defendant from trespassing upon any part of the land thus found to belong to complainants.
3. The jurisdiction of chancery to establish disputed boundaries is ancient and well defined. It does not arise upon any mere dispute as to the location of the boundary between adjacent parcels of land, or even upon a mere dispute as to-such location of a confused or obliterated line. There must in addition to all this be some special ground of equitable interposition. Such grounds, it is said, may be predicated of the fraud or neglect of duty of the defendant, whereby the confusion and obliteration has resulted; and where the line, is [488]*488marked upon the surface of the ground, and is plowed over and obliterated for the purposes of a fraudulent insistence that it is elsewhere than at its true location ; or by a person having at the time possession of his own and the adjoining parcel, and thus being under a duty of maintaining and preserving the demarcation of the two tracts. — 3 Pom. Eq. Jur., 1384-5; Wake v. Conyers, 1 Eden Ch. 227; Rous v. Baker, 4 Town P. C. 660; Speer v. Crowter, 2 Merio, 410-17; Norris' Appeal, 64 Pa. St. 275; Hill v. Proctor, 10 W. Va. 59 ; Wetherber v. Dunne, 36 Cal. 249.
And where the line is marked only by monuments at its terminal points — the boundary running directly between them — the destruction of these monuments under like circumstances, and consequent confusion and dispute as to the location of the line, would present a case for equitable action in fixing and declaring the boundary. In the case at bar, it is alleged that the true boundary was indicated originally both by a road or “turn row” running the whole length of the coterminous ownership, between, or on the line between, the two parcels, and by monuments standing at either end of the dine thus superficially indicated. And while it is averred that the “ turn row ” has been obliterated by the defendant, it is also alleged that the monuments standing -at either end of the boundary are still standing. Rot only so but it appears more or less clearly in the averments, and with entire clearness in the testimony, that the line between these monuments was at the time the bill was filed, and at the time of the hearing, fully marked by posts at short intervals throughout its course, these posts having supported a fence built on the line, but which, except the posts, had been removed. On the case made by complainants, therefore, there is no confusion of boundaries, no obliteration of the true line, no state of fads which renders the interposition of -chancery necessary to a determination of the line between the adjacent parcels. In like manner, fhe defendant relies upon a line as the true one between his land and that of complainants, which is also so marked and indicated by monuments as not to involve such confusion or obliteration as is essential to equity jurisdiction being exercised to its establishment. It is quite true that the two lines are not identical. On the contrary, while they have a common initial point on the eastern boundary, they strike the western line of the two parcels at points sufficiently distant from each other as to make a difference of about ten acres in the contents of either parcel; that is, if the line contended for by complainants is the true one, ten acres of the land claimed by defendant belongs to the former, and vice [489]*489versa. Neither side, it thus appears, concedes that there is any confusion as to the true boundary, but each insists that that boundary is a direct line between certain initial and terminal points which is also marked along its, course by certain other monuments and surface indicia. It is at once manifest from the foregoing that the real nature of this proceeding, so far as the first purpose of the bill is concerned, is not to establish an obliterated and confused boundary — not to have a commission issue to bring order out of confusion and to ascertain and redefine an obliterated line — but to invoke the powers of the chancery court to an adjudication of title to the ten acres of land in dispute, a purely legal question triable alone by jury in a law court-. Chancery jurisdiction to establish disputed boundaries is effectuated through a commission appointed to go upon the land and ascertain, fix ánd mark the true line, or being unable to determine and rehabilitate the real boundary, to establish a line between the adjacent proprietors which, though it is not assumed or intended to be-identical with the original and true line, yet. leaves to each proprietor the acreage to which he is entitled. The duty that would devolve*upon such commission in this case manifestly, ■would not be the ascertainment and location of the original line, or the establishment of an equitable boundary not identical with the original, but, merely a determination upon the contention of the parties pro and con whether one or the other' line claimed by them respectively is the true boundary, involving in reality a decision by the commission, subject to-confirmation or rejection by the court-, as to the ownership of the fen acres in controversy. And the fact that no commission was deemed necessary or appointed here demonstrates, if anything further were needed to that end, that the court on this bill, and under this evidence, could not, and did not undertake to, dispel confusion as to the boundary, but only undertook to determine a controverted issue of fact as to the-title to the land in question. We are very clear that the chancery court was without jurisdiction to this end on the case presented to it. It was not a case of confusion of boundaries. — Story Eq. Jur., §§ 617-621; Miller v. Warmington, 1 Jac. & Walk. 463, 472; Wetherber v. Dunne, 36 Cal. 249.
4. Moreover, had the facts alleged and which complainants’' evidence went to establish been otherwise of a character to invoke equity interposition to the establishment- of disputed and confused boundaries, the bill to that end is fatally defective in that it shows that the complainants were in possession of all the land they set up any claim to. The. relief by way of establishing a boundary, or, that being impossible, allotting [490]*490to complainants a sufficiency, of laud out of the two tracts— they being considered in the nature of a common fund for this purpose — to make up the full acreage of the parcel to which they are entitled, manifestly can not be worked out against a ■defendant who is in possession of no part of the land claimed by complainants and who therefore has nothing which could -be taken, away from him, either by delineation of the true boundary, or by an allotment to complainants of an area equal to that embraced in their parcel as originally bounded.- — 3 Pom. Eq. Jur. § 1385; Atty. Gen. v. Stephens, 6 De. G. M. & G. 111; Godfrey v. Littel, 2 Rus. & My. 630. The bid, therefore, can not be maintained for the purpose of determining to whom the land in controversy belonged. The relief prayed •by way of establishing the boundary between complainants • and defendant should not have been granted on the averments •and proof found in this record. The 5th assignment of demurrer should have been sustained. The remaining assigments were not well taken, and were properly overruled.
5. With respect to the relief sought in the bill by way of the injunction of trespasses, it may be conceded that, pretermitting the question of title, the continuous or’recurring character of the threatened trespasses alleged, entitle the complainants to have their commission enjoined, since redress at law could only be had by a multiplicity of suits, a fact of it- • self sufficient to determine the inadequacy of the legal remedy, and especially so in view of the defendant’s alleged and admitted insolvency. — 3 Pom. Eq. Jur., § 1357; 2 Story Eq. Jur., §§ 928-9; Cox v. Douglas, 20 W. Va. 175; Sullivan v. Rabb, 86 Ala. 433. But, as 'appears from what we have said in relation to the other aspect of this case, complainants’ title to this land is severally contested. Not only so, but the bill itself, while averring title in them up to the line therein described, discloses that this claim is so involved in doubt "and uncertainty as to necessitate its judicial determination, and the .judgment of the court is invoked to that end. On the other hand, the answer roundly asserts that the lines of defendant’s holding embrace all of the strip in controversy, and set up morover an adverse possession of such character as would vest title in him regardless of the true location of the original boundary. And in addition to all of this, the evidence is in irreconciliable and material conflict both as to tlie true boundary and as to the adverse prior possession of the defendant. The defendant had a clear right, secured to him-by the constitution and'effectuated by statutes, to have his claim of title thus indicated by the bill itself, as also asserted in the answer and ■supported by one phase of the evidence, passed on bv a com[491]*491mon law jury. The Chancery Court is without power, in the-exercise of its jurisdiction to restrain irreparable trespasses, to-determine a question of disputed title. Indeed, on a bill for such purpose, it confessedly determines no primary right, but,, on the contrary, conserves and protects by its restraining processes only the enjoyment.of such right as the party complaining may have at law. It can neither confer title nor take it away, nor the one or the other directly, as by a decree investing it in the complainants, or indirectly, as by perpetually enjoining the defendant to assert his claim at law. In all such cases, the only relief equity can grant in the first instance-is by way of a temporary injunction of trespass, giving the parties opportunity to litigate the title in. the courts at law,, retaining the cause until the legal rights have been determined,, or until the party, upon whom is the burden of the initiative, has made default in seasonably invoking a jurisdiction adequate to the adjudication of his claim, and then t-o dissolve the injunction and dismiss the bill if the complainant is cast or fails' to proceed, in the legal forum, or to-perpetuate the injunction, if the defendant is defeated, or fails to institute and prosecute his action at law. — Kinder v. Jones, 17 Ver. 109; McMillan v. Ferrell, 7 W. Va. 223; Perry v. Parker, 1 Woodb. & M. 280; Eskridge v. Eskridge, 51 Miss. 522; Duvall v. Waters, 1 Bland. Ch. 669; Haigh v. Jaggor, 33 Eng. Ch. 230; Schoonover v. Bright, 24 W. Va. 698; Irwin v. Davidson, 3 Ived. Eq. (N. E.) 311; Echelkamp v. Schroader, 45 Mo. 505; Norris' Appeal, 64 Pa. St. 280; Long v. Kasebeer, 23 Kan. 226; Erhart v. Booro, 113 U. S. 539 ; Jerome v. Ross, 7 Johns. Ch. (N. Y.) 315.
We are aware 1 hat in some cases of this kind in this court a disputed title has been determined on a bill to enjoin trespasses;, but the power of 1 he court so to do does not appear to have been questioned, nor its attention drawn to the considerations to which we have adverted ; and in one of these it is said that the party complaining must show a clear legal or equitable title. In any view; they can not be considered authoritative so as now to bind us to a conclusion opposed to that stated above, and which we think is as sound in principle as it is overwhelmingly supported by the adjudications of other courts. See Bouls v. R. R. Co., 55 Ala. 480; Sullivan v. Rabb, 86 Ala. 433. Of course, if there has been an adjudication of the title at law before bill hied, this will suffice; and some effort was-made in this case towards averring and showing such prior decision here favorable to the complainants; but it is neither sufficiently averred nor proved that the question of title in controversy has ever been determined at law.
[492]*492As was said in the strictly analogous case of Echelkamp v. Schroader, supra: “It is unusual in cases like this, where the title itself comes in controversy, to grant a temporary injunction to await the event of an action at law to be prosecuted bjr the plaintiff [complainants]. But here the complainants are in actual possession, and therefore n,ot in a position, nor have they any occasion, to sue. The defendant is the proper party to bring an action.and test the rights of the respective parties at law. If he neglects to do this in a reasonable time, he will have no just grounds oí complaint ii the injunction is made perpetual against him in consequence of his own negligence.”
The decree below is reversed, and a decree will be entered here modifying the injunction in accordance with this opinion. The cause is remanded to the Chancery Court, where it will stand over until title to the disputed land is adjudicated at law, or until the defendant R. T. Ashurst has had reasonable time to bring his action at law and has failed to do so. “If he neglects to do this in a reasonable time, he will have no just grounds of complaint if the injunction is made perpetual against him in consequence of liis own negligence.”
The decree of the Chancellor establishing the boundary between the lands of complainants and those of defendant, and perpetually enjoining trespasses, &c., must be reversed; and this court, proceeding to render the decree the Chancery Court, should have rendered, refuses and denies any relief by way of establishing such boundary, and awards a temporary injunction.