Ashton Whitaker v. Kenosha Unified School Distri

CourtCourt of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit
DecidedMay 30, 2017
Docket16-3522
StatusPublished

This text of Ashton Whitaker v. Kenosha Unified School Distri (Ashton Whitaker v. Kenosha Unified School Distri) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.

Bluebook
Ashton Whitaker v. Kenosha Unified School Distri, (7th Cir. 2017).

Opinion

In the

United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit ____________________ No. 16‐3522 ASHTON WHITAKER, BY HIS MOTHER AND NEXT FRIEND MELISSA WHITAKER,

Plaintiff‐Appellee,

v.

KENOSHA UNIFIED SCHOOL DISTRICT NO. 1 BOARD OF EDUCATION, et al., Defendants‐Appellants ____________________

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Wisconsin. No. 2:16‐cv‐00943‐PP — Pamela Pepper, Judge. ____________________

ARGUED MARCH 29, 2017 — DECIDED MAY 30, 2017 ____________________

Before WOOD, Chief Judge, and ROVNER and WILLIAMS, Cir‐ cuit Judges. WILLIAMS, Circuit Judge. Ashton (“Ash”) Whitaker is a 17 year‐old high school senior who has what would seem like a simple request: to use the boys’ restroom while at school. 2 No. 16‐3522

However, the Defendants, the Kenosha Unified School Dis‐ trict and its superintendent, Sue Savaglio, (the “School Dis‐ trict”) believe that the request is not so simple because Ash1 is a transgender boy. The School District did not permit Ash to enter the boys’ restroom because, it believed, that his mere presence would invade the privacy rights of his male class‐ mates. Ash brought suit, alleging that the School District’s un‐ written bathroom policy2 violates Title IX of the Education Amendments Act of 1972 and the Fourteenth Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause. In addition to filing suit, Ash, beginning his senior year, moved for preliminary injunctive relief, seeking an order granting him access to the boys’ restrooms. He asserted that the denial of access to the boys’ bathroom was causing him harm, as his attempts to avoid using the bathroom exacer‐ bated his vasovagal syncope, a condition that renders Ash susceptible to fainting and/or seizures if dehydrated. He also contended that the denial caused him educational and emo‐ tional harm, including suicidal ideations. The School District vigorously objected and moved to dismiss Ash’s claims, argu‐ ing that Ash could neither state a claim under Title IX nor the Equal Protection Clause. The district court denied the motion to dismiss and granted Ash’s preliminary injunction motion. On appeal, the School District argues that we should exer‐ cise pendent appellate jurisdiction to review the district

1 We will refer to the Plaintiff‐Appellee as “Ash,” rather than by his

last name, as this is how he refers to himself throughout his brief. 2 We will refer to the School District’s decision to deny Ash access to

the boys’ restroom as a “policy,” although any such “policy” is unwritten and its exact boundaries are unclear. No. 16‐3522 3

court’s decision to deny the motion to dismiss. However, we decline this invitation, as the two orders were not inextricably intertwined and we can review the grant of the preliminary injunction without reviewing the denial of the motion to dis‐ miss. The School District also argues that we should reverse the district court’s decision to grant the preliminary injunction for two main reasons. First, it argues that the district court erred in finding that Ash had demonstrated a likelihood of success on the merits because transgender status is neither a protected class under Title IX nor is it entitled to heightened scrutiny. And, because the School District’s policy has a rational basis, that is, the need to protect other students’ privacy, Ash’s claims fail as a matter of law. We reject these arguments be‐ cause Ash has sufficiently demonstrated a likelihood of suc‐ cess on his Title IX claim under a sex‐stereotyping theory. Fur‐ ther, because the policy’s classification is based upon sex, he has also demonstrated that heightened scrutiny, and not ra‐ tional basis, should apply to his Equal Protection Claim. The School District has not provided a genuine and exceedingly persuasive justification for the classification. Second, the School District argues that the district court erred in finding that the harms to Ash outweighed the harms to the student population and their privacy interests. We dis‐ agree. The School District has failed to provide any evidence of how the preliminary injunction will harm it, or any of its students or parents. The harms identified by the School Dis‐ trict are all speculative and based upon conjecture, whereas the harms to Ash are well‐documented and supported by the record. As a consequence, we affirm the grant of preliminary injunctive relief. 4 No. 16‐3522

I. BACKGROUND Ash Whitaker is a 17 year‐old who lives in Kenosha, Wis‐ consin with his mother, who brought this suit as his “next friend.”3 He is currently a senior at George Nelson Tremper High School, which is in the Kenosha Unified School District. He entered his senior year ranked within the top five percent of his class and is involved in a number of extracurricular ac‐ tivities including the orchestra, theater, tennis, the National Honor Society, and the Astronomical Society. When not in os‐ chool or participating in these activities, Ash works part‐time as an accounting assistant in a medical office. While Ash’s birth certificate designates him as “female,” he does not identify as one. Rather, in the spring of 2013, when Ash was in eighth grade, he told his parents that he is transgender and a boy. He began to openly identify as a boy during the 2013‐2014 school year, when he entered Tremper as a freshman. He cut his hair, began to wear more masculine clothing, and began to use the name Ashton and male pro‐ nouns. In the fall of 2014, the beginning of his sophomore year, he told his teachers and his classmates that he is a boy and asked them to refer to him as Ashton or Ash and to use male pronouns. In addition to publicly transitioning, Ash began to see a therapist, who diagnosed him with Gender Dysphoria, which the American Psychiatric Association defines as “a marked incongruence between one’s experienced/expressed gender

3 Because Ash is a minor without a duly appointed representative,

pursuant to Rule 17 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, he may assert these claims only through a “next friend” or guardian ad litem. No. 16‐3522 5

and assigned gender … .”4 Am. Psychiatric Ass’n, Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 452 (5th ed. 2013). In July 2016, under the supervision of an endocrinologist at Chil‐ dren’s Hospital of Wisconsin, Ash began hormone replace‐ ment therapy. A month later, he filed a petition to legally change his name to Ashton Whitaker, which was granted in September 2016. For the most part, Ash’s transition has been met without hostility and has been accepted by much of the Tremper com‐ munity. At an orchestra performance in January 2015, for ex‐ ample, he wore a tuxedo like the rest of the boys in the group. His orchestra teacher, classmates, and the audience accepted this without incident. Unfortunately, the School District has not been as accepting of Ash’s requests to use the boys’ re‐ strooms. In the spring of his sophomore year, Ash and his mother met with his guidance counselor on several occasions to re‐ quest that Ash be permitted to use the boys’ restrooms while at school and at school‐sponsored events. Ash was later noti‐ fied that the administration had decided that he could only use the girls’ restrooms or a gender‐neutral restroom that was in the school’s main office, which was quite a distance from his classrooms. Because Ash had publicly transitioned, he be‐ lieved that using the girls’ restrooms would undermine his transition. Additionally, since Ash was the only student who was permitted to use the gender‐neutral bathroom in the school’s office, he feared that using it would draw further at‐ tention to his transition and status as a transgender student at

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