777 F.2d 764
250 U.S.App.D.C. 105
ASARCO, INC., Inspiration Consolidated Copper Company and
Kennecott Corporation, Petitioners,
v.
FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION, Respondent,
Southern California Edison Company, El Paso Electric
Company, Phelps Dodge Corporation, Pacific Gas & Electric
Company, Salt River Project Agricultural Improvement and
Power District, Governor Edmund G. Brown, Jr., Arizona
Public Service Company, El Paso Natural Gas Company,
Southern Union Company, Southwest Gas Corporation, Intervenors.
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA GAS COMPANY, Petitioner,
v.
FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION, Respondent,
El Paso Electric Company, Phelps Dodge Corporation, Pacific
Gas & Electric Company, Salt River Project Agricultural
Improvement and Power District, Governor Edmund G. Brown,
Jr., Arizona Public Service Company, Southern Union Company,
El Paso Natural Gas Company, Southwest Gas Corporation, Intervenors.
PACIFIC GAS AND ELECTRIC COMPANY, Petitioner,
v.
FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION, Respondent,
Phelps Dodge Corporation, Salt River Project Agricultural
Improvement and Power District, Governor Edmund G. Brown,
Jr., Arizona Public Service Company, Southern Union Company,
Southwest Gas Corporation, El Paso Natural Gas Company, El
Paso Electric Company, Intervenors.
PUBLIC UTILITIES COMMISSION OF the STATE OF CALIFORNIA, Petitioner,
v.
FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION, Respondent,
Arizona Public Service Company, El Paso Natural Gas Company,
Southern Union Company, Southwest Gas Corporation, Governor
Edmund G. Brown, Jr., Public Service Commission of West
Virginia, Intervenors.
ASARCO, INC., Inspiration Consolidated Copper Company and
Kennecott Corporation, Petitioners,
v.
FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION, Respondent,
Arizona Public Service Company, Salt River Project
Agricultural Improvement and Power District, Phelps Dodge
Corporation, Southern California Gas Company, Southwest Gas
Corporation, Southern Union Company, Tenneco Oil Company, et
al., Intervenors.
EL PASO NATURAL GAS COMPANY, Petitioner,
v.
FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION, Respondent,
El Paso Electric Company, Pacific Gas and Electric Company,
Phelps Dodge Corporation, Salt River Project Agricultural
Improvement and Power District, Tenneco Oil Company, et al.,
Southern California Edison Company, Southern California Gas
Company, Southern Union Company, People of State of
California, et al., Governor Edmund G. Brown, Jr., Arizona
Public Service Company, Southwest Gas Corporation, Public
Service Commission of West Virginia, Intervenors.
EL PASO NATURAL GAS COMPANY, Petitioner,
v.
FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION, Respondent,
Arizona Public Service Company, Pacific Gas and Electric
Company, Southern Union Company, Southern California Gas
Company, Salt River Project Agricultural Improvement and
Power District, Public Utilities Commission of State of
California, Southwest Gas Corporation, Governor George
Deukmejian, Intervenors.
Nos. 82-2173, 82-2204, 82-2270, 82-2311, 82-2527, 83-1409
and 83-1415.
United States Court of Appeals,
District of Columbia Circuit.
Argued May 30, 1984.
Decided November 29, 1985.
As Amended Nov. 29, 1985.
Petitions for Review of Orders of the Federal Energy Regulatory commission.
Douglas K. Porter, with whom D.J. Gilmore, Thomas D. Clarke and Eddie R. Island, Los Angeles, Cal., for Southern Cal. Gas Co. petitioner in No. 82-2204, Daniel E. Gibson and Robert B. McLennan, San Francisco, Cal., for Pacific Gas and Elec. Co. petitioner in No. 82-2270, J. Calvin Simpson and Lawrence Q. Garcia, San Francisco, Cal., for Public Utilities Com'n of the State of Cal. petitioner in No. 82-2311, were on joint brief, for petitioners in Nos. 82-2204, 82-2270 and 82-2311. D.J. Gilmore, Los Angeles, Cal., also entered an appearance for petitioner Southern Cal. Gas Co.
Nicholas W. Fels and David N. Heap, Washington, D.C., were on memorandum in lieu of brief for ASARCO, Inc., et al., petitioners in Nos. 82-2173 and 82-2527, intervenor in No. 83-1409.
C. Frank Reifsnyder, with whom Richard C. Green, Washington, D.C., Donald J. MacIver, Jr., Richard Owen Baish, Daniel E. Bappe and Scott D. Fobes, El Paso, Tex., were on brief, for El Paso Natural Gas Co. petitioner in Nos. 83-1409 and 83-1415 and intervenor in Nos. 82-2173, 82-2204, 82-2270, 82-2311 and 82-2527.
Thomas E. Hirsch, III, Atty., F.E.R.C., with whom Stephen R. Melton, Acting Gen. Counsel, and Jerome M. Feit, Sol., F.E.R.C., Washington, D.C., were on brief, for respondent F.E.R.C., in all cases. Joshua Z. Rokach, Atty., F.E.R.C., Washington, D.C., also entered an appearance for F.E.R.C.
Peyton G. Bowman, III, Daniel J. Wright, Washington, D.C., Steven M. Wheeler and Herbert I. Zinn, Phoenix, Ariz., entered appearances for Ariz. Public Service Co., intervenor in Nos. 82-2173, 82-2204, 82-2270, 82-2311, 82-2527, 83-1409 and 83-1415.
J. Michael Marcoux, Washington, D.C., entered an appearance for El Paso Elec. Co. intervenor in Nos. 82-2173, 82-2204, 82-2270, 82-2311, 82-2527, 83-1409 and 83-1415.
Michael J. Strumwasser and Daniel P. Selmi, Los Angeles, Cal., entered appearances for Governor Edmund G. Brown, Jr., intervenor in Nos. 82-2173, 82-2204, 82-2270, 82-2311 and 83-1409, and Governor George Deukmejian, intervenor in No. 83-1415.
R. Gordon Gooch, Houston, Tex., Charles M. Darling, IV, Steven R. Hunsicker, John W. Leslie, George B. Mickum, III, Steven H. Brose, Steven Reed, Michael J. Henke, David T. Andril and Ann M. Ashton, Washington, D.C., entered appearances for Tenneco Oil Co., et al., intervenors in Nos. 82-2527 and 83-1409.
Robert J. Haggerty, Washington, D.C., Bruce E. Henderson, Dallas, Tex., and Cameron R. Graham, Albuquerque, N.M., entered appearances for Southern Union Co. intervenor in Nos. 82-2173, 82-2204, 82-2270, 82-2311, 82-2527 and 83-1409.
William A. Claerhout and Charles H. McCrea, Las Vegas, Nev., entered appearances for Southwest Gas Corp. intervenor in Nos. 82-2173, 82-2204, 82-2270, 82-2311, 82-2527, 83-1409 and 83-1415.
Robert R. Rodecker, Charleston, W. Va., and Richard E. Hitt, entered appearances for Public Service Com'n of W. Va. intervenor in Nos. 82-2311 and 83-1409.
H. Robert Barnes and Larry R. Cope, Rosemead, Cal., entered appearances for Southern Cal. Edison Co. intervenor in Nos. 82-2173 and 83-1409.
Joel L. Greene, Carl W. Ulrich, Washington, D.C., and Richard H. Silverman, Phoenix, Ariz., were on statement in lieu of brief for Salt River Project Agr. Improvement and Power Dist. intervenor in Nos. 82-2173, 82-2204, 82-2270, 82-2527, 83-1409 and 83-1415.
Before TAMM, WALD and SCALIA, Circuit Judges.
Opinion for the Court filed by Circuit Judge SCALIA.
SCALIA, Circuit Judge.
We are required to determine whether we have jurisdiction under Sec. 19 of the Natural Gas Act ("NGA"), 15 U.S.C. Sec. 717r (1982), to consider five petitions for review of orders of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission. Southern California Gas Company ("SoCal"), Pacific Gas and Electric Company ("PG&E"), the California Public Utilities Commission ("CalPUC"), and ASARCO, Inc., Inspiration Consolidated Copper Company, and Kennecott Corporation (jointly "ASARCO") have each petitioned for review of a March 31, 1982, order of the Commission in which it accepted for filing a tariff submitted by El Paso Natural Gas Company ("El Paso") despite demands that the filing be immediately rejected under the Mobile-Sierra doctrine as inconsistent with existing rate settlements. ASARCO also seeks review of a September 30, 1982, order of the Commission that accompanied another September 30 order in which the Commission for the first time addressed and resolved the Mobile-Sierra claims. The issues presented are whether we have jurisdiction to review an acceptance for filing as to which a Mobile-Sierra claim has been made but has not been ruled upon by the Commission; and whether a petitioner may urge before us an objection that others presented to the Commission in their petition for rehearing but that the petitioner itself did not.
* Both an abbreviated review of the recent history of natural gas regulation and a detailed account of the complicated procedural history of this case are necessary for an understanding of the jurisdictional issues we confront.
* From 1938 to 1978, the NGA required that all rates charged for natural gas sold for resale in interstate commerce be "just and reasonable." NGA, ch. 556, Sec. 4(a), 52 Stat. 821, 822 (1938) (codified as amended at 15 U.S.C. Sec. 717c(a) (1982)). Initially, the Commission interpreted the NGA as granting jurisdiction only over the rates charged by interstate pipelines for gas sold to their jurisdictional customers. In determining whether a rate was "just and reasonable," the Commission used a "cost-of-service" methodology--i.e., it allowed recoupment of the costs incurred by the pipeline in acquiring (or producing) and transporting gas, plus a reasonable return on investment.
In 1954, the Supreme Court held that under the NGA, the Commission was also required to regulate the sales of gas to interstate pipelines by independent producers. Phillips Petroleum Co. v. Wisconsin, 347 U.S. 672, 74 S.Ct. 794, 98 L.Ed. 1035 (1954). Individual cost-of-service methodology could feasibly be applied to the relatively few interstate pipeline companies; but the Commission simply could not process individual rate filings by the thousands of independent producers. For its newly imposed responsibilities, therefore, the Commission adopted the methodology of area-wide ratemaking, determining "just and reasonable" rates for entire geographical areas based on the average cost of service of independent producers within that area. Area Rate Proceeding, 34 F.P.C. 159 (1965), upheld in Permian Basin Area Rate Cases, 390 U.S. 747, 88 S.Ct. 1344, 20 L.Ed.2d 312 (1968). The Commission later established "national rates" for independent producer sales of gas of recent vintage. Just and Reasonable National Rates for Sales of Natural Gas, 52 F.P.C. 1604 (1974), upheld in Shell Oil Co. v. FPC, 520 F.2d 1061 (5th Cir.1975), cert. denied, 426 U.S. 941, 96 S.Ct. 2660, 49 L.Ed.2d 394 (1976).
The Commission continued to regulate gas sold by interstate pipelines on an individual cost-of-service basis. In Opinion No. 568, however, it decided that for the purpose of valuing the cost-of-gas component of the cost of service, pipeline companies could value certain of their own production at the same "area rate" applied to gas sales by independent producers. Pipeline Production Area Rate Proceeding (Phase I), 42 F.P.C. 738 (1969), upheld in City of Chicago v. FPC, 458 F.2d 731 (D.C.Cir.1971), cert. denied, 405 U.S. 1074, 92 S.Ct. 1495, 31 L.Ed.2d 808 (1972). Nevertheless, under Opinion No. 568 a pipeline could request permission to continue to value its own production on a cost-of-service basis upon a showing of "special circumstances." 42 F.P.C. at 745.
Against this regulatory background, Congress in 1978 passed the Natural Gas Policy Act ("NGPA"), Pub.L. No. 95-621, 92 Stat. 3356 (codified at 15 U.S.C. Secs. 3301-3432 (1982)). Title I of this Act established ceiling prices for "first sales" of natural gas. NGPA Secs. 102-109, 15 U.S.C. Secs. 3312-3319. Title VI eliminated Commission ratemaking authority over the first sales of most natural gas, NGPA Sec. 601(a)(1), 15 U.S.C. Sec. 3431(a)(1), leaving the Title I ceiling prices as the only federal control. Moreover, for the Commission's continuing authority over interstate pipeline rates, the NGPA provided that the Commission must deem "just and reasonable" any amount paid in a first sale of natural gas that does not exceed the appropriate ceiling price. NGPA Sec. 601(b)(1)(A), 15 U.S.C. Sec. 3431(b)(1)(A).
In the wake of the NGPA's enactment, a dispute arose over whether a sale to pipeline customers of gas which that pipeline itself had produced was a "first sale" within the meaning of the NGPA and therefore the gas-cost component of the pipeline rate could be set at any level up to the applicable NGPA ceiling. The issue was hotly contested before the Commission, and in several related orders FERC ruled that most such sales did not come under the NGPA and would continue to be rate-regulated as they previously had been under the NGA. See Final Rule Governing the Maximum Lawful Price for Pipeline, Distributor or Affiliate Production, 44 Fed.Reg. 66,577 (1979); Pricing of Pipeline Production Under the Natural Gas Act, 45 Fed.Reg. 53,091 (1980); Pricing of Pipeline and Affiliate Production Under the Natural Gas Act, 45 Fed.Reg. 67,083 (1980). A number of pipeline companies appealed the Commission's orders. On December 23, 1981, the Fifth Circuit overturned the Commission, holding that pipeline production was included within the NGPA definition of "first sale," NGPA Sec. 2(21), 15 U.S.C. Sec. 3301(21), and therefore that pipelines could value their own production at Title I ceiling prices. Mid-Louisiana Gas Co. v. FERC, 664 F.2d 530 (5th Cir.1981). The Supreme Court affirmed the Fifth Circuit in major part on June 28, 1983. Public Service Commission of New York v. Mid-Louisiana Gas Co., 463 U.S. 319, 103 S.Ct. 3024, 77 L.Ed.2d 668 (1983).
B
El Paso is a natural gas pipeline company which sells both gas it purchases from others and gas it produces itself. For reasons unimportant here, El Paso's gas production has long been divided into three categories for regulatory purposes. Only the valuation of its Category II gas--viz., gas produced from wells drilled on or after January 1, 1973, on leases acquired by El Paso before October 8, 1969--is relevant to the jurisdictional issues addressed in this opinion.
At the time of the Fifth Circuit's Mid-Louisiana decision, pipeline production sharing the characteristics of El Paso's Category II gas was generally valued at the applicable area or national rate. However, pursuant to the "special circumstances" exception provided in Opinion No. 568, the Commission in 1977 approved a settlement between El Paso and its customers (the RP72-150 settlement), under which El Paso was permitted to continue to value its Category II production on a cost-of-service basis. Beginning in 1978, the Commission approved several subsequent settlements, including the RP78-18 settlement, the RP79-12 settlement, and the RP79-12 (Further Extension) settlement, under which Category II gas continued to be valued on a cost-of-service basis. El Paso was operating under the last of these when the Fifth Circuit issued its Mid-Louisiana decision holding that pipelines could value their production at NGPA ceiling prices.
On March 1, 1982, in its first PGA filing after the Fifth Circuit's Mid-Louisiana decision El Paso submitted alternate sets of tariff sheets. In the first or "lower" set, El Paso merely passed through its increased purchased gas costs but did not change its method of valuing its own production. In the second or "Mid-Louisiana" set, El Paso attempted to implement the Fifth Circuit decision by valuing its Category II production at NGPA ceiling prices both prospectively and retroactively to December 1, 1978 (the date of the NGPA's enactment). Several of El Paso's customers intervened and asked the Commission to reject outright the Mid-Louisiana tariff sheets, arguing, inter alia, that El Paso was barred from valuing its production at NGPA rates by its prior rate settlements which invoked the Mobile-Sierra doctrine.
On March 31, 1982, FERC accepted both of the alternate tariff sheets for filing. See El Paso Natural Gas Co., Order Accepting for Filing and Suspending Proposed Tariff Sheets Subject to Refund and Conditions and Setting Matter for Hearing, 18 F.E.R.C. (CCH) p 61,305 (Mar. 31, 1982) ("March 31 Order"). The Commission permitted the lower tariff sheets to go into effect, subject to refund, after a one-day suspension. See NGA Sec. 4(e), 15 U.S.C. Sec. 717c(e). The Commission also accepted the higher, Mid-Louisiana tariff sheets for filing, but suspended them for five months, subject to refund, and "subject to any further orders which concern the proper implementation of the Mid-La decision." March 31 Order at 61,654. With respect to the customers' objection that El Paso was barred from implementing the Mid-Louisiana decision by the Mobile-Sierra doctrine, the Commission said only:
Because of the involved history underlying the evolution of El Paso's treatment to date of its own production on a cost-of-service basis, the impact of the recent Mid-La decision on the proper valuation of this production raises several unanswered legal questions. We need not articulate each of them on this occasion. We express only the view that critical questions of potentially wider application to other pipelines similarly situated need be addressed as a predicate to any final authorization of El Paso's higher proposed tariff filing. In order to allow the Commission additional time to assess the impact of Mid-La on El Paso's rates, and to forestall any attendant financial burden on El Paso's customers during this period of assessment, we shall suspend El Paso's higher alternate tariff for a period of five months and shall set this matter for hearing.
Id. at 61,652. A number of parties promptly filed petitions for "rehearing" of the March 31 Order.
On September 30, 1982, the Commission for the first time addressed the merits of the Mobile-Sierra objections. See El Paso Natural Gas Co., Order Granting in Part and Denying in Part Rehearing Applications and Convening a Technical Conference on Certain Unresolved Issues, 20 F.E.R.C. (CCH) p 61,443 (Sept. 30, 1982) ("September 30 Order No. 1"). The Commission held that the company was barred from implementing NGPA pricing by existing settlements and the Mobile-Sierra doctrine. Id. at 61,909-13. In apparent agreement with the customers, the Commission held that the settlements precluded El Paso from NGPA pricing for periods prior to June 1, 1982 (the expiration date of the RP79-12 (Further Extension) settlement), but that El Paso would be free to price its production at NGPA levels for periods thereafter. Id. at 61,913. The Commission rejected the Mid-Louisiana tariff sheets filed by El Paso on March 1, and ordered El Paso to file new tariffs in accordance with the September 30 opinion. Id.
Without first seeking Commission rehearing, SoCal, PG & E, CalPUC and ASARCO immediately petitioned this court for review of the March 31 Order and September 30 Order No. 1. Only El Paso filed a petition for rehearing.
Prior to the Commission resolution of the Mobile-Sierra claims in its September 30 Order No. 1, El Paso on August 30, 1982, had submitted its second bi-annual PGA filing in which it again attempted to implement Mid-Louisiana pricing. In a separate order of September 30, the Commission ruled that resolution of the Mid-Louisiana issues raised by the second El Paso PGA filing would be in accordance with the Commission's September 30 Order No. 1. See El Paso Natural Gas Co., Order Accepting for Filing and Suspending Proposed Tariff Sheets Subject to Refund and Conditions and Establishing Hearing Procedures on Limited Issue, 20 F.E.R.C. (CCH) p 61,433 (Sept. 30, 1982) ("September 30 Order No. 2"). ASARCO and CalPUC did petition for rehearing of this second September 30 order, as did others, but argued only that in light of the Supreme Court's issuance of a writ of certiorari in the Mid-Louisiana case, the Commission should suspend the second El Paso PGA filing for five months and provide that disposition of the Mid-Louisiana issues would turn on the outcome of the Supreme Court's decision.
Two other parties to the proceeding--the Arizona Electric Power Cooperative (AEPCO) and the City of Willcox, Arizona--also petitioned the Commission for rehearing of its September 30 Order No. 2. In their lengthy petition specifically addressing, inter alia, the merits of the Commission's Mobile-Sierra determination, AEPCO and Willcox argued that the Commission, while correct in viewing the rate settlements as Mobile-Sierra agreements binding El Paso to cost-of-service valuation of its production, incorrectly interpreted those settlements. The Commission apparently regarded the successive settlements as superseding one another, so that when the last of them, RP79-12 (Further Extension), expired on June 1, 1982, El Paso would no longer be bound by any Mobile-Sierra agreement. AEPCO and Willcox, in their petition for rehearing of the September 30 order, called the Commission's attention to a provision of the RP72-150 settlement which, they argued, permanently bound El Paso to cost-of-service pricing unless the Commission in an NGA Sec. 5 proceeding ordered otherwise. According to AEPCO and Willcox, the subsequent settlements, including RP79-12 (Further Extension), were not meant to supersede the RP72-150 settlement, but were only periodic applications of its cost-of-service requirement. Upon the expiration of RP79-12 (Further Extension), they argued, RP72-150's cost-of-service provisions "sprang back to life." It is this "settlement interpretation" argument, raised only by AEPCO and Willcox (who are not parties in the present proceeding), that SoCal, PG & E, CalPUC and ASARCO now wish to urge before this court.
On November 29, 1982, the Commission denied all applications for rehearing of both September 30 orders. See El Paso Natural Gas Co., Order Denying Requests for Rehearing, 21 F.E.R.C. (CCH) p 61,219 (Nov. 29, 1982) ("November 29 Order"). The Commission addressed the "settlement interpretation" argument raised by AEPCO and Willcox, stating that it had again reviewed the RP72-150 settlement, as well as the subsequent settlements, and found that the later agreements were intended to supersede the earlier one. ASARCO (but not CalPUC), among others, filed a petition for review of the November 29 Order. ASARCO's petition, together with the four petitions for review filed by SoCal, PG&E, CalPUC and ASARCO immediately after the September 30 orders, comprise the five petitions whose jurisdictional status we consider below.
II
* The NGA prohibits us from reviewing an order of the Commission unless the person seeking review has first "made application to the Commission for a rehearing thereon." NGA Sec. 19(a), 15 U.S.C. Sec. 717r(a). In four of the five cases before us, the petitioners sought rehearing of only the March 31 Order, and not of either of the September 30 orders. If that was not an appealable order, we have no jurisdiction to hear these four cases.
The March 31 Order, it will be recalled, did not rule upon the merits of the Mobile-Sierra issue, much less upon the overall validity of the filed tariffs. Rather, it merely accepted both (inconsistent) sets of tariffs for filing, and suspended the Mid-Louisiana set for the maximum permissible period, precisely in order that the Mobile-Sierra problem could be considered. By no stretch of the imagination does this come within the category of final orders reviewable under Sec. 19(b) of the NGA, 15 U.S.C. Sec. 717r(b), whose counterpart, Sec. 313(b) of the Federal Power Act, ch. 687, 49 Stat. 860 (1935) (codified as amended at 16 U.S.C. Sec. 825l (b) (1982)), the Supreme Court has described as permitting review of only "orders of a definitive character dealing with the merits of a proceeding before the Commission." FPC v. Metropolitan Edison Co., 304 U.S. 375, 384, 58 S.Ct. 963, 967, 82 L.Ed. 1408 (1938).
The decision to accept a rate filing ... is undeniably interlocutory. Acceptance of a filing decides nothing concerning the merits of the case; it merely reserves the issues pending a hearing....
Acceptance of a filing, coupled with scheduling of a hearing, is the initiation of an administrative proceeding; judicial review properly follows the conclusion of the proceeding.
Papago Tribal Utility Authority v. FERC, 628 F.2d 235, 240 (D.C.Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 1061, 101 S.Ct. 784, 66 L.Ed.2d 604 (1980). See also Mississippi Valley Gas Co. v. FERC, 659 F.2d 488, 498 (5th Cir.1981). To undertake review of such decisions "would 'undermine the Commission's primary jurisdiction by bringing the court[ ] into the adjudication of the lawfulness of rates in advance of administrative consideration' ... and would place an intolerable burden on FERC by second-guessing its preliminary and necessarily hasty decisions regarding the acceptance of rate filings." Papago, 628 F.2d at 243 (quoting Southern Ry. v. Seaboard Allied Milling Corp., 442 U.S. 444, 460, 99 S.Ct. 2388, 2397, 60 L.Ed.2d 1017 (1979)).
The courts have departed from this evaluation in one narrow circumstance: where the Commission has accepted an NGA Sec. 4 filing after considering and rejecting the contention that a Mobile-Sierra contract barred Sec. 4 rate increases. See Papago, 628 F.2d at 244-45; Mississippi Valley, 659 F.2d at 498-99. In such a situation, the Commission has separately decided that preliminary merits issue, so that judicial examination of the point involves no preemption of the agency's primary jurisdiction. In the present case, by contrast, the Commission accepted the tariffs for filing not because it disagreed with the Mobile-Sierra contentions but precisely and explicitly so that it could have the time needed to consider those contentions, suspending the effectiveness of the rates in the interim. See March 31 Order at 61,652. The "non-final" nature of the March 31 Order is plainly evidenced by the fact that in its September 30 Order No. 1, the Commission agreed with the customers that the settlements qualified as Mobile-Sierra agreements, rejected the Mid-Louisiana tariffs in their entirety, and ordered El Paso to file new tariffs consistent with the September 30 order. Not until November 29--when the Commission denied the rehearing requests of El Paso, AEPCO, Willcox and others--did the Commission reach a final resolution of the Mobile-Sierra issue. Initial reservation of the Mobile-Sierra issue is apparently not uncommon. See, e.g., Kansas Cities v. FERC, 723 F.2d 82 (D.C.Cir.1983); Arizona Public Service Co., Order Accepting for Filing and Suspending Proposed Rates in Part, 14 F.E.R.C. (CCH) p 61,185 (Feb. 27, 1981). We know of no case reviewing an acceptance of filing in such circumstances and on principle think there should be none. We have recently noted the deference that we accord to the Commission in the interpretation of gas supply contracts, particularly with regard to the Mobile-Sierra issue. See Kansas Cities, 723 F.2d at 87. Should that issue somehow present itself to us in a context apart from review of the agency's decision, the doctrine of primary jurisdiction might well require that we stay our proceedings in order to obtain the Commission's views. Cf. Nader v. Allegheny Airlines, 512 F.2d 527, 544 (D.C.Cir.1975). To wrench that issue abruptly from the Commission's hands, while it is in the process of deciding it, in order that we might decide it without benefit of the Commission's thinking, is beyond imagination.
The course petitioners propose would frustrate the purpose of the application-for-rehearing requirement that Sec. 19(b) makes a condition of judicial review, which is in part "to insure that the Commission has an opportunity to deal with any difficulties presented by its action before the reviewing court intervenes." Rhode Island Consumers' Council v. FPC, 504 F.2d 203, 212 (D.C.Cir.1974) (emphasis added). In petitioning for "rehearing" of an order like that of March 31, the customer can do no more than repeat the same protests the Commission already has said it needs time to consider. The threat of our review would accomplish nothing, unless it be to force the Commission to render hasty, ill-considered decisions on difficult Mobile-Sierra questions.
We hold that the reviewability of a Commission order accepting tariffs for filing over Mobile-Sierra protests depends upon whether the Commission's order decides and rejects the Mobile-Sierra claims or instead reserves them for later disposition. In this case, the March 31 Order was clearly of the latter sort and therefore not reviewable. We thus dismiss the four petitions for review filed by SoCal, PG&E, CalPUC and ASARCO.
We are left with ASARCO's petition for review of the November 29 Order in which the Commission denied the application of ASARCO for rehearing of September 30 Order No. 2. ASARCO concedes that the "settlement interpretation" argument upon which the Category II dispute now turns was not made in that application, which argued only that the September 30 order should "be revised to provide that disposition of the Mid-Louisiana issue will turn on the outcome in the Supreme Court." R. 3474. ASARCO contends, however, that since AEPCO and Willcox raised the "settlement interpretation" argument in their petition for rehearing, ASARCO should be able to litigate its rejection here.
Section 19 of the NGA provides:
(a) Any person ... aggrieved by an order issued by the Commission ... may apply for a rehearing.... The application for rehearing shall set forth specifically the ground or grounds upon which such application is based.... No proceeding to review any order of the Commission shall be brought by any person unless such person shall have made application to the Commission for a rehearing thereon....
(b) Any party to a proceeding ... aggrieved by an order issued by the Commission in such proceeding may obtain a review of such order in the court of appeals ..., by filing in such court, within sixty days after the order of the Commission upon the application for rehearing, a written petition.... No objection to the order of the Commission shall be considered by the court unless such objection shall have been urged before the Commission in the application for rehearing unless there is reasonable ground for failure so to do....
15 U.S.C. Sec. 717r(a), (b) (emphasis added). Use of the definite article in the last quoted sentence ("in the application for rehearing," instead of "in an application for rehearing") makes it plain that what is referred to is the same application for rehearing mentioned earlier in subsection (b), which in turn (by reason of the same use of the definite article) clearly refers to the same application for rehearing mentioned in subsection (a), to wit, the application of the party who seeks judicial review.
We cannot accept ASARCO's contention that the object of the provision, after all, is merely to assure that the Commission has had an opportunity to address the point--which is well enough assured so long as some other party has raised it. That is refuted by the very existence, in Sec. 19, of the application-for-rehearing requirement itself, which must be complied with even if the point sought to be appealed was raised, considered and rejected in the original proceeding. See, e.g., Panhandle Eastern Pipe Line Co. v. FPC, 324 U.S. 635, 645, 65 S.Ct. 821, 826, 89 L.Ed. 1241 (1945). That is quite the opposite of the usual rule, set forth in the Administrative Procedure Act, that "agency action otherwise final is final for the purposes of [judicial review] whether or not there has been presented or determined an application for ... any form of reconsiderations...." 5 U.S.C. Sec. 704 (1982). It is clear, then that the provisions of Sec. 19 cannot be rationalized on a theory that all is well so long as the agency has had an opportunity to address the point.
This court's opinion in Arkansas Power & Light Co. v. FPC, 517 F.2d 1223, 1236-37 (D.C.Cir.1975), cert. denied sub nom. Arkansas Louisiana Gas Co. v. FPC, 424 U.S. 933, 96 S.Ct. 1146, 47 L.Ed.2d 341 (1976), assumed without discussion that Sec. 19(b) represents no more than a requirement of exhaustion of remedies, and that we are free to allow exceptions to its provisions as we do to the general exhaustion requirement. Although, for the reasons stated above, we reject that analysis, our disposition today is not incompatible with the holding of that case, which rested not upon one of the ordinary exceptions to exhaustion (such as the futility of seeking relief from the agency) but upon what the court regarded as acknowledgment by the agency, through subsequent revision of its practice, that its action under challenge had been unlawful. See id. at 1237. We do not have such an extraordinary situation before us. Other cases applying Sec. 19 establish a clear pattern of adhering to the terms of the statute. See, e.g., FPC v. Colorado Interstate Gas Co., 348 U.S. 492, 498-500, 75 S.Ct. 467, 471, 99 L.Ed. 583 (1955); Interstate Natural Gas Ass'n v. FERC, 716 F.2d 1, 15 (D.C.Cir.1983), cert. denied, 465 U.S. 1108, 104 S.Ct. 1615, 80 L.Ed.2d 144 (1984) (applying similar provision of NGPA); Consolidated Gas Supply Corp. v. FERC, 611 F.2d 951, 958-59 (4th Cir.1979); Boston Gas Co. v. FERC, 575 F.2d 975, 979 (1st Cir.1978).
In light of the clear text of the statute, we feel no compulsion to assign a purpose to the rule Congress prescribed, but one comes readily to mind. A mandatory petition-for-rehearing requirement, with or without the additional requirement of raising the very objection urged on appeal, is virtually unheard-of, but both requirements happen to exist in all three of the major statutes administered by FERC. See, in addition to Sec. 19 of the NGA, 15 U.S.C. Sec. 717r, Sec. 506 of the NGPA, 15 U.S.C. Sec. 3416, and Sec. 313 of the Federal Power Act, 16 U.S.C. Sec. 825l. It is reasonable to regard both of them as the product of an awareness that FERC's complex and multi-party proceedings would soon overwhelm the system if agreed-upon settlements and acquiesced-in agency dispositions were not the rule rather than the exception. Accommodation is facilitated by requiring applications for rehearing, in which the remaining issues to which various parties object, and the various grounds for their objections, must be specified; and by enabling FERC to assume, in recasting its final order, and all the private parties to assume, in post-rehearing-application settlement negotiations, that those issues which a party did not consider important enough to raise cannot form a basis for that party's obstructing an accommodation which other parties are willing to accept. If that is not the true purpose, it is at least a plausible one, and so we could not ignore the language of the statute (if we were inclined to do so) with any confidence that no harm was done.
In sum, we think applicable to this case, mutatis mutandis, the analysis that the First Circuit applied to another of the technical requirements of Sec. 19, its specification that the application for rehearing must be filed within 30 days:
[W]e do not think that the purpose of the statute is purely one of administrative exhaustion.... We have no basis for assuming that the need for prompt resolution of Commission affairs is any less important a goal than that of permitting the Commission a second chance to modify its decisions....
While our concerns here may seem unduly technical, we believe they are of considerable importance both for administrative agencies and the courts. To accept petitioner's argument, we would have to rewrite Sec. 19(a) fundamentally.... [The statute] appears to be a tightly structured and formal provision. Neither the Commission nor the courts are given any form of jurisdictional discretion.
Boston Gas Co. v. FERC, 575 F.2d 975, 979 (1st Cir.1978).
* * *
The petitions for review in Cases Nos. 82-2173, 82-2204, 82-2270 and 82-2311 are dismissed because they seek review of an unreviewable agency order. The petition for review in Case No. 82-2527 is dismissed because petitioner seeks to raise an objection not raised in its petition for rehearing.
So ordered.