MAINE SUPREME JUDICIAL COURT Reporter of Decisions Decision: 2017 ME 136 Docket: Cum-16-312 Argued: April 12, 2017 Decided: June 27, 2017
Panel: SAUFLEY, C.J., and ALEXANDER, MEAD, GORMAN, JABAR, HJELM, and HUMPHREY, JJ.
ARTHUR MURDOCK
v.
MARTIN THORNE et al.
JABAR, J.
[¶1] Arthur Murdock appeals from a summary judgment entered by the
trial court (Cumberland County, Warren, J.) in favor of Martin Thorne and the
Maine Department of Public Safety (DPS) on Murdock’s negligence claim
against Thorne and his underinsured motorist claim against DPS. We affirm
the judgment.
I. BACKGROUND
[¶2] The following facts are derived from the parties’ statements of
material fact and are undisputed unless otherwise noted. See Estate of Kay v.
Estate of Wiggins, 2016 ME 108, ¶ 2, 143 A.3d 1290.
[¶3] As of January 26, 2010, the date of the automobile accident in
question, Arthur Murdock was serving as a lieutenant with the Maine State
Police. That afternoon, Murdock traveled in a police cruiser toward his 2
assigned State Police barracks that were located near Skyway Drive in
Portland. Traveling westbound on Skyway Drive, Murdock slowed as he
neared the barracks’ parking lot entrance and prepared to make a left turn
into the compound across two lanes of eastbound traffic. The defendant
Thorne was traveling on Skyway Drive in the opposite direction.
[¶4] When Murdock’s vehicle approached Thorne’s, Thorne’s car was
one of many stopped at a red light located a short distance ahead of the
barracks’ parking lot. Murdock made eye contact with Thorne and began to
angle his cruiser in front of Thorne’s vehicle, which was positioned in the
inside lane of eastbound Skyway Drive traffic. Thorne understood that
Murdock wanted to cut across the two eastbound lanes of traffic and into the
parking lot. Thorne then held up his index finger towards Murdock and
proceeded to check his side view mirrors. After checking the mirrors, Thorne
“waved” Murdock across his lane of traffic. Murdock proceeded to cross in
front of Thorne’s vehicle and then “inched forward” past Thorne’s car to look
for oncoming traffic in the outside eastbound lane. Seeing none, Murdock
attempted to cross the outside eastbound lane and enter the parking lot.
Shortly after crossing into the outside eastbound lane, Murdock’s cruiser was 3
struck by another vehicle traveling in the outside eastbound lane from behind
where Thorne’s car was stopped in traffic.
[¶5] Murdock suffered various injuries as a result of the accident. At
the time of the collision, as a DPS employee, Murdock was covered under a
self-insurance fund administered by the director of the Risk Management
Division, which is part of the Department of Administrative and Financial
Services. The Risk Management Division issues statements of self-insurance
that establish the limits and scope of liability assumed by the State and its
agencies. No statement of self-insurance issued at the time of the collision
provided underinsured motorist coverage to DPS employees.
[¶6] Murdock retired from the Maine State Police in June 2010. As of
September 1, 2014, Murdock had received and was continuing to receive
workers’ compensation benefits from the State.
[¶7] On December 13, 2013, Murdock filed in the Superior Court a
four-count complaint in which he set forth negligence claims against Thorne
and the driver of the vehicle that struck his cruiser, and underinsured
motorist (UM) claims against DPS and his own carrier, Patrons Oxford 4
Insurance Company. DPS and Thorne successfully moved for the entry of a
summary judgment.1
[¶8] In granting the motions for summary judgment, the court
concluded that Murdock’s negligence claim against Thorne failed because
Murdock did not make a prima facie showing that Thorne’s allegedly negligent
conduct was the proximate cause of Murdock’s injuries. In arriving at this
conclusion, the court noted that Murdock acknowledged in his deposition
testimony that, before crossing into the outside eastbound lane, it was his
responsibility to make a determination as to whether the lane was clear, and
that he did not rely on Thorne’s “wave-on” gesture before deciding to make
the left-hand turn across the outside eastbound lane of traffic. As for
Murdock’s UM claim against DPS, the court concluded that, because the
self-insurance fund covering Murdock at the time of the collision was
explicitly exempt from provisions of the insurance code mandating that
insurance carriers provide UM coverage in automobile insurance policies, DPS
1 After the court entered a summary judgment on Murdock’s claims against Thorne and DPS,
Murdock successfully moved for the entry of a final judgment for the purposes of allowing him to seek appellate review. See M.R. Civ. P. 54(b)(2). We dismissed Murdock’s appeal after concluding that the trial court improvidently granted his Rule 54(b)(2) motion given “[t]he possibility that the need for review may be mooted by future developments in the trial court.” Murdock v. Thorne, 2016 ME 41, ¶¶ 1, 6, 135 A.3d 96 (alteration in original) (quotation marks omitted). Thorne subsequently secured dismissals of his remaining claims against the driver of the car that collided with his and Patrons Oxford and filed the appeal now before us. 5
was not obligated to provide Murdock with that coverage. Because the court
concluded that Murdock’s UM claim against DPS failed on these grounds, it did
not address DPS’s remaining contentions that Murdock’s UM claims were also
barred by sovereign immunity and Maine’s workers’ compensation statute.
[¶9] Murdock now appeals the court’s entry of summary judgment on
his negligence claim against Thorne and his UM claim against DPS. DPS
cross-appeals.2
II. DISCUSSION
A. Standard of Review
[¶10] We review a grant of summary judgment de novo, viewing the
facts and all favorable inferences derived therefrom in favor of the
nonprevailing party. See Burdzel v. Sobus, 2000 ME 84, ¶ 6, 750 A.2d 573;
Lidstone v. Green, 469 A.2d 843, 845 (Me. 1983).
B. Murdock’s Negligence Claim
[¶11] When a plaintiff alleges negligence, to survive a defendant’s
motion for summary judgment, he “must establish a prima facie case for each
element of the cause of action.” Mastriano v. Blyer, 2001 ME 134, ¶ 11,
2 DPS cross-appeals purely for the purpose of preserving its arguments not reached by the
Superior Court that Murdock’s UM claims against DPS were also barred pursuant to the doctrine of sovereign immunity and the exclusivity and immunity provisions of Maine’s workers’ compensation statute. 6
779 A.2d 951. “A prima facie case of negligence requires a plaintiff to
establish four elements: duty, breach, causation, and damages.” Id. Because
Murdock has failed to make a prima facie case for the causation element of his
negligence claim, we affirm the trial court’s grant of a summary judgment on
that claim.
[¶12] Murdock argues that, notwithstanding his admission that he had
to make his “own determination” as to whether it was safe to cross the outside
eastbound lane into the parking lot before turning, the court erred in granting
summary judgment because, when viewing the record as a whole, a jury could
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
MAINE SUPREME JUDICIAL COURT Reporter of Decisions Decision: 2017 ME 136 Docket: Cum-16-312 Argued: April 12, 2017 Decided: June 27, 2017
Panel: SAUFLEY, C.J., and ALEXANDER, MEAD, GORMAN, JABAR, HJELM, and HUMPHREY, JJ.
ARTHUR MURDOCK
v.
MARTIN THORNE et al.
JABAR, J.
[¶1] Arthur Murdock appeals from a summary judgment entered by the
trial court (Cumberland County, Warren, J.) in favor of Martin Thorne and the
Maine Department of Public Safety (DPS) on Murdock’s negligence claim
against Thorne and his underinsured motorist claim against DPS. We affirm
the judgment.
I. BACKGROUND
[¶2] The following facts are derived from the parties’ statements of
material fact and are undisputed unless otherwise noted. See Estate of Kay v.
Estate of Wiggins, 2016 ME 108, ¶ 2, 143 A.3d 1290.
[¶3] As of January 26, 2010, the date of the automobile accident in
question, Arthur Murdock was serving as a lieutenant with the Maine State
Police. That afternoon, Murdock traveled in a police cruiser toward his 2
assigned State Police barracks that were located near Skyway Drive in
Portland. Traveling westbound on Skyway Drive, Murdock slowed as he
neared the barracks’ parking lot entrance and prepared to make a left turn
into the compound across two lanes of eastbound traffic. The defendant
Thorne was traveling on Skyway Drive in the opposite direction.
[¶4] When Murdock’s vehicle approached Thorne’s, Thorne’s car was
one of many stopped at a red light located a short distance ahead of the
barracks’ parking lot. Murdock made eye contact with Thorne and began to
angle his cruiser in front of Thorne’s vehicle, which was positioned in the
inside lane of eastbound Skyway Drive traffic. Thorne understood that
Murdock wanted to cut across the two eastbound lanes of traffic and into the
parking lot. Thorne then held up his index finger towards Murdock and
proceeded to check his side view mirrors. After checking the mirrors, Thorne
“waved” Murdock across his lane of traffic. Murdock proceeded to cross in
front of Thorne’s vehicle and then “inched forward” past Thorne’s car to look
for oncoming traffic in the outside eastbound lane. Seeing none, Murdock
attempted to cross the outside eastbound lane and enter the parking lot.
Shortly after crossing into the outside eastbound lane, Murdock’s cruiser was 3
struck by another vehicle traveling in the outside eastbound lane from behind
where Thorne’s car was stopped in traffic.
[¶5] Murdock suffered various injuries as a result of the accident. At
the time of the collision, as a DPS employee, Murdock was covered under a
self-insurance fund administered by the director of the Risk Management
Division, which is part of the Department of Administrative and Financial
Services. The Risk Management Division issues statements of self-insurance
that establish the limits and scope of liability assumed by the State and its
agencies. No statement of self-insurance issued at the time of the collision
provided underinsured motorist coverage to DPS employees.
[¶6] Murdock retired from the Maine State Police in June 2010. As of
September 1, 2014, Murdock had received and was continuing to receive
workers’ compensation benefits from the State.
[¶7] On December 13, 2013, Murdock filed in the Superior Court a
four-count complaint in which he set forth negligence claims against Thorne
and the driver of the vehicle that struck his cruiser, and underinsured
motorist (UM) claims against DPS and his own carrier, Patrons Oxford 4
Insurance Company. DPS and Thorne successfully moved for the entry of a
summary judgment.1
[¶8] In granting the motions for summary judgment, the court
concluded that Murdock’s negligence claim against Thorne failed because
Murdock did not make a prima facie showing that Thorne’s allegedly negligent
conduct was the proximate cause of Murdock’s injuries. In arriving at this
conclusion, the court noted that Murdock acknowledged in his deposition
testimony that, before crossing into the outside eastbound lane, it was his
responsibility to make a determination as to whether the lane was clear, and
that he did not rely on Thorne’s “wave-on” gesture before deciding to make
the left-hand turn across the outside eastbound lane of traffic. As for
Murdock’s UM claim against DPS, the court concluded that, because the
self-insurance fund covering Murdock at the time of the collision was
explicitly exempt from provisions of the insurance code mandating that
insurance carriers provide UM coverage in automobile insurance policies, DPS
1 After the court entered a summary judgment on Murdock’s claims against Thorne and DPS,
Murdock successfully moved for the entry of a final judgment for the purposes of allowing him to seek appellate review. See M.R. Civ. P. 54(b)(2). We dismissed Murdock’s appeal after concluding that the trial court improvidently granted his Rule 54(b)(2) motion given “[t]he possibility that the need for review may be mooted by future developments in the trial court.” Murdock v. Thorne, 2016 ME 41, ¶¶ 1, 6, 135 A.3d 96 (alteration in original) (quotation marks omitted). Thorne subsequently secured dismissals of his remaining claims against the driver of the car that collided with his and Patrons Oxford and filed the appeal now before us. 5
was not obligated to provide Murdock with that coverage. Because the court
concluded that Murdock’s UM claim against DPS failed on these grounds, it did
not address DPS’s remaining contentions that Murdock’s UM claims were also
barred by sovereign immunity and Maine’s workers’ compensation statute.
[¶9] Murdock now appeals the court’s entry of summary judgment on
his negligence claim against Thorne and his UM claim against DPS. DPS
cross-appeals.2
II. DISCUSSION
A. Standard of Review
[¶10] We review a grant of summary judgment de novo, viewing the
facts and all favorable inferences derived therefrom in favor of the
nonprevailing party. See Burdzel v. Sobus, 2000 ME 84, ¶ 6, 750 A.2d 573;
Lidstone v. Green, 469 A.2d 843, 845 (Me. 1983).
B. Murdock’s Negligence Claim
[¶11] When a plaintiff alleges negligence, to survive a defendant’s
motion for summary judgment, he “must establish a prima facie case for each
element of the cause of action.” Mastriano v. Blyer, 2001 ME 134, ¶ 11,
2 DPS cross-appeals purely for the purpose of preserving its arguments not reached by the
Superior Court that Murdock’s UM claims against DPS were also barred pursuant to the doctrine of sovereign immunity and the exclusivity and immunity provisions of Maine’s workers’ compensation statute. 6
779 A.2d 951. “A prima facie case of negligence requires a plaintiff to
establish four elements: duty, breach, causation, and damages.” Id. Because
Murdock has failed to make a prima facie case for the causation element of his
negligence claim, we affirm the trial court’s grant of a summary judgment on
that claim.
[¶12] Murdock argues that, notwithstanding his admission that he had
to make his “own determination” as to whether it was safe to cross the outside
eastbound lane into the parking lot before turning, the court erred in granting
summary judgment because, when viewing the record as a whole, a jury could
infer that Murdock relied on Thorne’s “wave-on” when making the left turn.
[¶13] Causation is a question of fact, and “[t]o support a finding of
proximate cause, there must be some evidence indicating that a foreseeable
injury did in fact result from the negligence.” Merriam v. Wanger, 2000 ME
159, ¶ 9, 757 A.2d 778; see Searles v. Trs. of St. Joseph’s Coll., 1997 ME 128, ¶ 8,
695 A.2d 1206.
[¶14] Courts analyzing negligence claims based on a defendant driver’s
“wave-on” gesture have generally required plaintiffs to produce evidence of
reliance to satisfy the element of causation. See Dionne v. Progressive Ins. Co.,
No. CV-99-38, 2000 Me. Super. LEXIS 61, at * 4-5 (April 11, 2000) (concluding 7
that, because it was undisputed that the plaintiff did not rely on the
defendant’s gesture, the plaintiff could not establish causation); Kemp v.
Armstrong, 392 A.2d 1161, 1164-65 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. 1978); Gamet v. Jenks,
197 N.W.2d. 160, 164 (Mich. Ct. App. 1972).
[¶15] Although Murdock asserts that his “actions indicate that he relied
on . . . Thorne’s communications and representations” when deciding to cross
the eastbound lanes, the evidence, even when viewed in the light most
favorable to Murdock, does not support this inference. In Murdock’s
deposition, he explained that after seeing Thorne’s gesture to him “I turned;
but I slowed to see if anything was coming up alongside him and, [there]
wasn’t. And I turned to look in the driveway. No traffic was coming there, and
I accelerated.” Murdock elaborated that when he turned,
[t]he lane was clear. There was no car there. Because when I started out, I stopped to—the car was—that was blocking my way, [Thorne’s] SUV, I stopped slightly to see for sure that no traffic was coming.
(Emphasis added).
[¶16] Similarly, Murdock’s assertion in his statement of material fact
that he relied on Thorne’s gesture and “immediately began to execute the left
turn” after receiving the “wave-on” from Thorne is refuted by his own
deposition testimony. See Zip Lube, Inc. v. Coastal Sav. Bank, 1998 ME 81, ¶ 10, 8
709 A.2d 733 (“When an interested witness has given clear answers to
unambiguous questions, he cannot create a conflict and resist summary
judgment with an affidavit that is clearly contradictory, but does not give a
satisfactory explanation of why the testimony is changed.”) (quotation marks
omitted)). Murdock testified that after initiating the turn he “stopped and
slowed down, inched forward to where I could see [the outside eastbound]
lane; and then I pulled out.” Murdock further testified as follows:
[Thorne’s attorney]: And the reason that you stopped and inched forward is because you know you can’t rely on someone who’s letting you turn left in front of them, correct?
[Murdock]: That’s correct.
Q. You have to make your own determination of whether or not a lane is clear before you can cross that lane. True?
A. That’s true.
Q. And that’s the law, isn’t it?
Q. And you’ve taught that to many people over the years, correct?
A. That’s true, and the lane was clear at that time.
[¶17] Murdock’s testimony regarding his actions after being “waved
on” by Thorne establishes that while he may have relied on Thorne’s gesture
to pull his vehicle in front of Thorne’s in the inside eastbound lane, he made 9
an independent, albeit flawed, assessment of the traffic conditions in the
outside lane before turning and did not rely on the gesture when making the
turn across the outside lane toward the parking lot. See Kemp, 392 A.2d at
1165 (concluding that the plaintiff failed to establish proximate cause where
the plaintiff “‘satisfied’ himself, albeit negligently, that the way was clear”
without relying on the defendant). Therefore, because Murdock failed to
make a prima facie showing that Thorne’s gesture was the proximate cause of
his injuries, Thorne was entitled to summary judgment on Murdock’s
negligence claim.
C. Murdock’s Underinsured Motorist Claim
[¶18] Because Murdock’s UM claim against DPS is predicated on his
entitlement to recover on his negligence claim against Thorne, and because
we conclude that Murdock is not legally entitled to recover on that claim, we
need not address DPS’s argument that the self-insurance provided to its
employees by the State’s Risk Management Division is not subject to the
mandates of Maine’s UM statute.3 See 24-A M.R.S. § 2902(1) (2016);
Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. v. Girouard, 2015 ME 116, ¶ 10, 123 A.3d 216 (declining
3 For the same reasons, we do not address the issues raised in DPS’s cross-appeal, nor do we
address the question of duty regarding Thorne’s actions. 10
to reach an issue that was, at the time, “entirely hypothetical”). Therefore, we
also affirm the court’s grant of summary judgment in favor DPS.
The entry is:
Judgment affirmed.
Philip P. Mancini, Esq., Michael T. Devine, Esq., Danelle R. Milone, Esq., Andrew W. Sparks, Esq., and David J. Marchese, Esq. (orally), Drummond & Drummond, LLP, Portland, for Arthur Murdock
Elizabeth A. Germani, Esq. (orally), Germani Martemucci & Hill, Portland, for appellee Martin Thorne
Janet T. Mills, Attorney General, and Thomas A. Knowlton, Asst. Atty. Gen. (orally), Office of the Attorney General, Augusta, for appellee Department of Public Safety
Cumberland County Superior Court docket number CV-2013-534 FOR CLERK REFERENCE ONLY