COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges O’Brien, AtLee and Senior Judge Frank UNPUBLISHED
Argued at Norfolk, Virginia
ARTHUR CLINTON, S/K/A CLINTON ARTHUR, JR. MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY v. Record No. 0184-16-1 JUDGE ROBERT P. FRANK APRIL 18, 2017 COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF NORFOLK Mary Jane Hall, Judge
James S. Ellenson for appellant.
Robert H. Anderson, III, Senior Assistant Attorney General (Mark R. Herring, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
Arthur Clinton, s/k/a Clinton Arthur, Jr., (appellant) was convicted, by a jury, of possession
of a firearm by a person previously convicted of a violent felony in violation of Code
§ 18.2-308.2(A). On appeal, he contends the trial court erred in allowing the Commonwealth to
introduce appellant’s prior conviction order when appellant offered to stipulate that he previously
had been convicted of a violent felony. For the reasons stated, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.
BACKGROUND
The relevant facts are not controverted. Under Code § 18.2-308.2(A), an element of the
present offense is that the accused previously had been convicted of a violent felony.1 When the
Commonwealth offered the actual conviction order indicating appellant had been convicted of
robbery, appellant objected and indicated he would stipulate to that element of the offense. The
* Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. 1 Appellant does not contest that he had been convicted of such a felony. Commonwealth objected to the stipulation. The trial court refused to accept the stipulation and
received the conviction order as an exhibit which was submitted to the jury.
This appeal followed.
ANALYSIS
While appellant acknowledges that the court is not required to accept a stipulation
concerning a previous felony conviction under Code § 18.2-308.2, he contends the body of law in
this Commonwealth as to stipulations has been overruled by Old Chief v. United States, 519 U.S.
172 (1997). Essentially, appellant argues the probative value of the actual conviction order is
outweighed by the unfair prejudice of the order.
“[W]e review a trial court’s decision to admit or exclude evidence using an abuse of
discretion standard . . . .” Harman v. Honeywell Int’l, Inc., 288 Va. 84, 97, 758 S.E.2d 515, 523
(2014) (quoting John Crane, Inc. v. Jones, 274 Va. 581, 590, 650 S.E.2d 851, 855 (2007)).
An abuse of discretion . . . can occur in three principal ways: when a relevant factor that should have been given significant weight is not considered; when an irrelevant or improper factor is considered and given significant weight; and when all proper factors, and no improper ones, are considered, but the court, in weighing those factors, commits a clear error of judgment.
Landrum v. Chippenham & Johnston-Willis Hosps., Inc., 282 Va. 346, 352, 717 S.E.2d 134, 137
(2011) (quoting Kern v. TXO Production Corp., 738 F.2d 968, 970 (8th Cir. 1984)).
Our case law has addressed stipulation versus the actual evidence on numerous
occasions. In Glover v. Commonwealth, 3 Va. App. 152, 348 S.E.2d 434 (1986), which also
involved proof under Code § 18.2-308.2(A), the accused offered to stipulate that he had a prior
felony conviction. We held:
The Commonwealth, however, is not obligated to enter into an agreement whereby it is precluded from putting on its evidence simply because the defendant is willing to make a qualified stipulation. The trial court correctly ruled that the Commonwealth was entitled to prove the indictment, and the evidence of Glover’s -2- prior conviction for robbery was properly received for that purpose. Glover’s willingness to stipulate does nothing to change the conclusion.
Id. at 162, 348 S.E.2d at 441. Glover continues to be the law of the Commonwealth. Appellant
does not contest this, but he argues Old Chief overrules Glover and its progeny.
In Old Chief, the accused was charged with possession of a firearm by a convicted felon,
in violation of federal law. He also was charged with assault with a dangerous weapon and using
a firearm in a crime of violence. At trial, the accused offered to stipulate his prior felony
conviction. The district court allowed the introduction of the conviction order. Relying on
Federal Rule of Evidence 403, which authorizes exclusion of relevant evidence when its
“probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the
issues, or misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue delay, waste of time, or needless
presentation of cumulative evidence,” the Supreme Court, in a five-four decision, concluded the
probative value of the conviction record itself was outweighed by the substantial risk of
prejudice to the accused. Old Chief, 519 U.S. at 191.
To the extent appellant contends the introduction of the conviction order is prejudicial,
Essex v. Commonwealth, 18 Va. App. 168, 442 S.E.2d 707 (1994), is dispositive. We held in
Essex that even though Code § 18.2-308.2(A) only required proof of a prior conviction for a
“felony,” the trial court did not err in allowing evidence that specified the defendant had been
convicted previously of “murder.” Id. at 172, 442 S.E.2d at 710. “Where a necessary element of
the Commonwealth’s case is that the accused is a convicted felon, evidence which tends to
directly prove that fact cannot be excluded on the ground that its proof is prejudicial to the
accused.” Id.; see also Williams v. Commonwealth, 203 Va. 837, 841, 127 S.E.2d 423, 426
(1962) (stating that if evidence showing defendant committed other offenses “tends to prove any
other relevant fact of the offense charged, and is otherwise admissible, it will not be excluded
-3- merely because it also shows him to have been guilty of another crime” (quoting Day v.
Commonwealth, 196 Va. 907, 914, 86 S.E.2d 23, 26 (1955))); Hall v. Commonwealth, 143 Va.
554, 561, 130 S.E. 416, 418-19 (1925) (“The law will not permit one accused of crime to go
unpunished simply because the Commonwealth cannot prove his guilt without bringing in some
evidence which tends to show that he has committed other crimes.”).
Such prejudice, if any, may be alleviated by a jury instruction limiting the purpose for
which the evidence is offered. Woodson v. Commonwealth, 16 Va. App. 539, 541, 431 S.E.2d
82, 84 (1993) (holding that cautionary jury instruction must be given when requested by
defendant). In the instant case, the trial court offered to instruct the jury that the jury may
consider the prior conviction only for the purpose of establishing that the accused is a convicted
felon and not to consider it as character evidence or that the accused committed the charged
offense. Essentially, the trial court would have instructed the jury exactly what appellant agreed
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COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges O’Brien, AtLee and Senior Judge Frank UNPUBLISHED
Argued at Norfolk, Virginia
ARTHUR CLINTON, S/K/A CLINTON ARTHUR, JR. MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY v. Record No. 0184-16-1 JUDGE ROBERT P. FRANK APRIL 18, 2017 COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF NORFOLK Mary Jane Hall, Judge
James S. Ellenson for appellant.
Robert H. Anderson, III, Senior Assistant Attorney General (Mark R. Herring, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
Arthur Clinton, s/k/a Clinton Arthur, Jr., (appellant) was convicted, by a jury, of possession
of a firearm by a person previously convicted of a violent felony in violation of Code
§ 18.2-308.2(A). On appeal, he contends the trial court erred in allowing the Commonwealth to
introduce appellant’s prior conviction order when appellant offered to stipulate that he previously
had been convicted of a violent felony. For the reasons stated, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.
BACKGROUND
The relevant facts are not controverted. Under Code § 18.2-308.2(A), an element of the
present offense is that the accused previously had been convicted of a violent felony.1 When the
Commonwealth offered the actual conviction order indicating appellant had been convicted of
robbery, appellant objected and indicated he would stipulate to that element of the offense. The
* Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. 1 Appellant does not contest that he had been convicted of such a felony. Commonwealth objected to the stipulation. The trial court refused to accept the stipulation and
received the conviction order as an exhibit which was submitted to the jury.
This appeal followed.
ANALYSIS
While appellant acknowledges that the court is not required to accept a stipulation
concerning a previous felony conviction under Code § 18.2-308.2, he contends the body of law in
this Commonwealth as to stipulations has been overruled by Old Chief v. United States, 519 U.S.
172 (1997). Essentially, appellant argues the probative value of the actual conviction order is
outweighed by the unfair prejudice of the order.
“[W]e review a trial court’s decision to admit or exclude evidence using an abuse of
discretion standard . . . .” Harman v. Honeywell Int’l, Inc., 288 Va. 84, 97, 758 S.E.2d 515, 523
(2014) (quoting John Crane, Inc. v. Jones, 274 Va. 581, 590, 650 S.E.2d 851, 855 (2007)).
An abuse of discretion . . . can occur in three principal ways: when a relevant factor that should have been given significant weight is not considered; when an irrelevant or improper factor is considered and given significant weight; and when all proper factors, and no improper ones, are considered, but the court, in weighing those factors, commits a clear error of judgment.
Landrum v. Chippenham & Johnston-Willis Hosps., Inc., 282 Va. 346, 352, 717 S.E.2d 134, 137
(2011) (quoting Kern v. TXO Production Corp., 738 F.2d 968, 970 (8th Cir. 1984)).
Our case law has addressed stipulation versus the actual evidence on numerous
occasions. In Glover v. Commonwealth, 3 Va. App. 152, 348 S.E.2d 434 (1986), which also
involved proof under Code § 18.2-308.2(A), the accused offered to stipulate that he had a prior
felony conviction. We held:
The Commonwealth, however, is not obligated to enter into an agreement whereby it is precluded from putting on its evidence simply because the defendant is willing to make a qualified stipulation. The trial court correctly ruled that the Commonwealth was entitled to prove the indictment, and the evidence of Glover’s -2- prior conviction for robbery was properly received for that purpose. Glover’s willingness to stipulate does nothing to change the conclusion.
Id. at 162, 348 S.E.2d at 441. Glover continues to be the law of the Commonwealth. Appellant
does not contest this, but he argues Old Chief overrules Glover and its progeny.
In Old Chief, the accused was charged with possession of a firearm by a convicted felon,
in violation of federal law. He also was charged with assault with a dangerous weapon and using
a firearm in a crime of violence. At trial, the accused offered to stipulate his prior felony
conviction. The district court allowed the introduction of the conviction order. Relying on
Federal Rule of Evidence 403, which authorizes exclusion of relevant evidence when its
“probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the
issues, or misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue delay, waste of time, or needless
presentation of cumulative evidence,” the Supreme Court, in a five-four decision, concluded the
probative value of the conviction record itself was outweighed by the substantial risk of
prejudice to the accused. Old Chief, 519 U.S. at 191.
To the extent appellant contends the introduction of the conviction order is prejudicial,
Essex v. Commonwealth, 18 Va. App. 168, 442 S.E.2d 707 (1994), is dispositive. We held in
Essex that even though Code § 18.2-308.2(A) only required proof of a prior conviction for a
“felony,” the trial court did not err in allowing evidence that specified the defendant had been
convicted previously of “murder.” Id. at 172, 442 S.E.2d at 710. “Where a necessary element of
the Commonwealth’s case is that the accused is a convicted felon, evidence which tends to
directly prove that fact cannot be excluded on the ground that its proof is prejudicial to the
accused.” Id.; see also Williams v. Commonwealth, 203 Va. 837, 841, 127 S.E.2d 423, 426
(1962) (stating that if evidence showing defendant committed other offenses “tends to prove any
other relevant fact of the offense charged, and is otherwise admissible, it will not be excluded
-3- merely because it also shows him to have been guilty of another crime” (quoting Day v.
Commonwealth, 196 Va. 907, 914, 86 S.E.2d 23, 26 (1955))); Hall v. Commonwealth, 143 Va.
554, 561, 130 S.E. 416, 418-19 (1925) (“The law will not permit one accused of crime to go
unpunished simply because the Commonwealth cannot prove his guilt without bringing in some
evidence which tends to show that he has committed other crimes.”).
Such prejudice, if any, may be alleviated by a jury instruction limiting the purpose for
which the evidence is offered. Woodson v. Commonwealth, 16 Va. App. 539, 541, 431 S.E.2d
82, 84 (1993) (holding that cautionary jury instruction must be given when requested by
defendant). In the instant case, the trial court offered to instruct the jury that the jury may
consider the prior conviction only for the purpose of establishing that the accused is a convicted
felon and not to consider it as character evidence or that the accused committed the charged
offense. Essentially, the trial court would have instructed the jury exactly what appellant agreed
to stipulate – that he had been convicted of a prior offense.
Appellant never requested such an instruction, nor did he move for a mistrial. He cannot
now claim prejudice, having rejected the opportunity to resolve any possible prejudice. See
generally Rowe v. Commonwealth, 277 Va. 495, 502, 675 S.E.2d 161, 164 (2009) (party may
not invite error “and then attempt to take advantage of the situation created by his own wrong”;
defendant could not properly argue on appeal that assault and battery of law enforcement officer
was not lesser-included offense of attempted capital murder of law enforcement officer, given his
frequent contentions at trial that assault and battery was lesser-included offense).
Unless a defendant has made a timely motion for a cautionary instruction or for a
mistrial, we will not consider his assignments of error alleging that improper remarks were made
by the prosecutor. Sheppard v. Commonwealth, 250 Va. 379, 394-95, 464 S.E.2d 131, 140-41
(1995).
-4- At oral argument, appellant contended that since our Rule of Evidence 2:403 was adopted
from the Federal Rule of Evidence 403, we are bound by the United States Supreme Court’s
interpretation of the rule. Our Rule of Evidence 2:403 states in part:
Relevant evidence may be excluded if:
(a) the probative value of the evidence is substantially outweighed by (i) the danger of unfair prejudice, or (ii) its likelihood of confusing or misleading the trier of fact . . . .
However, we need not address whether we are bound by Old Chief, which interprets a
federal/non-constitutional rule of evidence. Since we conclude that appellant cannot now argue
prejudice, a main component of both the federal and Virginia rules of evidence, our inquiry ends.
We are obligated to resolve this case on the narrowest and best grounds available. See
Commonwealth v. Swann, 290 Va. 194, 196, 776 S.E.2d 265, 267 (2015) (“The doctrine of
judicial restraint dictates that we decide cases ‘on the best and narrowest grounds available.”’
(quoting McGhee v. Commonwealth, 280 Va. 620, 626 n.4, 701 S.E.2d 58, 61 n.4 (2010))).
For the reasons stated, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court.
Affirmed.
-5-