Arsenault v . Metropolitan Life 03-133-PB 10/01/04
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF NEW HAMPSHIRE
JoAnne Arsenault
v. Civil N o . 03-133-PB Opinion N o . 2004 DNH 143 Metropolitan Life Insurance Company and Westinghouse Electric Company
MEMORANDUM AND ORDER
JoAnne Arsenault (“Arsenault”) brings this action pursuant
to the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (“ERISA”), 29
U.S.C. § 1132(a)(1)(b), to recover benefits allegedly due to her
under the terms of the Westinghouse Electric Company Welfare
Benefits Plan (the “Plan”), which is administered by defendant
Metropolitan Life Insurance Company (“MetLife”). Arsenault
alleges that MetLife’s decision to terminate her disability
benefits was arbitrary and capricious. Before me are defendants’
motion for summary judgment (Doc. N o . 10) and plaintiff’s cross-
motion for summary judgment (Doc. N o . 1 1 ) . For the reasons set
forth below, I grant defendants’ motion and deny Arsenault’s
motion. I. BACKGROUND1
Arsenault began working for Westinghouse Electric Company
(“Westinghouse”) (formerly known as ABB Combustion Engineering)
as an administrative assistant in July 1990. As a Westinghouse
employee, Arsenault was eligible to participate in the company’s
welfare benefits Plan.
A. The Plan
The Plan provides, among other benefits, long-term
disability coverage to eligible employees through a group
insurance policy issued by MetLife. In particular, the Plan
provides for the payment of long-term disability benefits to
eligible employees who are determined, by MetLife, to be “totally
disabled.” Under the Plan, an employee will be considered
“totally disabled” i f , “due to Injury or Sickness,” he or she is
“continuously unable to perform each of the material duties” of
his or her “regular job” and requires “the regular care and
attendance of a Doctor.” (Admin. R. at 7 ) .
After receiving benefit payments for 12 months, an employee
1 The background facts set forth herein are taken from the Administrative Record (“Admin. R.”) filed with this court by the defendants as an Appendix in support of their motion for summary judgment.
-2- will be considered “totally disabled” under the Plan only if he
or she is also “completely and continuously unable to perform the
duties of any gainful work or service for which [the employee is]
reasonably qualified taking into consideration [the employee’s]
training, education, experience and past earnings.” (Admin. R.
at 8 ) . The Plan alternatively provides that an employee will be
considered “totally disabled” when, due to injury or sickness, he
or she “suffers an 80% loss of earning capacity” and requires
“the regular care and attendance of a doctor, unless in the
opinion of a doctor, future or continued treatment would be of no
benefit.” (Admin. R. at 8 ) .
To qualify for long-term disability benefits under the Plan,
an employee must submit written proof demonstrating, to the
satisfaction of MetLife, that he or she is eligible for such
benefits. (Admin. R. at 1 2 ) . The Plan expressly invests the
Plan administrator with “discretionary authority to interpret the
terms of the Plan and to determine eligibility for and
entitlement to Plan benefits in accordance with the terms of the
Plan,” and specifies that any such interpretation or
determination “shall be given full force and effect, unless it
can be shown that the interpretation or determination was
-3- arbitrary and capricious.” (Admin. R. at 1 6 ) .
B. Arsenault’s Shoulder Surgeries
In February 2001 Arsenault saw D r . Guy M . Esposito,
complaining that she had been having trouble with right shoulder
pain “on and off for over a year.” Arsenault also reported that
the pain had “become worse in the past three months.” Based on
her reported symptoms and his examination, D r . Esposito believed
Arsenault had rotator cuff tendinitis and gave her a
corticosteroid injection. (Admin. R. at 2 3 9 ) .
When D r . Esposito saw Arsenault again, in May 2001, she
reported that while the corticosteroid injection had given her
relief for about six weeks, the pain in her right shoulder had
returned. D r . Esposito noted that he would have her do “modified
duty” and then referred Arsenault to D r . Charles Blitzer for
possible shoulder surgery. (Admin. R. at 2 3 8 ) . Arsenault first
saw D r . Blitzer on June 7 , 2001. He diagnosed her with a torn
rotator cuff in her right shoulder and performed surgery to
repair that tear for June 1 8 , 2001. (Admin. R. at 5 7 ) .
Arsenault’s last day of work at Westinghouse was June 1 5 , 2001.
(Admin. R. at 2 9 ) .
In a post-surgical examination on July 1 3 , 2001, Arsenault
-4- reported to D r . Blitzer that she was also having left shoulder
pain. D r . Blitzer indicated that Arsenault would need to have an
MRI so he could determine the cause of her pain, but elected to
wait until the healing in her right shoulder had progressed.
(Admin. R. at 5 4 ) . On August 1 0 , 2001, D r . Blitzer reported that
Arsenault was “doing somewhat better” than she had been the week
before. At this office visit he also discussed the results of
the MRI on her left shoulder and his diagnosis of a torn rotator
cuff. D r . Blitzer explained to Arsenault that he wanted to see
more progress in the healing and rehabilitation of her right
shoulder before considering surgery on her left shoulder.
(Admin. R. at 5 2 ) . After evaluating Arsenault on September 4 ,
2001, D r . Blitzer reported that her wound looked “excellent” and
that she was “distinctly improved” and in “better spirits.”
(Admin. R. at 5 1 ) .
After an initial evaluation conducted on June 2 2 , 2001,
Arsenault commenced physical therapy on her right shoulder on
July 1 3 , 2001. (Admin. R. at 6 2 ) . The physical therapy records
indicate that as of October 9, 2001, she had made “satisfactory
progress thus far” and by that date was able to reach behind her
back. The October 9, 2001 report also indicated that while
-5- Arsenault would benefit from continued therapy to increase her
strength, her rehabilitation potential was “good” to “excellent.”
(Admin. R. at 6 6 ) .
On November 1 2 , 2001, D r . Blitzer surgically repaired a
“small rotator cuff tear” in Arsenault’s left shoulder. In a
post-operative examination on November 2 0 , 2001, he reported that
she had “[v]ery good range of motion” in her right shoulder and
that she was “[g]etting along reasonably well.” (Admin. R. at
232). After an examination on December 7 , 2001, he noted that
overall Arsenault was “getting along very well” and was “more
comfortable.” Then, after his December 7 , 2001, examination, D r .
Blitzer indicated that he wanted Arsenault both to “get into
physical therapy for a small rotator cuff protocol” for her left
shoulder, and to continue to strengthen her right shoulder. At
this time he concluded that she had a “very distinctly limited
work capacity.” (Admin. R. at 2 3 3 ) .
Arsenault began physical therapy on her left shoulder on
December 1 5 , 2001, three days after an initial evaluation. At
the evaluation it was expected that within approximately ten
weeks Arsenault would be able to “[r]eturn to work without
restrictions.” (Admin. R. at 1 2 3 ) . This evaluation further
-6- noted that Arsenault was having trouble sleeping and that her
symptoms were aggravated by cold weather. In an office visit
note dated January 1 8 , 2002, D r . Blitzer indicated that
Arsenault’s was “getting along somewhat better” and was
“[d]istinctly improved albeit slowly,” but still had a “very
limited work capacity.” D r . Blitzer recommended Arsenault for
aquatic therapy on her left shoulder because this form of therapy
had worked well on her right shoulder. (Admin. R. at 2 3 5 ) .
Approximately two weeks later, on February 4 , 2002,
Arsenault reported that she was “doing more” and that she had
“made some gains in pool therapy.” After this office visit, D r .
Blitzer noted that Arsenault was making “satisfactory progress”
and “steady gains.” He stated, however, that based upon his view
of her job description, Arsenault continued to have a very
limited work capacity. Then, after a telephone conversation with
Arsenault the next day, February 5 , 2002, D r . Blitzer indicated
that while he still did not believe she had a useful work
capacity, he expected this assessment to change in 4-6 weeks.
(Admin. R. at 2 3 6 ) .
Dr. Blitzer next saw Arsenault on March 8 , 2002, and
reported that her right shoulder was “doing really well” and that
-7- the range of motion on the right side was “excellent with minimal
tenderness.” He further noted that the left shoulder was “still
moderately stiff,” although it continued to slowly improve. Dr.
Blitzer again noted that Arsenault was making progress, but felt
“given her anxiety that things are going to proceed somewhat
slowly.” He recommended that she get a “mini” functional
capacities assessment (“FCA”) to evaluate her work capacity.
(Admin. R. at 2 3 7 ) .
In the Physical Residual Functional Capacity Questionnaire
dated March 1 3 , 2002, D r . Blitzer indicated that he had
surgically repaired both of Arsenault’s torn rotator cuffs and
that her prognosis was “good.” Although he reported that
Arsenault had some numbness in her hands, at no point in this
questionnaire did D r . Blitzer indicate that she suffered from
carpal tunnel syndrome. (Admin. R. at 196-202).
C. Arsenault’s Claim for Accident & Sickness Benefits
After the surgery on her right shoulder, on June 2 6 , 2001,
Arsenault made a claim for “Accident & Sickness” benefits (also
referred to as short-term disability benefits) under the Plan.
In her claim Arsenault reported that she was prevented from
working because she had surgery on her right shoulder on June 1 8 ,
-8- 2001. In the July 2 6 , 2001 attending physician statement (“APS”)
that accompanied Arsenault’s claim, D r . Blitzer indicated that he
had surgically repaired a large rotator cuff tear in her right
shoulder. Rather than completing the form APS sent by MetLife
which asked for specific information regarding Arsenault’s
physical capabilities,2 D r . Blitzer submitted his own form that
merely stated that Arsenault was currently unable to work, and
that it was “undetermined” when she would be able to return to
work. (Admin. R. at 31-36). He signed Arsenault’s disability
certificate on August 3 , 2001. (Admin. R. at 4 1 ) .
As he had on July 2 6 , 2001, on August 23 (Admin. R. at 38-
4 0 ) , October 11 (Admin. R. at 67-70), and December 3 1 , 2001
(Admin. R. at 90-93), D r . Blitzer elected not to complete the
detailed APS forms sent to him by MetLife and simply repeated
that, as of those dates, it remained “undetermined” when
Arsenault would be able to return to work. Based on the
2 For example, the APS asked for specific information regarding the number of hours the patient could sit, stand, and walk; the patient’s ability to climb, twist, bend, stoop, reach above shoulder level; the patient’s ability to lift or carry weights between 0 and 100 pounds; and the patient’s ability to repetitively perform fine finger movements, eye/hand movements and pushing/pulling.
-9- information available, MetLife approved Arsenault’s claim and
paid her short-term disability benefits, effective June 1 5 , 2001.
Arsenault continued to receive these benefits until she was
notified by letter dated December 1 1 , 2001 that her short-term
benefits would be terminated, effective December 1 7 , 2001.
(Admin. R. at 8 0 ) .
D. Arsenault’s Claim for Long-Term Disability Benefits
MetLife’s December 1 1 , 2001 letter to Arsenault also
provided her with the Long-Term Disability (“LTD”) application
that she and her physician(s) were to complete in order for
MetLife to determine whether she qualified for long-term
benefits. In support of her claim, Arsenault was asked to
submit, prior to January 1 5 , 2002, the following documentation:
an Agreement Concerning Long Term Disability Benefits, an
Attending Physician Statement, an Activities of Daily Living
form, Social Security Authorization, and a Training, Education
and Experience Statement. (Admin. R. at 8 0 ) .
In late December 2001 or early January 2002, Arsenault
completed an exhaustive Activities of Daily Living form in which
she described the details of her daily routine. (Admin. R. at
102-11). In this report, Arsenault noted that she was unable to
-10- sleep due to the pain in her shoulders and the resulting
inability to find a comfortable resting position. In the section
of the report that asked if she could return to her job if
accommodations were made, Arsenault indicated that she would be
able t o :
do some data entry with intermittent breaks. Could answer phone (if I had a headset it would help), Distribute mail (not boxes or tubes). Proof reading correspondences or manuals. Could assist w/ software questions, just can’t play waitress. But I could work with caterers making plans for in-house lunch guests. Could do light mail postage metering. Order office supplies (but couldn’t lift supplies) to unpack them (they come in large b o x ) . I could order lunches but can’t set up & serve, due to the weights of soda and coffee pots & trays of sandwiches. Could do light filing in lower drawers, no overhead drawers. Could type short letters or memos, make copies & distribute as long as someone else carries the reams of paper to keep printers and copiers filled (1 ream weighs about 8lbs) and the copier takes 4 reams, (the printers & fax machines upstairs and downstairs were my responsibility). I could make the calls for service on office machines. I could mention too, that ergonomics are most important in the above. (Admin. R. at 106-07).
Although Arsenault noted that she had been in counseling for
depression and anxiety, nowhere in the Activities of Daily Living
did Arsenault indicate that she would be unable to return to work
as a result of any psychological condition, nor did she state
that such an impairment would impact her ability to work.
-11- Rather, she provided only a comprehensive assessment of her
physical capabilities at that time. Likewise, although in a
February 6, 2002 mental status exam report, D r . Brian F. Jackson,
Ph.D, indicated that Arsenault was “in a depressed mood” and also
described the “feelings of lowered self-esteem” and “decreased
abilities to focus” that Arsenault had reported to him, he
nevertheless noted that her speech was “coherent” and “logical,”
her affect was “appropriate to the content of the information
discussed,” and she did not suffer from “hallucinations,
delusions, misinterpretations, preoccupations, obsessions,” or
“phobic ideas.” Like Arsenault herself, D r . Jackson did not note
the existence of a psychological condition that would prevent her
from returning to work. (Admin. R. at 161-63).
Based upon the reports from Arsenault and her treatment
providers, MetLife informed Arsenault in a letter dated March 1 ,
2002 that her long-term benefits had been denied, effective
December 1 7 , 2001. The letter enumerated the specific evidence
MetLife considered in making its benefits determination,
including the February 6, 2002 report from D r . Jackson. MetLife
explained that, based on its review of this evidence, Arsenault’s
claim had been denied “due to lack of proof of disability
-12- provided to MetLife to support [her] inability to perform [her]
occupation at Westinghouse Electric Company as an Administrative
Assistant.” (Admin. R. at 170-71).
E. Arsenault’s Appeal
In a letter from her attorney dated August 2 6 , 2002,
Arsenault appealed MetLife’s denial of her claim for long-term
disability benefits and requested that her benefits be
reinstated. (Admin. R. at 173-75). In support of her appeal,
Arsenault’s counsel provided MetLife with the Social Security
Administration’s July 1 9 , 2002 decision awarding her disability
benefits (effective December 2001), as well as treatment records
and other reports from various medical professionals, all of whom
treated or evaluated her. These included reports from D r .
Richard Naimark, D r . Blitzer, D r . Jackson, Nurse Jaynee Fuller,
Dr. Esposito, D r . Roy A . Hepner, Marshbrook Rehabilitation, as
well as an EMG report dated March 2 0 , 2002. (Admin. R. at 176-
248).
MetLife referred Arsenault’s appeal to D r . Amy Hopkins,
M.D., an independent physician consultant who is board certified
in internal and occupational medicine, and D r . Mark Schroeder,
-13- M.D., an independent physician consultant who is board certified
in psychiatry. After D r . Hopkins and D r . Schroeder reviewed
Arsenault’s appeal, MetLife referred it to Steven Fresa, a
vocational rehabilitation consultant, to get more information
regarding the physical requirements of Arsenault’s job, and to
determine if she could perform this job. (Admin. R. at 329-30).
On December 1 0 , 2002, MetLife contacted Arsenault’s counsel
by telephone and notified him that MetLife had agreed to
reinstate Arsenault’s disability benefits for the period between
December 1 7 , 2001 and March 2 6 , 2002. This determination was
made after D r . Hopkins and D r . Schroeder reviewed the medical
evidence submitted to MetLife by Arsenault’s various treatment
providers. MetLife determined that a reinstatement of
Arsenault’s benefits was appropriate because a functional
capacities evaluation conducted on March 2 6 , 2002 (“KEY Job
Placement Assessment”) indicated that as of that date, she had
the functional ability to hold more than a sedentary job. In the
telephone call, MetLife representative Penny Gadbois also
indicated that a decision as to whether benefits would be paid
-14- after March 2 6 , 2002 would be made within the next few weeks.
(Admin. R. at 279-80).
1. Dr. Hopkins’ Review of the Evidence
As an independent physician consulted by MetLife, D r .
Hopkins was asked to resolve three questions based on the medical
evidence provided. First, she was asked if there were any tasks
that Arsenault would be unable to perform in her job as an
administrative assistant. Second, she was asked to determine if
the functional capacity testing provided validity testing by
which she could assess whether the KEY Job Placement Assessment
reflected Arsenault’s true functional abilities. Finally, D r .
Hopkins was asked if D r . Blitzer’s recommendations regarding
Arsenault’s ability to work were supported by the medical records
available. (Admin. R. at 283-84).
After reviewing the available medical records, D r . Hopkins
found that there was no documentation to support D r . Blitzer’s
August 2 0 , 2002 letter (Admin. R. at 250-51, submitted to MetLife
in support of her August 2 6 , 2002 appeal). In that letter, D r .
Hopkins concluded that D r . Blitzer recommended greater
restrictions on Arsenault’s lifting abilities than were justified
by the record. Nor did any documentation support the conclusion
-15- that her condition worsened after the March 2 6 , 2002 KEY Job
Placement Assessment. D r . Hopkins further observed that D r .
Blitzer submitted no office visit notes after March 8 , 2002.
With respect to the March 2 6 , 2002 KEY Job Placement Assessment,
Dr. Hopkins noted that Arsenault may have been “deconditioned,”
and at times she demonstrated unsafe postures, but was still able
to occasionally lift and carry 12 pounds with her left hand and
17 pounds with her right, and push/pull up to 33 pounds
occasionally and up to 20 pounds frequently. (Admin. R. at 285-
87).
Dr. Hopkins did, however, indicate that Arsenault’s job
description was not sufficiently detailed for her to determine
what Arsenault’s actual duties were. As a result, D r . Hopkins
could not ascertain if Arsenault would have been able to perform
the duties of her regular job as of December 1 7 , 2001.3 She also
found that the KEY Job Placement Assessment testing was of
limited use, in part because it lacked validity testing.
Finally, with respect to D r . Blitzer’s report that Arsenault felt
3 On December 3 0 , 2002, MetLife received an accurate description of Arsenault’s job from Richard Frisbey. (Admin. at 3 3 2 ) .
-16- that Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (“ADHD”) would
limit her ability to sit, stand, and walk, D r . Hopkins concluded
that there was no objective evidence of the diagnosis or
treatment of ADHD, or any resulting limitations. Accordingly,
Dr. Hopkins found that the only possible limitations relevant to
the claim period were related to Arsenault’s left shoulder.
(Admin. R. at 285-87).
2. Dr. Schroeder’s Review of the Evidence
Like D r . Hopkins, D r . Schroeder was consulted by MetLife as
an independent physician, and asked to determine if the medical
records supported Arsenault’s claim of a severe, consistent,
objective psychiatric impairment that precluded her from
performing her own occupation. If s o , D r . Schroeder was asked
whether the medical records indicated what restrictions or
limitations, if any, would impact her ability to work. Finally,
Dr. Schroeder was asked to determine if the psychiatrist’s and
psychologist’s recommendations regarding Arsenault’s ability to
work were supported by the medical evidence provided. (Admin. R.
at 2 8 9 ) .
Dr. Schroeder examined the reports from D r . Blitzer, D r .
Jackson, D r . Naimark, and Nurse Fuller, the Activities of Daily
-17- Living form Arsenault completed, as well as her Arsenault’s job
description. On December 3 , 2002, he issued his Physician
Consultant Review. In this report, D r . Schroeder noted that
Arsenault’s Activities of Daily Living form was “detailed” and
“well-organized,” and in it she documented a number of physical
problems, but no specific psychiatric problems related to
functional impairment. D r . Schroeder pointed out that on this
form Arsenault herself stated that, with accommodations, she
could return to her job. Furthermore, Arsenault’s description of
her living situation offered no indication that she suffered from
significant psychiatric symptoms or impairments. (Admin. R. at
290-91).
With respect to Arsenault’s claimed psychiatric conditions,
Dr. Schroeder concluded that the record did not support a clear,
consistent, objective psychiatric impairment sufficient to
preclude her from performing the essential duties of her job. He
found that Nurse Fuller and D r . Jackson’s records described vague
and apparently self-reported symptoms. He noted, however, that
Dr. Jackson’s February 6, 2002 Observed Mental Status exam was
essentially within normal limits. And although D r . Jackson made
reference to bipolar disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder,
-18- and attention deficit disorder in his reports, “diagnostic
information supportive of these diagnoses” was not provided in
the records. (Admin. R. at 291-93).
Dr. Schroeder found D r . Naimark’s notes to be both brief and
vague. His review of D r . Naimark’s records established that
Arsenault demonstrated improvement shortly after her first
evaluation on April 3 , 2002. According to D r . Naimark,
Arsenault’s thought process was “goal directed” on April 1 0 ,
2002, and her affect was “appropriate” by April 3 0 , 2002. None
of D r . Naimark’s other notes described objective and severe
psychiatric symptoms or impairments. (Admin. R. at 2 9 3 ) .
On balance, D r . Schroeder concluded, the record did not
support the listed psychiatric diagnoses. Indeed, the
psychiatric symptoms in Arsenault’s records appeared to be self-
reported emotional distress, largely unsubstantiated by detailed
objective mental status abnormalities. Furthermore, in D r .
Schroeder’s view, none of Arsenault’s treatment providers
provided evidence of diagnostic testing that would tend to
corroborate Arsenault’s largely self-reported symptoms. (Admin.
R. at 293-94).
3. MetLife’s Determination of Benefits After March 26,
-19- 2002
On January 8 , 2003 MetLife issued its final decision on
Arsenault’s appeal. The decision notified her that her claim for
long-term disability benefits had been approved for the period
between December 1 7 , 2001 and March 2 6 , 2002, but denied for the
period after March 2 6 , 2002, because she no longer met the
definition of “totally disabled” under the Plan. In the January
8 , 2003 letter, MetLife informed Arsenault that in reviewing her
entire claim, it relied on the information she submitted with her
August 2 6 , 2002 appeal letter as well as the supplemental
information she provided throughout the fall and winter of 2002.
The letter summarized Arsenault’s job description, which was
classified by a Westinghouse representative as between light and
sedentary. The letter also detailed MetLife’s evaluation of the
evidence. MetLife explained that as of December 1 7 , 2001, the
first date on which Arsenault was eligible for long-term
disability benefits, she was still experiencing pain, limitation
of motion, and tenderness in her left shoulder, but that she had
recovered from the surgery on her right shoulder. This
conclusion was based upon, and was consistent with, D r . Blitzer’s
office notes from the relevant period. As a result of the
-20- condition of Arsenault’s left shoulder, MetLife found that it was
reasonable to conclude that she would have been unable to perform
the duties of her regular job as of December 1 7 , 2001. (Admin.
R. at 295-98).
Similarly, the results of the KEY Job Placement Assessment
conducted on March 2 6 , 2002 indicated that Arsenault was now able
occasionally lift and carry up to 17 pounds with her right hand
and up to 12 pounds with her left hand, and was occasionally able
to push/pull 33 pounds. Steven Fresa, the Vocational
Rehabilitation Specialist who reviewed Arsenault’s appeal on
December 3 0 , 2002, found that this functional capacity was
compatible with Arsenault’s regular job duties. Based on these
assessments, MetLife determined that Arsenault was eligible for
long-term disability benefits from December 1 7 , 2001 through
March 2 6 , 2002. (Admin. R. at 295-98).
Next, MetLife explained that D r . Blitzer’s March 8 , 2002
office note indicated that because Arsenault complained of hand
numbness and pain, he ordered an EMG/NCV, conducted on March 2 0 ,
2002, which revealed mild bilateral carpal tunnel syndrome.
However, there was no indication of any additional physical exam
findings, and the March 2 6 , 2002 KEY Job Placement Assessment,
-21- conducted after the EMG/NCV, demonstrated a functional ability
within the requirements of Arsenault’s regular job. (Admin. R.
at 295-98).
MetLife also found that D r . Blitzer’s August 2 0 , 2002 letter
was inconsistent with his earlier assessments of Arsenault’s
functional capabilities and, moreover, was unsupported by medical
evidence or the KEY Job Placement Assessment. Additionally, the
restrictions D r . Blitzer noted with respect to Arsenault’s
ability to sit, stand, and walk were unsupported by any medical
evidence that indicated what, if any, physical condition affected
these functions. As with other conditions that purportedly
impacted Arsenault’s ability to perform the duties of her regular
job, including bipolar disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder,
and attention deficit disorder, Metlife found that D r . Jackson
and D r . Naimark failed to support their conclusions regarding her
ability to work with sufficient medical evidence.4 Rather,
4 In the January 8 , 2003 letter, MetLife also informed Arsenault that because Nurse Jaynee Fuller is not a physician, her assessments were considered only in the context of the medical records provided by her doctors. MetLife explained that there were no medical records indicating that Arsenault was under the regular care of a doctor for the conditions described by Nurse Fuller for the disability period in question.
-22- according to MetLife’s review of the claim and appeal, they
offered only unsubstantiated judgments and conflicting reports as
to Arsenault’s functional capabilities. (Admin. R. at 295-98).
Metlife then informed Arsenault that it reviewed the Social
Security Award letter, which provided information regarding the
payment of benefits, but did not provide an assessment of
Arsenault’s functional abilities. MetLife further noted that
each benefits program has its own criteria for reviewing and
evaluating claims and medical evidence. Finally, MetLife briefly
reviewed the opinions of D r . Hopkins and D r . Schroeder and
concluded that Arsenault no longer met the definition of
disability as outlined in the Plan. Having exhausted her
administrative remedies, this lawsuit followed. (Admin. R. at
295-98).
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
When the denial of benefits is challenged under ERISA §
1132(a)(1)(B), “the standard of review depends largely on whether
‘the benefit plan gives the administrator or fiduciary
discretionary authority to determine eligibility for benefits or
-23- to construe the terms of the plan.’” Leahy v . Raytheon Co., 315
F.3d 1 1 , 15 (1st Cir. 2002)(quoting Firestone Tire & Rubber C o .
v . Bruch, 489 U.S. 1 0 1 , 115 (1989)). If the plan grants
discretionary authority to the administrator, an “abuse of
discretion” or “arbitrary and capricious” standard of review is
mandated.5 See id.; see also Terry v . Bayer Corp., 145 F.3d 2 8 ,
37 (1st Cir. 1998). In reviewing a decision to terminate
benefits, a court may not substitute its judgment for that of the
decision-maker. Terry, 145 F.3d at 40 (internal quotations
omitted). Nor is it necessary for the court to determine which
side it believes is right. See Brigham v . Sun Life of Canada,
317 F.3d 7 2 , 85 (1st Cir. 2003); Doyle v . Paul Revere Life Ins.
Co., 144 F.3d 1 8 1 , 183-84 (1st Cir. 1998). Rather, under this
deferential standard of review, a reviewing court must not
disturb a decision by a plan administrator if it was within the
plan administrator’s authority, reasoned and supported by
substantial evidence in the record. See Doyle, 144 F.3d at 183-
84 (internal citations and quotations omitted). Substantial
5 In the First Circuit, there is no substantive difference between “arbitrary and capricious” and “abuse of discretion” review in the ERISA context. Cook v . Liberty Life Assurance C o . of Boston, 320 F.3d 1 1 , 15 n.3 & 17 n.7 (1st Cir. 2003).
-24- evidence means “evidence reasonably sufficient to support a
conclusion.” Id. at 184; see also Recupero v . New England
Telephone and Telegraph Co., 118 F.3d 8 2 0 , 830 (1st Cir. 1997)
(reviewing court should not set aside a factual finding that has
adequate support in the record). And the “mere existence of
contradictory evidence” does not render a plan administrator’s
determination arbitrary and capricious. Leahy, 315 F.3d at 1 9 ;
Vlass v . Raytheon Employees Disability Trust, 244 F.3d 2 7 , 30
(1st Cir. 2001). In short, MetLife’s termination decision cannot
stand i f , in reaching i t , MetLife ignored a material factor
deserving significant weight, relied upon an improper factor, or
seriously erred in weighing the proper factors. See I.P. Lund
Trading Aps. v . Kohler Co., 163 F.3d 2 7 , 33 (1st Cir. 1998).
III. ANALYSIS
Arsenault argues that MetLife’s determination that she was
not totally disabled, and that her benefits should be terminated,
was arbitrary and capricious and is unsupported by any
substantial evidence. Specifically, Arsenault charges that
MetLife’s medical experts never addressed the cumulative effects
of her numerous physical and psychological conditions and never
-25- obtained, nor asked Arsenault to provide, an accurate description
of her job duties. See O b j . to Defs.’ Mot. for Summ. J. and
Pl.’s Cross Mot. for Summ. J. (Doc. N o . 11) at 17-20. Arsenault
further charges that MetLife rested its benefits determination on
sources of information that were of limited probative value and,
moreover, gave no weight to the opinions of the various medical
professionals who treated her and corroborated her claim that she
was totally disabled. See id.
MetLife responds that its benefits eligibility determination
was reasonable in light of the information available. MetLife
further argues that it reasonably accepted the opinions of the
medical and vocational consultants who reviewed the record and
concluded that Arsenault was capable of performing her job as an
administrative assistant at Westinghouse as of March 2 6 , 2002.
See Defs.’ Mot. for Summ. J. (Doc. N o . 10) at 2 0 .
At the root of Arsenault’s argument is her assertion that in
the two letters denying her claim for long-term disability
benefits, dated March 1 , 2002 and January 8 , 2003, MetLife failed
to reference any opinion that she was capable of working and
merely stated that the evidence submitted by Arsenault and her
treatment providers was insufficient or unsupported. The
-26- gravamen of Arsenault’s complaint appears to be her contention
that MetLife had a “duty to obtain its own affirmative evidence”
that she was capable of working, and failed to do this.
Moreover, Arsenault charges that MetLife failed to address the
cumulative effect of her physical and psychological conditions.
See O b j . to Defs.’ Mot. for Summ. J. and Pl.’s Cross Mot. for
Summ. J. (Doc. N o . 11) at 1 7 . Furthermore, Arsenault faults
MetLife both for failing to consider the fact that she had been
awarded Social Security disability benefits and for relying on
the opinions of D r . Hopkins and D r . Schroeder, neither of whom
examined her.6 See O b j . to Defs.’ Mot. for Summ. J. and Pl.’s
Cross Mot. for Summ. J. (Doc. N o . 11) at 1 3 .
The flaw in Arsenault’s first argument is that she
misconstrues the burden of a benefits determination under the
6 In the “Medical Evidence” section of her objection and cross-motion for summary judgment, Arsenault included two reports from D r . Michael Haenick, dated September 1 2 , 2003 and November 1 7 , 2003. These reports were produced long after the administrative proceedings concerning her claim for benefits had concluded and were not part of the administrative record. These reports will therefore not be considered by this Court. See Cook v . Liberty Life Assurance C o . of Boston, 320 F.3d 1 1 , 19 (1st Cir. 2003) (quoting Mitchell v . Eastman Kodak Co., 113 F.3d 433, 440 (3d Cir. 1997)(observing that “the ‘whole’ record consists of that evidence that was before the administrator when he made the decision being reviewed”)).
-27- Plan. The Plan administrator is not required to conduct an
independent investigation to determine whether or not an employee
is capable of performing the material duties of his or her job.
See Brigham, 317 F.3d at 84-85. Rather, the burden rests with
the employee to provide proof, satisfactory to MetLife, that he
or she is totally disabled and thus entitled to long-term
benefits under the Plan. Again, the language of the Plan is
instructive. The Plan unambiguously requires that the proof
furnished by an employee in support of his or her claim “must be
satisfactory to [MetLife].” Accordingly, to demonstrate her
entitlement to benefits under the Plan, Arsenault was required to
furnish proof sufficient to substantiate her physicians’ claim
that she was unable to work. See Brigham, 317 F.3d at 84-85.
Here, the evidence in the record is capable of supporting
competing inferences as to Arsenault’s ability to return to work
after March 2 6 , 2002. When, as here, the medical evidence is
conflicted, the Plan administrator’s decision to terminate
benefits is not unreasonable and should therefore be accorded
deference. See Leahy, 315 F.3d at 19-20.
Arsenault’s second argument, that MetLife failed to address
the cumulative effect of her physical and psychological
-28- conditions, suffers from the same flawed reasoning. It i s ,
therefore, equally unavailing. As MetLife explained in rejecting
Arsenault’s appeal, reports and records from D r . Jackson and D r .
Naimark failed to provide diagnostic information supportive of
the medical conditions diagnosed, and the medical evidence failed
to support the existence of a psychological condition that
affected Arsenault’s ability to perform the duties of her regular
job. There are undoubtedly cases in which laboratory tests or
other diagnostic procedures will not be necessary to substantiate
a claim of disability, particularly when the disabling condition
underlying the claim is not susceptible to such objective
evaluations. See Cook, 320 F.3d at 21-22 (noting that given the
nature of plaintiff’s disease, it was not reasonable for insurer
to expect her to provide clinical objective evidence of her
condition); Brigham v . Sun Life of Canada, 317 F.3d 7 2 , 84 (1st
Cir. 2003). In Arsenault’s case, however, neither D r . Jackson
nor D r . Naimark provided any explanation for their conclusion
that Arsenault suffered from bipolar disorder, post-traumatic
stress disorder, or attention deficit disorder, and that these
conditions prevented her from returning to work.
Moreover, the medical opinions offered by D r . Jackson and
-29- Dr. Naimark were by no means conclusive. For example, despite
reporting that Arsenault experienced feelings of depression,
anxiety and emotional distress, D r . Jackson’s February 6, 2002
mental status exam concluded that Arsenault was essentially
normal. Similarly, D r . Naimark’s October 8 , 2002 letter
indicating that Arsenault was unable to work due to her symptoms
ran counter to his April 2002 office notes that reported
significant improvement including “good eye contact” and a “goal
directed thought process.” In light of this contradictory
evidence, it was not unreasonable for MetLife to find that the
reported psychological conditions did not have a cumulative
effect on Arsenault’s physical ability to return to work. See
Leahy, 315 F.3d at 19 (observing that when medical evidence is
sharply conflicted, the deference due to a plan administer may be
especially great).
Next, the mere fact of a disability award from the Social
Security Administration is not binding on MetLife. See Gannon v .
Metropolitan Life Ins. Co., 360 F.3d 2 1 1 , 215 (1st Cir. 2004);
Pari-Fasano v . ITT Hartford Life & Accident Ins. Co., 230 F.3d
415, 420 (1st Cir. 2000). As MetLife explained in its January 8 ,
2003 letter, the criteria for determining eligibility for Social
-30- Security benefits may be substantially different than the
criteria established by the Plan here. See Matias-Correa v .
Pfizer, Inc., 345 F.3d 7 , 12 (1st Cir. 2003)(noting that claimant
was required to satisfy the plan’s definition of total disability
rather than the Social Security Administration’s definition);
Pari-Fasano, 230 F.3d at 420. And although a related Social
Security benefits decision might be of some value to a plan
administrator’s eligibility determination, particularly in cases
in which the Social Security Administration makes specific
findings, the Social Security letter in Arsenault’s case only
provided information regarding the payment of her benefits and no
information describing how the Administration reached its
eligibility determination. See Gannon, 360 F.3d at 215.
MetLife’s decision not to credit this eligibility determination
was therefore not unreasonable.
Lastly, MetLife, as the Plan administrator, was authorized
to weigh conflicting evidence and to determine the weight
accorded to the opinions of Arsenault’s physicians. See Vlass,
244 F.3d at 3 2 . The Supreme Court has held that courts may not
require plan administrators to accord special deference to the
opinions of an employee’s treating physicians. See Black &
-31- Decker Disability Plan v . Nord, 528 U.S. 8 2 2 , 834 (2003).
Accordingly, MetLife was permitted to rely upon the opinions of
Dr. Hopkins and D r . Schroeder, even though they did not examine
Arsenault, and even though they based their opinions solely on a
review of the file. See Gannon, 360 F.3d at 214-15; Matias-
Correa v . Pfizer, 345 F.3d 7 , 12 (1st Cir. 2003). It was also
reasonable for MetLife to rely, as D r . Schroeder did in his
December 3 , 2002 physician consultant review, on the information
Arsenault provided in her Activities of Daily Living form, in
which she acknowledged that, with physical accommodations, she
could return to her job as an administrative assistant at
Westinghouse. Arsenault’s own view of her functional abilities
was consistent with, and buttressed by, D r . Blitzer’s evaluations
through March 2002. In fact, it was not until August 2 0 , 2002
that D r . Blitzer recommended greater restrictions for Arsenault,
and, as D r . Hopkins noted, these restrictions were
unsubstantiated by either the KEY Job Placement Assessment or any
medical evidence indicating that Arsenault’s condition had taken
a turn for the worse. Given MetLife’s right to use its
discretion under the Plan, it was for MetLife alone to determine
precisely how to measure the strength of contradictory opinions.
-32- IV. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, Defendants’ motion for summary
judgment (Doc. N o . 10) is granted and Arsenault’s cross-motion
for summary judgment (Doc. N o . 11) is denied.
SO ORDERED.
Paul J. Barbadoro Chief Judge
October 1 , 2004
cc: Bradley M . Lown, Esq. William D. Pandolph, Esq.
-33-