NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS AUG 24 2021 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
ARIZONA ATTORNEYS FOR No. 20-16293 CRIMINAL JUSTICE; et al., D.C. No. 2:17-cv-01422-SPL Plaintiffs-Appellants,
v. MEMORANDUM*
MARK BRNOVICH, Attorney General, in his official capacity as Attorney General of the State of Arizona; et al.,
Defendants-Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Arizona Steven Paul Logan, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted July 6, 2021 Portland, Oregon
Before: M. MURPHY,** PAEZ, and BENNETT, Circuit Judges.
Plaintiffs—individual criminal defense attorneys, a criminal defense
investigator, and an organizational plaintiff, Arizona Attorneys for Criminal Justice
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The Honorable Michael R. Murphy, United States Circuit Judge for the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit, sitting by designation. (“AACJ”) (collectively “Plaintiffs”)—appeal the district court’s dismissal of their
lawsuit for lack of standing pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1).
Plaintiffs’ lawsuit, filed pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983, challenges on First
Amendment grounds Arizona Revised Statutes § 13-4433(B), which prohibits
criminal defense lawyers and investigators from contacting victims. Plaintiffs sued
Mark Brnovich (the Arizona Attorney General), Maret Vessella (Chief Bar
Counsel of the State Bar of Arizona), and Heston Silbert (Director of the Arizona
Department of Public Safety) (collectively “Defendants”), all of whom, at some
level, have responsibility for enforcing § 13-4433(B) or the Arizona Rules of
Professional Conduct.
On appeal, all Defendants defend the district court’s standing ruling.
Brnovich and Silbert further argue that the district court should have abstained
from hearing this case under Younger v. Harris, 401 U.S. 37 (1971). We review de
novo whether the requirements of standing are met and whether abstention under
Younger is required. Canatella v. California, 304 F.3d 843, 850, 852 (9th Cir.
2002).1 We conclude that plaintiffs have standing against all three defendants and
reverse. We further conclude that the district court did not err in declining to
abstain under Younger.
1. Standing has three elements: injury in fact, a causal connection between
1 We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291.
2 the relevant conduct and that injury, and that it is likely the court can redress that
injury. Lujan v. Defs. of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560–61 (1992). “Where, as here,
a case is at the pleading stage, the plaintiff must clearly . . . allege facts
demonstrating each element.” Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins, 136 S. Ct. 1540, 1547
(2016) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Defendants assert both
facial and factual attacks on Plaintiffs’ standing.
First, Plaintiffs have sufficiently alleged an injury in fact as to each
defendant. On appeal, Brnovich and Silbert did not challenge the injury in fact
element. As for Vessella, Plaintiffs have alleged that they self-censor due to fear
of professional discipline. See Wolfson v. Brammer, 616 F.3d 1045, 1059 (9th Cir.
2010) (“Self-censorship is a constitutionally recognized injury.”). Plaintiffs also
have alleged a credible threat of enforcement, because Vessella has authority to
discipline attorneys for violations of § 13-4433(B), Vessella has included a
violation of § 13-4433(B) as part of the basis for seeking professional discipline
against attorneys in the past, and Plaintiffs seek to engage in conduct that would
violate § 13-4433(B). See Lopez v. Candaele, 630 F.3d 775, 786 (9th Cir. 2010)
(articulating factors used to determine whether plaintiffs have shown they face a
credible threat in a pre-enforcement challenge).
Second, plaintiffs have established causation and traceability as to each
defendant. For Brnovich, there is “a causal connection between the injury and the
3 conduct complained of,” Lujan, 504 U.S. at 560, because his office seeks to
enforce § 13-4433(B) in proceedings to which he is a party, see, e.g., Martinez v.
Shinn, No. CV-20-00517-PHX-DJH, 2020 WL 3574594, at *3 (D. Ariz. July 1,
2020), and because his office can refer alleged violations of § 13-4433(B) for
disciplinary investigation.2 Further, an officer who can “actually enforce the law”
or direct enforcement by others is a proper defendant, see Planned Parenthood of
Idaho, Inc. v. Wasden, 376 F.3d 908, 919–20 (9th Cir. 2004), and Vessella and
Silbert have the authority to pursue professional discipline for defense attorneys
and investigators who violate § 13-4433(B).
Third, Plaintiffs have established redressability as to each defendant. “[A]
plaintiff satisfies the redressability requirement when he shows that a favorable
decision will relieve a discrete injury to himself. He need not show that a favorable
decision will relieve his every injury.” Larson v. Valente, 456 U.S. 228, 243 n.15
(1982). Here, the requested relief would stop Defendants from enforcing § 13-
4433(B), and thus relieve a discrete injury.
The existence of a similar rule of criminal procedure, Arizona Rule of
Criminal Procedure 39(b)(12)(A), does not preclude redressability. Section 13-
2 We grant Plaintiffs’ motion to take judicial notice (Dkt. 31) of Attorney General Brnovich’s amicus brief in a case before the Arizona Supreme Court, in which the Attorney General stated that “as the State’s chief legal officer,” he “has a manifest interest in ensuring that victims’ rights, as enumerated in article II, § 2.1 of the Arizona Constitution, are protected.”
4 4433(B) is broader than Rule 39(b)(12)(A), which states that “the defense must
communicate requests to interview a victim to the prosecutor, not the victim.”
Ariz. R. Crim. P. 39(b)(12)(A). In contrast, § 13-4433(B) provides that a defense
attorney or investigator “shall only initiate contact with the victim through the
prosecutor’s office.” Because it is possible to contact a victim without requesting
to interview them, and thus violate § 13-4433(B) without violating Rule
39(b)(12)(A), enjoining Defendants from enforcing § 13-4433(B) would relieve a
discrete injury.
The possibility that state court judges would not follow a federal court
judgment declaring § 13-4433(B) unconstitutional also does not foreclose
redressability. Plaintiffs have stated that they “self-censor[] for fear of losing their
professional licenses,” a consequence imposed by Vessella and Silbert. Relief in
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NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS AUG 24 2021 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
ARIZONA ATTORNEYS FOR No. 20-16293 CRIMINAL JUSTICE; et al., D.C. No. 2:17-cv-01422-SPL Plaintiffs-Appellants,
v. MEMORANDUM*
MARK BRNOVICH, Attorney General, in his official capacity as Attorney General of the State of Arizona; et al.,
Defendants-Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Arizona Steven Paul Logan, District Judge, Presiding
Argued and Submitted July 6, 2021 Portland, Oregon
Before: M. MURPHY,** PAEZ, and BENNETT, Circuit Judges.
Plaintiffs—individual criminal defense attorneys, a criminal defense
investigator, and an organizational plaintiff, Arizona Attorneys for Criminal Justice
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The Honorable Michael R. Murphy, United States Circuit Judge for the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit, sitting by designation. (“AACJ”) (collectively “Plaintiffs”)—appeal the district court’s dismissal of their
lawsuit for lack of standing pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1).
Plaintiffs’ lawsuit, filed pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983, challenges on First
Amendment grounds Arizona Revised Statutes § 13-4433(B), which prohibits
criminal defense lawyers and investigators from contacting victims. Plaintiffs sued
Mark Brnovich (the Arizona Attorney General), Maret Vessella (Chief Bar
Counsel of the State Bar of Arizona), and Heston Silbert (Director of the Arizona
Department of Public Safety) (collectively “Defendants”), all of whom, at some
level, have responsibility for enforcing § 13-4433(B) or the Arizona Rules of
Professional Conduct.
On appeal, all Defendants defend the district court’s standing ruling.
Brnovich and Silbert further argue that the district court should have abstained
from hearing this case under Younger v. Harris, 401 U.S. 37 (1971). We review de
novo whether the requirements of standing are met and whether abstention under
Younger is required. Canatella v. California, 304 F.3d 843, 850, 852 (9th Cir.
2002).1 We conclude that plaintiffs have standing against all three defendants and
reverse. We further conclude that the district court did not err in declining to
abstain under Younger.
1. Standing has three elements: injury in fact, a causal connection between
1 We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291.
2 the relevant conduct and that injury, and that it is likely the court can redress that
injury. Lujan v. Defs. of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560–61 (1992). “Where, as here,
a case is at the pleading stage, the plaintiff must clearly . . . allege facts
demonstrating each element.” Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins, 136 S. Ct. 1540, 1547
(2016) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Defendants assert both
facial and factual attacks on Plaintiffs’ standing.
First, Plaintiffs have sufficiently alleged an injury in fact as to each
defendant. On appeal, Brnovich and Silbert did not challenge the injury in fact
element. As for Vessella, Plaintiffs have alleged that they self-censor due to fear
of professional discipline. See Wolfson v. Brammer, 616 F.3d 1045, 1059 (9th Cir.
2010) (“Self-censorship is a constitutionally recognized injury.”). Plaintiffs also
have alleged a credible threat of enforcement, because Vessella has authority to
discipline attorneys for violations of § 13-4433(B), Vessella has included a
violation of § 13-4433(B) as part of the basis for seeking professional discipline
against attorneys in the past, and Plaintiffs seek to engage in conduct that would
violate § 13-4433(B). See Lopez v. Candaele, 630 F.3d 775, 786 (9th Cir. 2010)
(articulating factors used to determine whether plaintiffs have shown they face a
credible threat in a pre-enforcement challenge).
Second, plaintiffs have established causation and traceability as to each
defendant. For Brnovich, there is “a causal connection between the injury and the
3 conduct complained of,” Lujan, 504 U.S. at 560, because his office seeks to
enforce § 13-4433(B) in proceedings to which he is a party, see, e.g., Martinez v.
Shinn, No. CV-20-00517-PHX-DJH, 2020 WL 3574594, at *3 (D. Ariz. July 1,
2020), and because his office can refer alleged violations of § 13-4433(B) for
disciplinary investigation.2 Further, an officer who can “actually enforce the law”
or direct enforcement by others is a proper defendant, see Planned Parenthood of
Idaho, Inc. v. Wasden, 376 F.3d 908, 919–20 (9th Cir. 2004), and Vessella and
Silbert have the authority to pursue professional discipline for defense attorneys
and investigators who violate § 13-4433(B).
Third, Plaintiffs have established redressability as to each defendant. “[A]
plaintiff satisfies the redressability requirement when he shows that a favorable
decision will relieve a discrete injury to himself. He need not show that a favorable
decision will relieve his every injury.” Larson v. Valente, 456 U.S. 228, 243 n.15
(1982). Here, the requested relief would stop Defendants from enforcing § 13-
4433(B), and thus relieve a discrete injury.
The existence of a similar rule of criminal procedure, Arizona Rule of
Criminal Procedure 39(b)(12)(A), does not preclude redressability. Section 13-
2 We grant Plaintiffs’ motion to take judicial notice (Dkt. 31) of Attorney General Brnovich’s amicus brief in a case before the Arizona Supreme Court, in which the Attorney General stated that “as the State’s chief legal officer,” he “has a manifest interest in ensuring that victims’ rights, as enumerated in article II, § 2.1 of the Arizona Constitution, are protected.”
4 4433(B) is broader than Rule 39(b)(12)(A), which states that “the defense must
communicate requests to interview a victim to the prosecutor, not the victim.”
Ariz. R. Crim. P. 39(b)(12)(A). In contrast, § 13-4433(B) provides that a defense
attorney or investigator “shall only initiate contact with the victim through the
prosecutor’s office.” Because it is possible to contact a victim without requesting
to interview them, and thus violate § 13-4433(B) without violating Rule
39(b)(12)(A), enjoining Defendants from enforcing § 13-4433(B) would relieve a
discrete injury.
The possibility that state court judges would not follow a federal court
judgment declaring § 13-4433(B) unconstitutional also does not foreclose
redressability. Plaintiffs have stated that they “self-censor[] for fear of losing their
professional licenses,” a consequence imposed by Vessella and Silbert. Relief in
this lawsuit would address that discrete injury. Relief would also bar Brnovich
from relying on § 13-4433(B) to stand in the way of defense attorneys’ direct
communications with victims in cases prosecuted by his office.
We conclude that Plaintiffs have established standing as to each defendant.3
3 Vessella also argues that Plaintiffs do not present a ripe case or controversy. “A ripeness inquiry considers whether ‘concrete legal issues, presented in actual cases, not abstractions,’ are raised by the complaint,” and overlaps considerably with standing. Canatella, 304 F.3d at 854 (quoting United Pub. Workers of Am. v. Mitchell, 330 U.S. 75, 89 (1947)). In her ripeness argument, Vessella repeats the same arguments used to challenge Plaintiffs’ standing. We reject Vessella’s
5 2. We agree with the district court that Younger abstention is not required.
Critically, the first Younger requirement—the presence of an ongoing state
proceeding—is not satisfied. See ReadyLink Healthcare, Inc. v. State Comp. Ins.
Fund, 754 F.3d 754, 759 (9th Cir. 2014). In contrast to Dubinka v. Judges of the
Superior Court, 23 F.3d 218 (9th Cir. 1994), the plaintiffs in this case are not
parties to any pending proceedings in Arizona state court. And because the
plaintiffs in this case assert their own First Amendment rights in this proceeding,
not their clients’ rights, the plaintiffs’ interests are not “so intertwined” with those
of their clients in state court proceedings that “interference with the state court
proceeding is inevitable.” Green v. City of Tucson, 255 F.3d 1086, 1100 (9th Cir.
2001) (en banc), overruled, in part, on other grounds by Gilbertson v.
Albright, 381 F.3d 965, 976–78 (9th Cir. 2004) (en banc). Further, no plaintiffs are
currently parties in disciplinary proceedings for violations of § 13-4433(B).
REVERSED and REMANDED.
ripeness arguments for the same reasons we reject Vessella’s arguments concerning standing.