UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
ROSA ARIAS, Plaintiff, v. Civil Action No. 15-1258 (CKK) MARRIOTT INTERNATIONAL, INC., Defendant.
MEMORANDUM OPINION (March 31, 2019)
Plaintiff Rosa Arias moves to file a Third Amended Complaint in this lawsuit. Federal Rule
of Civil Procedure 15(a) provides that leave to amend a complaint “shall be freely given when
justice so requires.” Defendant opposes Plaintiff’s Motion, arguing primarily that amendment
would be futile. Upon consideration of the briefing,1 the relevant legal authorities, and the record
as a whole, the Court GRANTS IN PART and DENIES IN PART Plaintiff’s Motion to Amend.
The Court concludes that some claims which Plaintiff requests to include in the Third Amended
Complaint fail to state a claim for which relief may be granted. However, other claims are not
futile and should be allowed to proceed. 2
1 The Court’s consideration has focused on the following briefing: • Pl.’s Mot. for Leave to File a Third Amended Complaint, ECF No. 93 (“Pl.’s Mot.”); • Pl.’s Notice of Filing Substitution of the Third Amended Complaint, ECF No. 96 (“Pl.’s Notice”); • Def.’s Opp’n to Pl.’s Mot. for leave to file a Third Amended Complaint, ECF No. 98 (“Def.’s Opp’n”); • Pl.’s Res. Opp’n to Def.’s Opp’n to Pl.’s Mot. for Leave to file a Third Amended Complaint, ECF No. 100 (“Pl.’s Reply”). The Court has considered the briefing and the record as a whole and determined in an exercise of its discretion that no hearing is necessary to resolve Plaintiff’s motion. See D.D.C. LCvR 7(f). 2 This case was assigned to Judge Gladys Kessler prior to her retirement. See Mem. Op., ECF No. 65, at 3 (anticipating Sept. 1, 2017, retirement). Nevertheless, for purposes of the present motion and in the interest of economy, the Court shall refer to Judge Kessler’s prior actions in this case as those of the Court. 1 I. BACKGROUND
Plaintiff is a Nicaraguan native whom Defendant employed in its Housekeeping
Department from 2003 through October 6, 2017. In June 2015, Plaintiff filed a complaint against
Defendant in the Superior Court of the District of Columbia, Civil Action No. 2015 CA 4324 B.
[Corrected] Notice of Removal, ECF No. 2, at 1. On August 5, 2015, Defendant removed the case
to the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia on federal question jurisdictional grounds.
Id. at 2-3. On April 21, 2016, Plaintiff filed a Second Amended Complaint with leave of the Court.
Pl.’s 2d Am. Compl., ECF No. 31. Some ambiguity notwithstanding, the claims of the Second
Amended Complaint may be summarized as follows: (1) discrimination based on race, national
origin, and retaliation for a protected activity under 42 U.S.C. § 1981; (2) breach of contract in
allegedly terminating Plaintiff’s employment; (3) breach of implied covenant of good faith and
fair dealing in allegedly terminating Plaintiff’s employment in bad faith; (4) wrongful termination
of at-will contract in violation of public policy and 42 U.S.C. § 1981, pled in the alternative to
Counts Two and/or Three; (5) negligence and negligent misrepresentation of material facts,
alleging that Defendant breached its duty of care through various employment actions relating to
the chemicals used in the workplace; (6) aggravated assault through failure to provide personal
protective equipment (“PPE”); and (7) fraudulent concealment of material fact concerning the
health effects of chemicals used in the course of Plaintiff’s employment.3 See id.
On May 5, 2016, Defendant filed a Motion to Dismiss Plaintiff’s Second Amended
3 Plaintiff also apparently incorporated within Count Seven a claim of intentional misrepresentation of material fact, as well as what was styled as another Count Seven for violation of D.C. Code § 32-1103. In any event, Count Seven in all its aspects was later voluntarily dismissed. See Notice of Dismissal of Claims from Pl.’s 2d Am. Compl., ECF No. 40-1, at 1 (specifically referring to dismissal of fraudulent concealment and D.C. Code § 32- 1103 counts); Order, ECF No. 52, at 2 (noting that “Plaintiff’s Counts 5 and both Counts 7 were previously voluntarily dismissed” (emphasis added)).
2 Complaint, ECF No. 33, which the parties subsequently briefed. On August 12, 2016, pursuant to
an agreement between the parties, Plaintiff filed a notice voluntarily dismissing Count Five,
containing the negligence and negligent misrepresentation claims, and Count Seven, containing,
inter alia, the fraudulent concealment of material fact claim. Notice of Filing Def.’s Mot. for
Sanction, ECF No. 40, at 1; Notice of Dismissal of Claims from Pl.’s 2nd Am. Compl. 1, ECF No.
40-1, at 1. On November 14, 2016, the Court granted in part and denied in part Defendant’s Motion
to Dismiss Plaintiff’s Second Amended Complaint. Order, ECF No. 52. The Court dismissed
Count One’s claims as to race and national origin discrimination, as well as Counts Four and Six
in their entirety. Id. at 2; Mem. Op., ECF No. 53, at 6-7 n.6 (“Ms. Arias does not appear to be
making an argument that she faced discrimination based on being from Nicragua [sic] separate
and apart from discrimination based on race. Therefore, the Court will consider only the claim of
discrimination based on race.”). Remaining are Plaintiff’s claims under Count One for retaliation
in violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1981, Count Two for breach of contract, and Count Three for breach
of implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing. See Nov. 14, 2015 Order, ECF No. 52, at 2.
On August 15, 2017, Plaintiff filed a Motion for Class Certification. ECF No. 69. However,
on March 29, 2018, the Court denied Plaintiff’s Motion for Class Certification. March 29, 2018
Memorandum Opinion, ECF No. 88.
On May 1, 2018, Plaintiff filed for leave to file a Third Amended Complaint. Pl.’s Mot.,
ECF No. 93. Prior to Defendant filing a response, Plaintiff filed a Notice requesting that the Clerk
of the Court strike the Third Amended Complaint which was attached to Plaintiff’s Motion and
instead file the Third Amended Complaint attached to Plaintiff’s Notice. Pl.’s Notice, ECF No. 96.
The Third Amended Complaint which was attached to Plaintiff’s Notice is the document that
Defendant responded to and is the document currently being considered by the Court. Third
3 Amended Complaint (“TAC”), ECF No. 96-1. Defendant has opposed Plaintiff’s Motion to
Amend.
II. LEGAL STANDARD
Under Rule 15(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, leave to amend a complaint
“shall be freely given when justice so requires.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 15(a); see Firestone v. Firestone, 76
F.3d 1205, 1208 (D.C. Cir. 1996). “In the absence of any apparent or declared reason—such as
undue delay, bad faith or dilatory motive on the part of the movant, repeated failure to cure
deficiencies by amendments previously allowed, undue prejudice to the opposing party by virtue
of allowance of the amendment, futility of amendment, etc.—the leave sought should, as the rules
require, be ‘freely given.”’ Foman v. Davis, 371 U.S. 178, 182 (1962).
“[A] district court has discretion to deny a motion to amend on grounds of futility where
the proposed pleading would not survive a motion to dismiss.” In re Interbank Funding Corp. Sec.
Litigation, 629 F. 3d 213, 215 (D.C. Cir. 2010). As a result, a court’s decision as to whether to
grant or deny on futility grounds a motion to amend “is for practical purposes, identical to review
of a 12(b)(6) dismissal based on the allegation in the amended complaint.” Id. at 215-16.
III. DISCUSSION
Following the Court’s ruling on Defendant’s motion to dismiss Plaintiff’s Second
Amended Complaint, three of Plaintiff’s claims survived, each relating to Plaintiff’s May 14,
2015 termination: 4 (1) 42 U.S.C. § 1981 claim for retaliation, (2) breach of contract, and (3)
breach of implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing. See March 29, 2018 Memorandum
4 The parties dispute whether or not the May 14, 2015 incident resulted in a termination or in an unpaid leave of absence. The Court need not decide that issue for purposes of resolving Plaintiff’s Motion to Amend. But, for ease of reference, the Court will refer to the May 14, 2015 event as a termination. 4 Opinion, ECF No. 88, 5-6. In her Third Amended Complaint, Plaintiff preserves her previous
three claims, and brings at least nine new claims. Under Plaintiff’s requested Third Amended
Complaint, she brings claims for:
• Count 1- Race discrimination and retaliation under the District of Columbia Human Rights Act (“DCHRA”) for Plaintiff’s May 14, 2015 termination; • Count 2- Race discrimination and retaliation under 42 U.S.C. § 1981 for Plaintiff’s May 14, 2015 termination; • Count 3- Breach of contract for Plaintiff’s May 14, 2015 termination; • Count 4- Breach of implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing for Plaintiff’s May 14, 2015 termination; • Count 5- Negligent termination for Plaintiff’s May 14, 2015 termination; • Count 6- Race discrimination and retaliation under the DCHRA for Plaintiff’s October 6, 2017 termination; • Count 7- Race discrimination and retaliation under 42 U.S.C. § 1981 for Plaintiff’s October 6, 2017 termination; • Count 8- Hostile work environment under Title VII; • Count 9- Breach of contract for Plaintiff’s October 6, 2017 termination; • Count 10- Breach of implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing for Plaintiff’s October 6, 2017 termination; • Count 11- Intentional infliction of emotional distress; and • Count 12- Violation of overtime pay requirements under the Fair Labor Standards Act (“FLSA”). See generally TAC, ECF No. 96-1.
In response to Plaintiff’s request to again amend her complaint, Defendant argues that
permitting Plaintiff to amend her Complaint will result in undue delay. The Court understands
Defendant’s frustration given that this suit has been pending for almost three years and that this
will be Plaintiff’s third time amending her Complaint. However, under Rule 15(a) of the Federal
Rules of Civil Procedure, leave to amend a complaint “shall be freely given when justice so
requires.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a); see Firestone, 76 F.3d at 1208. Under these circumstances, the
Court concludes that Plaintiff should be given the opportunity to fully present her claims.
However, the Court cautions Plaintiff that, following the current requested amendment to
5 Plaintiff’s Complaint, this case needs to proceed through the next stages of litigation. Absent
extenuating circumstances, Plaintiff is unlikely to be granted a fifth bite at the apple.
In addition to arguing undue delay, Defendant also presents seven reasons as to why
Plaintiff’s Motion to Amend is futile. First, Defendant argues that Plaintiff’s claims for race
discrimination are futile because Plaintiff cannot establish a plausible basis for each element of the
claims. Second, Defendant argues that Plaintiff’s claims for retaliation resulting in her October
2017 termination are futile because Plaintiff fails to establish a causal connection between any
protected activity and Plaintiff’s termination. Third, Defendant contends that Plaintiff’s hostile
work environment claim is futile as she fails to meet the basic pleading requirements. Fourth,
Defendant argues that Plaintiff’s contract claims are futile because Plaintiff was an at-will
employee. Fifth, Defendant contends that Plaintiff’s tort claims are futile because they are
preempted by Workers’ Compensation exclusivity. Sixth, Defendant argues that Plaintiff’s
intentional infliction of emotional distress claim is futile because it is subsumed by her
discrimination and retaliation claims. Finally, Defendant contends that Plaintiff’s overtime wage
claim is futile because her allegations lack specificity. The Court will address each argument in
turn.
A. Futility of Race Discrimination Claims
First, Defendant argues that Plaintiff’s discrimination claims must fail under Federal Rule
of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) because Plaintiff cannot establish a plausible basis for each of the
elements. To establish a claim for discrimination under the DCHRA and Section 1981, a plaintiff
must show that (1) she belongs to a protected class, (2) she suffered an adverse employment action,
and (3) the adverse employment action gives rise to an inference of discrimination. Ginger v.
District of Columbia, 477 F. Supp. 2d 41, 47-4, 56 (D.D.C. 2007) (setting out the standard for
6 discrimination under § 1981 and the DCHRA). The parties do not dispute that Plaintiff is a member
of a protected class as she is Hispanic. Additionally, the Court concludes that Plaintiff has
sufficiently plead at least two adverse employment actions as Plaintiff bases her claims of
discrimination on her terminations in May 2015 and October 2017. Termination constitutes an
adverse employment action. See Douglas v. Donovan, 559 F.3d 549, 554 (D.C. Cir. 2009)
(explaining that termination is an “obvious” adverse employment action); see also Memorandum
Opinion, ECF No. 53, 8.
Having considered the first two elements, the Court next turns to whether or not Plaintiff
has pled facts which would give rise to an inference that discrimination led to her alleged adverse
employment actions. In her Third Amended Complaint, Plaintiff generally alleges that she was
terminated both in May 2015 and in October 2017 on account of race. TAC, ECF No. 96-1, ¶¶
262, 281, 322, 327, 334. Plaintiff also provides several specific examples of this alleged racial
discrimination. Plaintiff claims that Hope Boyd, a Marriott Assistant Manager, demanded that
Plaintiff not speak Spanish in the workplace and told Plaintiff that Spanish employees talked too
much. Id. at ¶ 55. Plaintiff also claims that Ms. Boyd told Plaintiff that Spanish employees
complained too much about the conditions of their employment. Id. at ¶ 148. Plaintiff further
alleges that her manager, Courtney Baron, told her that “[y]ou people can find these kinds of jobs
at another Hotel.” Id. at ¶ 260. Plaintiff goes on to connect Ms. Boyd and Ms. Baron to some of
the decisions and warnings that ultimately resulted in Plaintiff’s October 2017 termination. See
e.g., Id. at ¶¶ 188, 206, 132.
Accordingly, the Court concludes that Plaintiff has pled sufficient facts to make her claims
for racial discrimination resulting in her October 2017 termination non-futile. Based on this
7 analysis, Counts 6 and 7 are not futile and Plaintiff’s Motion to Amend is GRANTED insofar as
these counts rely on racial discrimination resulting in Plaintiff’s October 2017 termination.
However, Plaintiff fails to in any way connect racial discrimination with her May 2015
termination. As the Court previously explained when it dismissed racial discrimination claims
from her Second Amended Complaint, Plaintiff “does not attempt to connect the employer’s racial
discrimination” to her May 2015 termination. Nov. 14, 2016 Memorandum Opinion, ECF No. 53,
9. Plaintiff’s Third Amended Complaint fails to cure this omission. While Plaintiff makes the
conclusory statement that she was terminated in May 2015 on account of race, she makes no
specific allegations that would allow the Court to infer that Plaintiff’s May 2015 termination was
on account of race. See Edwards v. Gray, 7 F. Supp. 3d 111, 116 (D.D.C. 2013) (explaining that,
to survive a motion to dismiss, a plaintiff must allege racial discrimination and “support[] that
allegation with sufficient factual detail to state a plausible claim”). Accordingly, the Court
concludes that Counts 1 and 2 of Plaintiff’s third amended complaint are futile and amendment is
DENIED, insofar as these claims rely on racial discrimination.
B. Futility of Retaliation Claims
Second, Defendant argues that Plaintiff’s claims for retaliation resulting in her May 2015
and October 2017 terminations are futile because Plaintiff fails to establish a causal connection
between any protected activity and Plaintiff’s terminations. An employee establishes a prima facie
case of retaliation by alleging that (1) she engaged in protected activity; (2) she suffered an adverse
employment action; and (3) there is a causal connection between the protected activity and the
adverse employment action. See Carney v. Am. Univ., 151 F.3d 1090, 1094-95 (D.C. Cir. 1998)
(explaining the retaliation standard under § 1981 and the DCHRA). The Court finds that Plaintiff’s
claim for retaliation resulting in her May 2015 termination is not futile. The Court previously
8 refused to dismiss Plaintiff’s § 1981 retaliation claim, finding that Plaintiff had adequately pled a
causal connection between her deposition regarding Marriott’s unhealthy working conditions and
her May 2015 termination, which occurred only 44 days later. Nov. 14, 2016 Memorandum
Opinion, ECF No. 53, 10 (citing Keys v. Donovan, 37 F. Supp. 3d 368, 372 (D.D.C. 2014)
(explaining that “mere temporal proximity may establish causation”)). For these same reasons, the
Court concludes that Plaintiff’s DCHRA retaliation claim for her May 2015 termination is not
futile. See Carney, 151 F.3d at 1094-95 (explaining that DCHRA claims for retaliation are treated
similarly to § 1981 claims). Accordingly, Count 1 is not futile, and Plaintiff’s Motion to Amend is
GRANTED insofar as this count relies on retaliation resulting in Plaintiff’s May 2015 termination.
Defendant further claims that Plaintiff fails to plead a causal connection between her
October 2017 termination and any protected activity. But, when Plaintiff was terminated in
October 2017, Plaintiff’s current lawsuit against Defendant, clearly a protected activity, was
pending. See [Corrected] Notice of Removal, ECF No. 2, at 1 (showing Plaintiff’s lawsuit was
filed in June 2015). A causal connection can be established by temporal proximity; and, here, the
Court concludes that the contemporaneous relationship between Plaintiff’s current lawsuit and her
termination is sufficient to establish a non-futile causal connection. Based on this analysis, the
Court concludes that Counts 6 and 7 are not futile, and Plaintiff’s Motion to Amend is GRANTED
insofar as these counts rely on retaliation resulting in Plaintiff’s October 2017 termination.
C. Futility of Hostile Work Environment Claim
Third, Defendant argues that Plaintiff’s hostile work environment claim is futile as she fails
to meet the basic pleading requirements. To state a claim for a hostile work environment, a plaintiff
must allege that the conditions of her workplace were “so objectively offensive as to alter the
conditions of the victim’s employment.” Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Servs., 523 U.S. 75, 81
9 (1998) (internal quotation marks omitted). “Conduct that is not severe or pervasive enough to
create an objectively hostile or abusive work environment—an environment that a reasonable
person would find hostile or abusive—is beyond Title VII’s purview.” Id. (internal quotation
marks omitted). Accordingly, “simple teasing, offhand comments, and isolated incidents (unless
extremely serious) will not amount to discriminatory changes in the terms and conditions of
employment.” Faragher v. City of Boca Raton, 524 U.S. 775, 788 (1998) (internal quotation marks
and citation omitted).
Plaintiff alleges that she faced a hostile work environment based on disparate, negative,
and harassing treatment. Plaintiff provides specific examples of such treatment like the racially-
charged comments made by Ms. Boyd and Ms. Baron, repeated threats of termination, allegedly
false disciplinary warnings, repeatedly being summoned to Ms. Baron’s office to be yelled at,
being made to clean rooms which were not assigned to her and which were far apart, a reduction
in hours, and being regularly followed while at work. Plaintiff contends that the conditions at her
work were so intolerable that it “caused Plaintiff to suffer panic attacks, daily nervousness, extreme
anxiety, physical and mental pain and suffering and extreme emotional distress, compounded by
economic loss.” TAC, ECF No. 96-1, ¶ 9.
Because Plaintiff has alleged some conduct in support of her claim, the facts in Plaintiff’s
Third Amended Complaint “support her hostile work environment claim.” See Holmes-Martin v.
Leavitt, 569 F. Supp. 2d 184, 193 (D.D.C. 2008) (denying the defendant's motion to dismiss the
plaintiff's hostile work environment claim because the plaintiff had alleged some conduct in
support of her claim in addition to alleging overall negative treatment in the workplace). Courts in
this Circuit have previously stated that “‘a motion to dismiss is not the appropriate vehicle for
evaluating the character or consequences of the acts alleged to create a hostile work environment.’”
10 Terveer v. Billington, 34 F. Supp. 3d 100, 121 (D.D.C. 2014) (quoting Perry v. Snowbarger, 590
F. Supp. 2d 90, 92 (D.D.C. 2008)). If a motion to dismiss is not an appropriate vehicle to evaluate
the character or consequences of a hostile work environment claim, the Court finds that a motion
to amend is an even less appropriate vehicle. Accordingly, the Court concludes that Plaintiff’s
hostile work environment claim is not futile and GRANTS Plaintiff’s Motion to Amend to include
Count 8, insofar as that count is a Title VII hostile work environment claim.
D. Futility of Contract Claims
Fourth, Defendant argues that Plaintiff’s contract claims are futile because Plaintiff was an
at-will employee. Under District of Columbia law, “‘[t]here is a presumption that a hiring not
accompanied by an expression of a specific term of duration creates an employment relationship
terminable at will by either party at any time.’” Perkins v. Dist. Gov't Emps. Fed. Credit Union,
653 A.2d 842, 842 (D.C.1995) (quoting Nickens v. Labor Agency of Metro. Wash., 600 A.2d 813,
816 (D.C.1991)). “It has long been settled in the District of Columbia that an employer may
discharge an at-will employee at any time and for any reason, or for no reason at all.” Adams v.
George W. Cochran & Co., Inc., 597 A.2d 28, 30 (D.C. 1991). Accordingly, if a plaintiff does not
“plead facts that would show that both parties intended to alter the presumption of at-will
employment, [s]he has no remedy in contract law for h[er] termination.” Daisley v. Riggs Bank,
N.A., 372 F. Supp. 2d 61, 70 (D.D.C. 2005). In order to overcome the presumption of at-will
employment, parties can “provide evidence that they intended to contract for a fixed period of
employment,” or they “can provide evidence that the agreed-upon employment can only be
terminated upon specific preconditions.” LeFande v. District of Columbia, 864 F. Supp. 2d 44, 48
(D.D.C. 2012).
11 Here, Plaintiff presents no evidence that the parties intended to contract for a fixed period
of employment. Instead, Plaintiff contends that she “was a contract employee with Marriott under
the protection of the employee Handbook that afforded her employment rights to be terminated
only for cause, after three disciplinary written warnings.” TAC, ECF No. 96-1, ¶ 288. Because
Plaintiff incorporated by reference the Employee Handbook into her Third Amended Complaint,
the Court can consider the Employee Handbook at this stage in the litigation. See Gustave-Schmidt
v. Chao, 226 F. Supp. 2d 191, 196 (D.D.C. 2002) (explaining that a court may consider on a motion
to dismiss “the facts alleged in the complaint, documents attached as exhibits or incorporated by
reference in the complaint”).
Plaintiff contends that the Employee Handbook created a contractual relationship because
it contained a progressive disciplinary plan which was ordinarily followed before employees were
terminated. While an employee handbook with preconditions for termination has the potential to
create a contractual relationship, here, no contractual relationship was formed because Defendant
“effectively disclaim[ed] any implied contractual obligations arising from such provisions.” Strass
v. Kaiser Found. Health Plan of Mid-Atl., 744 A.2d 1000, 1011 (D.C. 2000). Plaintiff’s Employee
Handbook expressly stated that “[t]he contents of this handbook do not create or constitute a
contract, expressed or implied, between Marriott International, Inc. or its subsidiaries and you.
Your employment is at-will. The Company reserves the right to modify, change, disregard,
suspend or cancel at any time, without written or verbal notice, all or part of the handbook’s
contents as circumstances may require.” Exhibit A, ECF No. 98-1, 5. The Court finds that no
employee who reads the Employee Handbooks’ explicit disclaimer could reasonably conclude that
he or she is anything but an at-will employee. See Howard v. Fed’s Express Corp., 280 F. Supp.
12 3d 26, 29-31 (finding that no contractual relationship was formed based on preconditions for
termination when the defendant disclaimed any contractual obligations).
Moreover, the progressive discipline section of the Employee Handbook on which Plaintiff
relies states only that “[i]n general, you will be made aware of the concerns and given the
opportunity to correct the situation or improve your level of performance to a satisfactory level.”
Exhibit 1, ECF No. 93-3, 2 (emphasis added). This statement, relied upon by Plaintiff,
demonstrates that while Defendant will generally follow the progressive discipline model,
Defendant is not contractually bound to do so. And, read in conjunction with the disclaimer at the
beginning of the handbook, effectively discounts any implied contractual relationship.
Accordingly, the Court concludes that Plaintiff has not overcome the presumption that she
was an at-will employee. Because Plaintiff was an at-will employee, Defendant did not breach any
contract by terminating Plaintiff. The Court finds that Count 9 in the Third Amended Complaint
is futile and DENIES leave to amend. The Court further DISMISSES Count 3 in Plaintiff’s Third
Amended Complaint. The Court recognizes that this count previously withstood Defendant’s
motion to dismiss Plaintiff’s Second Amended Complaint. Nov. 14, 2016 Memorandum Opinion,
ECF No. 53, 11-13. However, at that time, the Court was relying solely on Plaintiff’s allegations
that she was a contract employee, as the Employee Handbook had not been provided to the Court.
Id. Considering now the Employee Handbook, the Court no longer needs to rely on Plaintiff’s bare
allegations, and concludes that Plaintiff was, at all relevant times, an at-will employee. As such,
Plaintiff cannot state a claim for breach of contract arising from her May 2015 termination.
Additionally, based on this same reasoning, the Court concludes that Plaintiff’s Count 10
claim for the breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing is also futile. A claim
for the breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing “cannot exist in the absence
13 of a contractual relationship.” Busby v. Capitol One, N.A., 772 F. Supp. 2d 268, 284 (D.D.C. 2011).
Lacking any contractual obligation, there was also no corresponding implied covenant of good
faith and fair dealing which Defendant could breach. Accordingly, the Court finds Count 10 futile
and DENIES leave to amend. The Court also DISMISSES Count 4 in Plaintiff’s Third Amended
Complaint for the same reasons.
E. Futility of Tort Claims
Fifth, Defendant contends that Plaintiff’s tort claims, alleging injuries due to cleaning
supplies, are futile because they are preempted by Workers’ Compensation exclusivity. Defendant
argues that Plaintiff’s Count 5 claim for negligent termination is futile because it is subject to the
exclusive remedies of the District of Columbia’s Workers’ Compensation Act (“WCA”).
Defendant also argues that Plaintiff’s Count 11 claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress
is subject to the WCA insofar as it relies on emotional distress stemming from the alleged harms
Plaintiff suffered because of the cleaning supplies she used.
The WCA has broad coverage over all “accidental injury or death arising out of and in the
course of employment.” D.C. Code § 32-1501(12). If a claim is covered by the WCA, the WCA
provides the exclusive remedy available to employees for that claim. D.C. Code § 32-1504(a). The
WCA is interpreted broadly to apply to almost all common law tort claims resulting from
workplace injuries. Doe v. U.S., 797 F. Supp. 2d 78, 82-83 (D.D.C. 2011); see also Myco, Inc. v.
Super Concrete Co., 565 A.2d 293, 298 (D.C. 1989) (“under the exclusivity provision of the Act
the employer cannot be liable in tort to [an] employee for [an] injury”); Vanzant v. Wash. Metro.
Area Transit Auth., 557 F. Supp. 2d 113, 117 (D.D.C. 2008) (“The WCA is the exclusive remedy
for a workplace injury.”). Courts in this Circuit and in the District of Columbia have previously
determined that claims for negligence and for intentional infliction of emotional distress are
14 covered by the WCA. See, e.g., Doe, 797 F. Supp. 2d at 82 (explaining that the WCA “preempts
an employee's suit against an employer for common law tort claims arising during the course and
scope of employment”); see also Lockhart v. Coastal Intern., Sec., Inc., 905 F. Supp. 2d 105, 117
(D.D.C. 2012) (explaining that common law claims for negligence are barred by the WCA); Estate
of Underwood v. Nat’l Credit Union Admin., 665 A.2d 621, 631 (D.C.1995) (stating that “the trial
court ordinarily will not have jurisdiction over an emotional distress claim based on the acts of a
supervisor or co-worker”); Carson v. Sim, 778 F. Supp. 2d 85, 96 (D.D.C. 2011) (finding that the
plaintiff’s claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress was covered by WCA).
There is an exception to WCA coverage for injuries that are “specifically intended by the
employer to be inflicted on the particular employee who is injured.” Grillo v Nat’l Bank of Wash.,
540 A.2d 743, 744 (D.C. 1988). But, this exception is narrow and specific intent “will not be found
even where an employer has knowledge to a ‘substantial certainty’ that an injury will result from
an act.” Doe, 797 F. Supp. 2d at 83-84. Importantly, “only actions by an individual ‘who is
realistically the alter ego of the corporation and not merely a foreman, supervisor or manager’ can
be treated as the intentional acts of the employer itself.” Hamilton v. Sanofi-Aventis U.S., Inc., 628
F. Supp. 2d 59, 63 (D.D.C. 2009) (quoting Rustin v. District of Columbia, 491 A.2d 496, 501 (D.C.
1985)). Plaintiff alleges no intentional action taken by anyone who could be considered an alter
ego of the corporation itself. The Court finds that there is no ground to conclude that Defendant
had the specific intent to injure Plaintiff. See Lockhart, 905 F. Supp. 2d at 119-20 (explaining that
it is the employee’s burden to prove that the WCA does not preempt a tort claim). Plaintiff seems
to acknowledge that she does not fit within this narrow exception, stating that she “does not seek
the Grillo’s exception.” Pl.’s Reply, ECF No. 100, 5. While it is not clear, Plaintiff’s statement
appears to apply to both Counts 5 and 11 of the Third Amended Complaint. Id.
15 Accordingly, Plaintiff provides no grounds for concluding that counts 5 and 11 can
properly be brought outside of the WCA. As such, the Court concludes that these counts fall under
the exclusivity of WCA and are futile.5
Even if Plaintiff’s Count 5 claim for wrongful termination did not fall under the WCA, the
Court would still conclude that Plaintiff’s claim for wrongful termination is futile. Plaintiff alleges
that “Defendant owed Plaintiff a duty of reasonable care to terminate Plaintiff’s employment only
for cause in accordance with the provisions of the [Employee Handbook].” TAC, ECF No. 96-1,
¶ 308. But, as has already been explained, Plaintiff was an at-will employee. And, as District of
Columbia courts regularly hold, an “employer may discharge an at-will employee at any time and
for any reason, or for no reason at all.” Adams, 597 A.2d at 30. District of Columbia courts
recognize only a narrow exception to this rule, finding that “an employer engages in tortious
conduct when it fires an at-will employee for that employee’s refusal to break the law at the
employer’s direction.” Id.
Plaintiff makes no claim that this narrow exception applies to her. Instead, she claims that
Defendant engaged in tortious conduct by firing her without following the usual progressive
discipline model outlined in the Employee Handbook. But, because Plaintiff was an at-will
employee, Defendant had no “duty of reasonable care to terminate Plaintiff’s employment only for
cause” in accordance with the progressive discipline model. TAC, ECF No. 96-1, ¶ 308. Instead,
5 The court notes that when a claim may be covered by the WCA, courts can stay the proceeding in order to allow the plaintiff time to submit the claim to the DOES, the administrative agency charged with implementing the statute. See Howard v. Fed’l Express Corp., 280 F. Supp. 3d 26, 34 (D.D.C. 2017); Joyner v. Sibley Mem'l Hosp., 826 A.2d 362, 374-75 n.14 (D.C. 2003). But, here, the Court is not dismissing Plaintiff’s claims, instead the Court is denying leave to amend. Additionally, Plaintiff explicitly states that “[s]uch a referral is inappropriate here.” Pl.’s Reply, ECF No. 100, 5. 16 Plaintiff could be fired at any time, for any reason. Adams, 597 A.2d at 30. Accordingly, Plaintiff
fails to state a claim for negligent termination.
The Court DENIES for reasons of futility Plaintiff’s Motion to Amend as to Count 5,
insofar as that count relies on emotional distress stemming from the alleged physical harms
Plaintiff suffered because of the cleaning supplies she used, as that count falls under the jurisdiction
of the WCA. The Court also DENIES Plaintiff’s Motion to Amend Count 11 as that count is futile
because it is governed by the WCA and fails to state a claim for which relief may be granted.
F. Futility of Intentional Infliction of Emotion Distress Claim
Sixth, Defendant also argues that the remainder of Plaintiff’s Count 11 claim of intentional
infliction of emotional distress claim is futile, insofar as the remainder of that claim relies on her
termination and other alleged acts of discrimination. In order to state a claim for the intentional
infliction of emotional distress, a plaintiff must allege “(1) extreme and outrageous conduct on the
part of the defendant which (2) intentionally or recklessly (3) causes the plaintiff [to suffer] severe
emotional distress.” Ortberg v. Goldman Sachs Grp., 64 A.3d 158, 163 (D.C. 2013) (internal
quotation marks omitted). Extreme and outrageous conduct is defined as conduct “so outrageous
in character, and so extreme in degree, as to go beyond all possible bounds of decency, and to be
regarded as atrocious and utterly intolerable in a civilized community.” Id. (internal quotation
marks omitted). In order to survive a motion to dismiss, “the allegations of the complaint must
afford a basis for concluding that [the plaintiff] may be able to prove conduct of the required
enormity.” Morton v. District of Columbia Hous. Auth., 720 F. Supp. 2d 1, 9 (D.D.C. 2010)
(internal quotation marks omitted).
Here, the outrageous behavior that Plaintiff claims caused her emotional distress consists
entirely of Defendant’s allegedly discriminatory and retaliatory actions. Emotional distress injuries
17 resulting from Plaintiff’s discrimination and retaliation claims are subsumed within those claims.
Jackson v. Am. Chem. Soc., 812 F. Supp. 239, 243 (D.D.C. 1993) (“Courts in this jurisdiction have
held in similar cases that dismissal of the intentional tort claim is warranted because the conduct
and the injury complained of are subsumed” within the plaintiffs’ claims for discrimination.); see
also Green v. Am. Broad. Co., Inc., 647 F. Supp. 1359, 1363 (D.D.C. 1986) (“To the extent that
plaintiff's [emotional distress] claim results from a stressful work situation created by defendants'
alleged acts of discrimination, it is subsumed within her discrimination claim.”); Johnson v. Mao,
174 F. Supp. 3d 500, 522-23 (D.D.C. 2016) (dismissing claim for intentional infliction of emotion
distress because the claim “clearly derives from [the plaintiff’s] discrimination allegations”).
Plaintiff’s tort claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress derives completely from
her claims for discrimination and retaliation. See TAC, ECF No. 96-1, ¶ 354 (“Plaintiff … has
suffered the maximum emotional and mental distress … because of her unemployment,
humiliation on the job and harassment, hostile abusive work environment and disparate
treatment.”). In her Response, Plaintiff seems to admit as much stating that her intentional
infliction of emotional distress claim “result[s] from employment discrimination.” Pl.’s Reply,
ECF No. 100, 39.
Accordingly, the Court finds that Plaintiff’s Count 11 claim for intentional infliction of
emotional distress, insofar as that claim relies on her termination and other alleged acts of
discrimination, is futile as it is subsumed by her claims for discrimination and retaliation. The
Court DENIES Plaintiff’s Motion to Amend Count 11.
G. Futility of FLSA Claim
Finally, Defendant contends that Plaintiff’s overtime wage claim is futile because her
allegations lack specificity. Under the FLSA, no employer shall employ an employee for longer
18 than 40 hours a week unless the employee receives additional compensation for that work. 29
U.S.C. § 207(a)(1). To proceed with a claim for overtime wages under the FLSA, a Plaintiff “must
allege with some specificity that [she] worked overtime and did not receive compensation.”
Akinsinde v. Not-For-Profit Hosp. Corp., 216 F. Supp. 3d 33, 42 (D.D.C. 2016) (internal quotation
marks omitted). Here, Plaintiff has alleged that her regular work hours were 8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m.,
five days a week. TAC, ECF No. 96-1, ¶ 359. Plaintiff further alleges that from April 2016 to
October 2017, she was “periodically” forced to work from 8:00 a.m. until 6:00 p.m. or 8:00 p.m.
Id. at ¶ 361. Plaintiff argues that, despite leaving work later than 4:30 p.m., the time clock would
continue to read 4:30 p.m. so that her overtime hours were not calculated. Id.
The Court concludes that these allegations do not provide the level of specificity required
to state a claim under the FLSA. Plaintiff does no more than make conclusory allegations which
“merely recite the statutory language.” Akinsinde, 216 F. supp. 3d at 42 (internal quotation marks
omitted). The closest that Plaintiff comes to supporting her claim with any level of specificity is
her allegation that “Plaintiff estimate [sic] that she has worked more than 40 hours which are not
recorded by the time clock.” TAC, ECF No. 96-1, ¶ 363. But, this statement is inartfully worded
and ambiguous. It not clear to the Court whether Plaintiff is making the conclusory allegation that
she worked more than 40 hours within one unspecified week or whether Plaintiff is alleging that
she worked a total of more than 40 hours of overtime between April 2016 and October 2017. With
only the allegation that Plaintiff worked from 8:30 a.m. to either 6:00 p.m. or 8:00 p.m.
“periodically” during an 18-month period, the Court is not prepared to say that Plaintiff’s FLSA
claim is plausible. Compare with Galloway v. Chugach Gov. Servs., Inc., 199 F. Supp. 3d 145, 150
(D.D.C. 2016) (finding the complaint sufficient where the plaintiff provided three different
circumstances giving rise to overtime hours and made an effort to quantify the violations); Lincoln-
19 Odumu v. Med. Faculty Assoc., Inc., No. 15-1306, 2016 WL 6427645, at *12 (D.D.C. July 8, 2016)
(finding the complaint sufficient where the plaintiff identified six specific weeks during which she
worked overtime hours); Freeman v. MedStar Health Inc., 87 F. Supp. 3d 249, 257-58 (D.D.C.
2015) (finding the complaint sufficient where the plaintiff alleged that the violations occurred
numerous times, with unpaid overtime work occurring during between 50% and 100% of meal
breaks).
Because Plaintiff failed to support her FLSA claim with any specific factual allegations,
the Court concludes that Plaintiff’s FLSA claim is futile and DENIES her Motion to Amend Count
12.
IV. CONCLUSION
Based on the above analysis, the Court GRANTS IN PART and DENIES IN PART
Plaintiff’s Motion to Amend. The Court GRANTS Plaintiff’s Motion to Amend as to:
• Count 1 (DCHRA) insofar as that claim relies on Plaintiff’s May 2015 termination for retaliation; • Count 6 (DCHRA) insofar as that claim relies on Plaintiff’s October 2017 termination for race discrimination and retaliation; • Count 7 (42 U.S.C. § 1981) insofar as that claim relies on Plaintiff’s October 2017 termination for race discrimination and retaliation; and • Count 8 (Title VII) insofar as that claim states a hostile work environment claim. The Court DENIES as futile Plaintiff’s Motion to Amend as to: • Count 1 (DCHRA) insofar as that claim relies on Plaintiff’s May 2015 termination for race discrimination; • Count 2 (42 U.S.C. § 1981) insofar as that claim relies on Plaintiff’s May 2015 termination for race discrimination; • Count 5 for negligent termination; • Count 9 for breach of contract resulting from Plaintiff’s October 2017 termination; • Count 10 for breach of implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing for Plaintiff’s October 2017 termination; • Count 11 for intentional infliction of emotional distress; and • Count 12 for overtime wages under the FLSA. The Court also DISMISSES for failure to state a claim: 20 • Count 3 for breach of contract resulting from Plaintiff’s May 2015 termination; and • Count 4 for breach of implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing for Plaintiff’s May 2015 termination. Accordingly, Plaintiff may proceed with only the following claims: • Count 1- DCHRA claim for retaliation resulting from Plaintiff’s May 2015 termination; • Count 2- 42 U.S.C. § 1981 claim for retaliation resulting from Plaintiff’s May 2015 termination; • Count 6- DCHRA claim for race discrimination and retaliation resulting from Plaintiff’s October 2017 termination; • Count 7- 42 U.S.C. § 1981 claim for race discrimination and retaliation resulting from Plaintiff’s October 2017 termination; and • Count 8- Title VII claim for hostile work environment. An appropriate Order accompanies this Memorandum Opinion.
/s/ COLLEEN KOLLAR-KOTELLY United States District Judge